Izazinzulu ze-Ostriya yexesha elizayo
nguMartin Auer
Kwinqaku lakhe elithi “Revisiting the Commons” ukusuka ngo-19991, u-Elinor Ostrom uyagxininisa (jonga kwakhona igalelo apha kwaye apha) amava asuka kwizivumelwano ezilawulwa ngokugcinekayo zengingqi azikwazi kukhutshelwa umntu-nomntu kwizinto eziqhelekileyo zehlabathi ezifana neatmosfera okanye iilwandlekazi zehlabathi. Izinto eziqhelekileyo eziqhelekileyo zihlala zisekelwe kwiinkqubo ezithatha iinkulungwane zokuzama kunye neempazamo. Kwimeko yokusilela, abantu baye bakwazi ukuguqukela kwezinye izixhobo ngaphambili. Kuba sinomhlaba omnye kuphela, oku akunakwenzeka kuthi kwihlabathi liphela.
Yintoni enokufundwa kwiindlela zokubambisana ngempumelelo? Ngokuqinisekileyo abantu abazibhiliyoni ezisibhozo abanakuhlangana kwindawo yelali ukuze babethelele imithetho. Ngamazwe athumela abameli bawo kwitafile yothethathethwano. Isibakala sokuba kukho uthethathethwano nezivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe ezifana neSivumelwano saseParis asizange sabakho ngaphambili kwimbali yoluntu. Kwakhona ukuba kukho amaqumrhu enzululwazi amkelwayo ngawo onke amazwe, anjengeBhunga leMozulu yeHlabathi IPCC okanye iWorld Biodiversity Council I-IPBES.
Kodwa abameli abathetha-thethana apho kufuneka baphendule kwabo babameleyo ukuze bathenjwe. Amaqela athethathethwano karhulumente athanda ukubeka phambili iinzuzo zomgaqo-nkqubo wexesha elifutshane ngaphezu kozinzo lokwenyani ngokuthi aqhubele phambili isiphumo esilungele uqoqosho lwangaphakathi. Imibutho ezimeleyo efana ClimateWatch okanye IMozulu Action Action Tracker khangela ukuba zisebenza kangakanani na izithembiso zelizwe ngalinye, zithembeke kangakanani kwaye zigcinwa kangakanani na ekugqibeleni. Kodwa sikwafuna uluntu olusebenzisa ukhetho olunjalo lolawulo kwaye lubambe abameli balo xa kuyimfuneko.
Kufuneka kucace ukuba iingxaki zehlabathi azinakoyiswa ngaphandle kokufunyaniswa kwenzululwazi. Kodwa abathethi-thethwano abaqulunqa imigaqo kufuneka bathathele ingqalelo ulwazi namava abo babameleyo.
Kwinqanaba lehlabathi, akufuneki ukuba kuphuhliswe imithetho kuphela, kodwa kufuneka kuqinisekiswe ukuba imigaqo iyaphulwa kancinci kangangoko. Kufuneka kubekho isohlwayo esinokubakho. Amava avela kumasiko aqhelekileyo abonisa ukuba abantu abaninzi baya kulandela imigaqo logama nje beqinisekile ukuba uninzi lwabantu luya kuyilandela imithetho.
Ukungafihlisi kubalulekile kulawulo oluzinzileyo lwezivumelwano eziqhelekileyo. Nokuba ayinguye wonke umntu okwaziyo yonke into ngaye wonke umntu, kufuneka kubekho ulawulo olunokwenzeka. Abadlali abakhulu abanje ngemibutho kufuneka balawuleke. Ukuqinisekisa ukungafihli, akwanelanga ukuba ndifumane ulwazi - kufuneka ndiyiqonde. Iinkqubo zemfundo kufuneka zinike ulwazi lwemo engqongileyo ngokubanzi kangangoko.
IZiko loPhando lweMercator kwiGlobal Commons kunye noTshintsho lweMozulu (MCC) gGmbH, Berlin, iGlobal Common Goods MCC Research Institute, CC BY-SA 3.0
Kutheni thina?
Umqobo wokuqala ekufikeleleni kwisenzo esifanayo rhoqo ngumbuzo: Kutheni kufuneka mna, kutheni kufuneka siqale? Nkqu neenzame zokuzisa abanye kwitafile yeengxoxo ziyabiza.
Kuwo omabini amanqanaba ehlabathi nasekhaya, ukuphumelela ngevidiyo kunokuba yinkuthazo yokuthatha inyathelo lokuqala. Amanyathelo amaninzi anciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi ye-greenhouse - apho abantu behlabathi lonke baxhamla - nabo banenzuzo kubemi bendawo kunye nelizwe labo, i-state okanye i-coffer yendawo. Izixeko eziluhlaza ezinemithi kunye neepaki zibopha i-CO2, kodwa ziphucula i-microclimate kwisixeko. Izithintelo kwiinjini zokutsha zangaphakathi azinciphisi kuphela ukukhutshwa kwe-CO2, kodwa kunye nongcoliseko lomoya lwasekhaya olusuka kumasuntswana. Oku konga iindleko ezinkulu kwinkqubo yokhathalelo lwempilo. Abantu beebhiliyoni ezimbini emhlabeni bafudumala baze bapheke ngeenkuni, ubulongwe nezinye izinto ezifana nongcoliseko lomoya emakhayeni abo. Ukufaka umbane kula makhaya - okanye ukuwaxhobisa ngezitovu zegesi - kunciphisa ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kwaye ngaloo ndlela ukhukuliseko lomhlaba kwaye konga iindleko ezinkulu zezifo zenkqubo yokuphefumla kunye namehlo. Ukusetyenziswa kwezoqoqosho, okubalwe ngokuchanekileyo kwezichumisi ezenziweyo konga imali, kuthothisa ukutshatyalaliswa kokuchuma komhlaba wendalo kunye nokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwe-nitrous oxide, igesi enamandla kakhulu ye-greenhouse.
Nangona kunjalo, ezinye izinto ezikhuthazayo kwezoqoqosho ziyathandabuzeka. Xa amazwe enza utyalo-mali ekuphuhliseni amandla avuselelekayo ukuze afumane ubunkokeli beemarike kubuchwephesha obutsha, oku kunokukhokelela ekukhuphisaneni, nto leyo ephumela ekusetyenzisweni ngokugqithiseleyo kwezibonelelo, zombini amandla kunye nezinto eziluhlaza ezifana ne-lithium, i-cobalt, i-bauxite (i-aluminium) kunye nabanye.
Zonke ezi zibonelelo zekhabhoni zingaba yimpembelelo yokuqala ukuthatha isenzo semozulu kungakhathaliseki ukuba yintoni eyenziwa ngabanye. Ukuba ndikhwela ibhayisekile endaweni yemoto, impembelelo kwimozulu incinci - kodwa impembelelo kwimpilo yam ibonakala kwangoko.
Ulawulo lwamanqanaba amaninzi
Isiphumo esibalulekileyo esifunyenwe kuphando luka-Elinor Ostrom kukuba iicommons ezinkulu zinokulawulwa ngamaziko anendlwane, oko kukuthi ngokudityaniswa kwezinto ezincinci eziqhelekileyo. Izigqibo azenziwa lelona gunya liphakamileyo. Ulwazi kunye nezigqibo zihamba ukusuka ezantsi ukuya phezulu kwaye ukusuka phezulu ukuya ezantsi. Umsebenzi wamagunya aphezulu, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ukudibanisa iinkxalabo zamagunya aphantsi kunye nokudala iimeko zomsebenzi wamagunya aphantsi.
Iicommons zehlabathi kunye nezisombululo zasekhaya
Ukugcina amahlathi njengeevenkile zekhabhoni kunomdla wehlabathi ekuthinteleni intlekele yemozulu ngokupheleleyo. Noko ke, ngowe-2, “nawuphi na umthetho osesikweni olungiselelwe ukulawula ummandla omkhulu onemimandla ehlukahlukeneyo yezinto eziphilayo nendalo uya kusilela kwiindawo ezininzi ekucetywa ukuba usebenze kuzo,”1999 uOstrom wabhala ngowe-XNUMX. abantu abamaziyo kuba behlala khona. Ukukhusela la mahlathi ekugawulweni kwamahlathi, ukutshatyalaliswa ngokusebenzisa imigodi, ukuhluthwa komhlaba, njl. Amaziko karhulumente kunye namaziko aphakamileyo kufuneka, ngaphezu kwako konke, aqinisekise ilungelo lolu luntu lokuziququzelela kwaye abanike inkxaso abayidingayo ukwenza oko.
Ukucotha ukutywinwa komhlaba e-Austria lilizwe- kwaye ekugqibeleni ikwayinkxalabo yehlabathi. Kodwa iingxaki ziyahluka ngokwemimandla, ukusuka ekuhlaleni ukuya kuluntu.
Ukugcina umgangatho womhlaba kwezolimo kufuna imilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo kunye nentsebenziswano yendawo ngokuxhomekeke kumhlaba.
Amanyathelo okonga umbane anokuxoxwa kuluntu lwezindlu, uluntu lwasezilalini, kwizithili okanye kwinqanaba lesixeko. Uyilo lwezithuthi zabucala kunye noluntu ngumbuzo wokucwangciswa kwendawo, ehlangabezana neemeko ezahlukeneyo kuyo yonke indawo.
Kuzo zonke ezi nqanaba, phakathi kwezinto ezimbini ezigqithisayo - ukushiya umgaqo kwimarike okanye ukuyidlulisela kwigunya likarhulumente eliphakathi - kukho inketho yesithathu: umbutho ozimeleyo wee-commons.
PS: Isixeko saseVienna sineElinor Ostrom Ipaki kwisithili se-22 ezinikezelweyo
Umfanekiso weqweqwe: INdawo yoLuntu nge I-Rawpixel
Imibhalo esemazantsi:
1 Ostrom, Elinor et al. (1999): Ukundwendwela kwakhona i-Commons: Izifundo zasekuhlaleni, imingeni yehlabathi. Kwi: Inzululwazi 284, iphepha 278-282. I-DOI: 10.1126/science.284.5412.278.
2 Ostrom, Elinor (1994): Ayiyiyo iMarike okanye iState: Ulawulo lweMithombo yePool eDityanisiweyo kwiNkulungwane yaMashumi amabini ananye. IWashington DC kwi-Intanethi: https://ebrary.ifpri.org/utils/getfile/collection/p15738coll2/id/126712/filename/126923.pdf
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