Sanele: Akukho mntu kufuneka ahlale efuna ngaphezulu S4F AT

nguMartin Auer

Uluntu lwethu lwaseNtshona lubizwa ngokuba "luluntu lwabathengi", kwakhona "luluntu lokukhula". Kwiplanethi enomda, nangona kunjalo, ukukhula okungapheliyo akunakwenzeka, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kokusetyenziswa ngokungapheliyo, nokuba iimpahla ezisetyenzisiweyo ziveliswa ngokufanelekileyo nangakumbi. Akuyi kubakho uphuhliso oluzinzileyo ngaphandle kokwanela - ngesiJamani: "ukwanela". Kodwa yintoni kanye kanye loo nto? Ukuzila ukutya? Ukulahlwa kobutyebi? Okanye olunye uhlobo lwempumelelo?

Isazi ngezoqoqosho uNiko Paech sibhala esithi: “Ukwaneliseka kuthetha ukunandipha izinto ezimbalwa kakhulu kunokuba uzingqonge ngezinto ezininzi kangangokuba ungabi nakonwaba.1. Ngokwenyani lithetha: ukubonelelwa ngokwaneleyo, ukufumana okwaneleyo. Yintoni le imalunga nokusebenzisa izibonelelo ezikhoyo ukuze zikwazi ukuhlaziya kwakhona. Ngokusengqiqweni kulula ukubona ukuba akukho ndlela yimbi.

Ukanti eNtshona sonyusa usetyenziso lwethu minyaka le, kwaye uninzi lwento itekhnoloji esinceda ngayo ngokwezibonelelo ngobuchule obukhulu butyiwa koku kunyuka kokusetyenziswa. Ngo-1995, imoto eqhelekileyo yadla iilitha ze-9,1 zamafutha kwi-100 km. Iyonke, iimoto zaseJamani zadla iilitha ezingama-47 ezigidi. Ngo-2019, umndilili wokusetyenziswa ibizilitha ezisisi-7,7, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kukonke bekuseziibhiliyoni ezingama-47.2. Ngo-1990, amandla eenjini aphakathi kweemoto ezisanda kubhaliswa eJamani yayingama-95 hp, kodwa ngo-2020 yayiyi-160 hp.3. Ngo-2001, amaJamani aqhube i-575 yezigidi zeekhilomitha kwiimoto zabo, kwaye ngo-2019 bahamba nge-645 yezigidi zeekhilomitha. Olu lwando lubangelwe linani elikhulu leemoto kubemi abali-1000 XNUMX4. Inkqubela phambili yobugcisa kuphela yenza iimoto zifikeleleke ngakumbi, ngokukhawuleza kwaye zinzima, kodwa azizange zibangele ukusetyenziswa kwamandla aphantsi.

Ukunqanda ezona ziphumo zibi kakhulu zokutshintsha kwemozulu, kufuneka sinciphise umndilili wokukhutshwa kwerhasi yegreenhouse yehlabathi yeetoni ezisi-6,8 ngomntu ngamnye ngonyaka (kuquka iitoni ezi-4,2 zeCO2).5 ukuya phantsi kwetoni6 cofa. Kwaye ngokukhawuleza, oko kukuthi phakathi kwenkulungwane. E-Austria, indawo yokuqala yi-13,8 yeetoni zokukhutshwa kokusetyenziswa7. Zisasazwa ngokungalingani: i-10 lepesenti ephezulu yabemi ibangela ukukhutshwa okuphindwe kane kunomlinganiselo ongaphantsi we-10 ekhulwini.8. Ngoko umsebenzi ophambi kwethu mkhulu. Ukuze soyise, sidinga inkqubela-phambili yobugcisa: amandla avuselelekayo, ukwandisa amandla kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwezixhobo kuzo zonke iindawo. Ukongeza, izisombululo ezisekelwe kwindalo ezifana nokubuyiselwa kweendawo zendalo, ezinokufunxa kakhulu i-CO2 kunokutyalwa kwemithi esulungekileyo. Kodwa akukho nanye kwezi iya kusifumana ngokukhawuleza ngokwaneleyo ngaphandle kokuba sinciphisa imveliso-kwaye ke ukusetyenziswa-kweempahla eziphathekayo. Awona mathuba aphezulu ogcino akhoyo ekushukumeni, kwisondlo kunye nokwakha kunye nokuphila. Akukho ndlela yokwanela. Kufuneka zibe mbalwa iimoto ezindleleni. Kunokuba sihlale sodwa kwinqwelo-mafutha yeetoni ezi-1,5, kufuneka sikhwele ibhasi, itram, uloliwe nabanye. Ulimo lwasefektri olukhohlakeleyo kufuneka luphele, kunye nayo nenyama enexabiso eliphantsi kwivenkile enkulu. Kwangaxeshanye, amanyathelo amakhulu okusasaza ayafuneka, kuba ayinakuba njalo into yokuba abanye abantu batye inyama ephilayo ngelixa abanye bengakwazi ukuthenga i-schnitzel okanye iinqumle zemvana, nangeCawa.

Izithintelo ukwanela

Isidingo sokungadli ngaphezu koko kukhula kulula ukuyiqonda, kodwa ukuphumeza olu lwazi kunzima. Kutheni kunjalo? Kutheni kunzima kangaka ukuthi “kwanele”? Isazi ngezentlalo uOliver Stengel ukhankanya imiqobo emihlanu ephazamisana nendlela yokuziphatha eyaneleyo9:

Ukutya inyama encinane, ngokomzekelo, konga imali kodwa kunezinye iindleko: ukutshintsha imikhwa kufuna umgudu. Kufuneka uhlale ucinga ngezenzo zakho. Kuya kufuneka ufunde ukupheka kwakhona, kufuneka utshintshe indlela yakho ngevenkile enkulu okanye uthenge kwenye indawo, nokunye okuninzi.

Umqobo wesibini yinkcubeko: ukwanda kokusetyenziswa kubonisa impumelelo, ubonisa ukuba unako ukuyihlawula. Isithintelo simele ukuzincama, ukuhlehla, ubunzima. Ngokukodwa indlu yakho kunye nemoto enkulu, ekhawulezayo ziisimboli zesimo. Iphepha-mvume lokuqhuba liyinxalenye yemfundo njengesiqinisekiso sokuyeka isikolo le Uphawu lobudala. Nabani na ohlala ebhabhela kwishishini kufuneka abe ngumntu obalulekileyo, kwaye nabani na ochitha iholide yakhe kwi-goosebump endaweni yaseMaldives ulihlwempu. Kodwa ukuba ufuna ngokwenene ukuba phakathi kwe-elite, kufuneka uye e-Bora Bora. Ukutya kukwamalunga nobume, kodwa kukwamalunga neendima zesini: indoda yokwenyani iyosa inyama egadini kwaye itye inyama yenyama enobunzima obuziisentimitha ezimbini.

Umqobo wesithathu ngulo: Siziqhelanisa nehambo yabanye. Senza into "eqhelekileyo". Asifuni ukuba ngabantu bangaphandle, asifuni ukubonakala njengabantu abangaqhelekanga. Kodwa ii-weirdos zayizolo ngamanye amaxesha ziba ngoovulindlela beendlela ezintsha: i-vegans iseyincinci enyamalalayo - e-Austria i-2% yabantu abadala. Kodwa yonke ivenkile enkulu ngoku inomnikelo we-vegan.

Okwesine, abantu badla ngokulutyeshela uxanduva lwabo: Mna njengomntu ozimeleyo andinakwenza nto, “ipolitiki” kufuneka iyenze. “Ezopolitiko,” nazo zigxeka abavoti. Kwaye iinkampani zibeka ityala kubathengi: Uyayithenga, ngoko siyayivelisa.

Ukusetyenziswa kugcina inkqubo

Okwesihlanu, kukho izizathu ezicwangcisiweyo zokunyuka kokusetyenziswa kokusetyenziswa rhoqo. Iinkampani ezichanabeke kukhuphiswano lwemarike kufuneka zisoloko zinyusa imveliso yabasebenzi ukuze zingagqithiselwa. Oku kukhokelela ekubeni mhlawumbi ilahleko yemisebenzi imveliso ihlala ifana, okanye ukwanda kwemveliso enenani elifanayo lemisebenzi. Kwaye xa imarike igcwele, xa wonke umntu sele enomabonwakude, umatshini wokuhlamba, iselfowuni, emva koko izikrini kufuneka zibe zikhulu kwaye zibe zikhulu, oomatshini bokuhlamba banomnyango ongasemva apho unokufaka khona iimpahla zokuhlamba ngexesha lokuhlambela. kunye neeselfowuni kufuneka zibe nendawo yokugcina ngakumbi nangaphezulu, iikhamera ezinamandla ngakumbi njl. ukuze ukwazi ukuthengisa into ethile. Imodeli entsha yenza leyo yangaphambili iphelelwe lixesha kwaye iyayithoba. Oku kunesiphumo esifanayo nendawo yoqhawulo esele imiselwe, eyenza ukuba isixhobo singasetyenziswa ngosuku emva kokuphelelwa kwewaranti.

Ukongeza kwezo zoqoqosho, kukwakho nemiqobo yezopolitiko. Ukuba uluntu lonke belunokuphila ngokwaneleyo, beluya kubonisa "izopolitiko" ngemisebenzi emikhulu: ukuba ukusetyenziswa kuyehla, iinkampani zinciphisa imisebenzi, urhulumente ulahlekelwa yingeniso yerhafu, inkqubo yepenshini ingena ebunzimeni, njalo njalo. “Ezobupolitika” zifuna ukuphepha iingxaki ezinjalo kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Yiyo loo nto, ngokuxhomekeke kwisimo sakho seengcinga, isasaza "ukhuseleko lwemozulu ngengqiqo yomlinganiso" okanye "ukukhula okuluhlaza" endaweni yokuthatha ngokungqongqo uhlengahlengiso lwenkqubo ezandleni zayo.

Inkqubo yoqoqosho lwemarike kunye nezopolitiko ezinxulumene nazo zinyanzela ukusetyenziswa kuthi. Kuthetha ukuzikhulula kwesi sinyanzeliso. Kungoko isihloko seli nqaku, eliphuma kwisincoko sika-Uta von Winterfeld: Akukho mntu ufanele asoloko efuna okungakumbi. NgokukaWinterfeld, yiyo yonke le nto ilungelo malunga nokwanela, kungekhona malunga nembopheleleko yokwenjenjalo10.

Musa ukuzikhathaza ngempilo-ntle yakho

Injongo yokwanela asikokulibala ukuba sempilweni. Ukuba ulinganisa intlalontle ngokomndilili wokuphila kunye nokusetyenziswa ngokukhutshwa kwegesi ye-greenhouse, ngoko unokubona, umzekelo: amaMerika avelisa umyinge we-15,5 yeetoni ze-CO2 ngomntu ngamnye ngonyaka kwaye aphile iminyaka eyi-76,4 ubudala. Abemi baseCosta Rica bavelisa iitoni ezi-2,2 zeCO2 kwaye baphila iminyaka eyi-80,811.

Ukwanela kujonge ukwanelisa iimfuno ngeyona ndlela yonga ubutyebi obunokwenzeka. Iimfuno zinokwaneliswa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Kukho ezinye iindlela zokusuka ku-A uye ku-B kunemoto. Ukuba uya kuthenga ngebhayisikili, awugcini nje ukugcina imali kwigesi, kodwa nakwiziko lokufaneleka. Unokufumana ukufudumala okufudumeleyo ngokunyusa ukufudumeza, ukubeka ijezi okanye ukulungisa indlu ngokufudumeleyo. Ukuba uwuphatha kakuhle umatshini wakho wokuhlamba, unokuhlala iminyaka engama-20 okanye ngaphezulu. Ubuncinci iimodeli ezindala zingayenza loo nto. Ukuba bonke oomatshini bokuhlamba bahlala kabini ixesha elide njengoko besenza namhlanje (ngokuqhelekileyo iminyaka emi-5 ukuya kweli-10), ngokuqinisekileyo kuya kufuneka ukuba baveliswe sisiqingatha kuphela sabaninzi. Ifenitshala echotshiweyo inokulungiswa okanye ipeyintwe kwakhona. Ukomelela kwempahla nako kunokwandiswa ngonyango olulungileyo. Hlamba ngokufanelekileyo, ulungise umonakalo omncinci, utshintshe izinto eziye zakruquka nomhlobo. Kwaye ukuzithunga kunika ulwaneliseko olungakumbi noluhlala luhleli kunokuthenga. Phantse i-40% yazo zonke iimpahla azizange zinxitywe12. Ukungazithengi ezi mpahla kwindawo yokuqala akubangeli nayiphi na ilahleko yentuthuzelo.

Umgaqo ngulo: ukunciphisa (okt. Thenga izinto ezincinci ukusuka ekuqaleni, zibuze ngokuthenga konke: Ngaba ndiyidinga ngokwenene le nto?), Yisebenzise ixesha elide, yilungise, qhubeka uyisebenzisa (umzekelo, uyinike abanye kwaye uthenge esetyenzisiweyo) , kwaye isetyenziswe kwakhona ekupheleni. Kodwa ikwathetha ukuzimela geqe kwiifashoni kunye nefashoni. Ukwabelana kunye nokwabelana kwakhona kudala unxibelelwano olutsha loluntu. Kwaye yintoni ebaluleke ngakumbi: musa ukuchitha imali oyigcinayo kubomi bemihla ngemihla obuthobekileyo kuhambo lwenqwelomoya oluya konakalisa yonke indawo yekhabhoni yakho ngexesha elinye. Igama lobugcisa kule nto libizwa ngokuba yi-rebound effect, kwaye kubalulekile ukuyiphepha. Ukuba awusayidingi inxalenye yomvuzo wakho ngenxa yendlela yokuphila eyaneleyo, ungasebenzisa le nxalenye ukuxhasa iiprojekthi zentlalo okanye iiprojekthi zolondolozo lwendalo. Okanye ucinge ngokusebenza ixeshana.

Lungiselela ukwanela

Kakade ke, yonke into ayinakunyanzeliswa kumntu ngamnye. Imfuno kwishishini kufuneka ibe kukuvelisa iimveliso ezomeleleyo nezilungisekayo kunye nokuphelisa isenzo "sokunxitywa okucwangcisiweyo kunye nokukrazula". Ukusuka ku-A ukuya ku-B ngokwakho kulula xa u-A no-B besondelelene, ngakumbi izindlu, umsebenzi kunye nezibonelelo. Kulapho ucwangciso lwedolophu lufuneka khona. Abahambi ngeenyawo nabakhweli beebhayisikile kufuneka nabo bazive bekhuselekile. Ukusebenzisa kunye nokwabelana kunye kwenziwa lula ukuba imeko yokuhlala ivumela oku ngamagumbi aqhelekileyo, iikhikhithi ekwabelwana ngazo, amagumbi okuzenzela, amagumbi okuhlamba impahla, njl.

Ukuba, ngokubanzi, konke ukunyuka kwemveliso kuthotywe ngokucuthwa okuhambelanayo kweeyure zokusebenza, ukuphuma kwempahla kuya kuhlala kuzinzile. Umyinge weeyure zonyaka ezisebenza kwindawo ye-euro ziye zehla nge-1995% ukususela ngo-6, kodwa imveliso iye yanda nge-25%13. Ukugcina umgangatho wokuphila ngo-1995, sinokusebenza ngaphantsi kwama-20% namhlanje kunokuba sasisenza ngoko. Lo ngumzekeliso nje, kuba umsebenzi ngenene kuya kufuneka uhlengahlengiswe, ukusuka kwimveliso yezinto eziphathekayo (kunye nolawulo lwayo) ukuya kwimfundo, isayensi, impilo, ukhathalelo, inkcubeko. Kwaye amathuba omsebenzi nawengeniso kuya kufuneka ukuba asasazwe ngokulinganayo. Ukonga umsebenzi akumele kuthethe ukuba abanye abantu bayaqhubeka nokusebenza njengakuqala, ngelixa abanye behlala bengenamsebenzi kwaye bengenamvuzo.

Uqoqosho kwinkonzo yabantu kunye nendalo

Okoko ukwandisa inzuzo kuyinjini yoqoqosho, ukwanela kwinqanaba lentlalo akunakufezekiswa. Kodwa ayizizo zonke iinkampani ekufuneka zenze inzuzo. "Uqoqosho lwentlalo" luzibona njengoqoqosho olukhonza abantu kunye nendalo. Oku kubandakanya izindlu ezingenzi ngeniso okanye zentsebenziswano, iindawo zokuhlala zamandla avuselelekayo, iinkampani zabasebenzi bezandla kunye nezoshishino, iinkampani ezithengisayo, intengo yetyala, iqonga kunye nentengiso, amaphulo ezolimo obumbano, iiNGOs kummandla wophuhliso oluzinzileyo nezinye ezininzi.14. NgokweKhomishoni ye-EU, kukho malunga ne-2,8 yezigidi zemibutho yoqoqosho lwentlalo eYurophu. Badala imisebenzi engaphezulu kwezigidi ezili-13 kwaye ngaloo ndlela baqeshe i-6,3% yabasebenzi baseYurophu15. Ngenxa yokuba iinkampani ezinjalo zingajonge ngeniso, azikho phantsi koxinzelelo lokukhula. I-prerequisite yokwanela, ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuthi: "Kwanele", kukuba yintoni, kangakanani kwaye iveliswa njani ngentando yesininzi. Uqoqosho lwentlalo lunikeza oku kunokwenzeka, nangona kuphela kwinqanaba elincinci. Ukukhuthaza nokwandisa eli sebe lingenzi nzuzo kuqoqosho - ecaleni kokwandiswa kombuso wentlalontle - yenye yezinto ezifunekayo kwinguqu yentlalo-ntle. Umsebenzi wezoqoqosho lwedemokhrasi awukaqinisekisi umsebenzi woqoqosho oluzinzileyo. Idala ukubakho kwesizathu kunye nengqiqo "yomlinganiselo ochanekileyo" wokulawula.

1Paech, Niko (2013): Indumiso yokunciphisa. Ku: Ukwanela njengesitshixo solonwabo ngakumbi ebomini kunye nokukhuselwa kwendalo, oO. indlu yopapasho ye-oekom.

2https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/daten/verkehr/endenergieverbrauch-energieeffizienz-des-verkehrs

3A. Ajanovic, L. Schipper, R. Haas (2012): Impembelelo yeemoto ezihamba phambili ezisebenzayo kodwa ezinkulu ezitsha ekusetyenzisweni kwamandla kumazwe e-EU-15 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2012.05.039 kwaye .https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/249880/umfrage/ps-zahl-verkaufter-neuwagen-in-deutschland/

4https://www.forschungsinformationssystem.de/servlet/is/80865/

5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_greenhouse_gas_emissions kwaye https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_carbon_dioxide_emissions_per_capita

6https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/service/uba-fragen/wie-hoch-sind-die-treibhausgasemissionen-pro-person

7https://www.technik.steiermark.at/cms/dokumente/12449173_128523298/4eaf6f42/THG-Budget_Stmk_WegenerCenter_update.pdf

8https://greenpeace.at/uploads/2023/08/gp_reportklimaungerechtigkeitat.pdf

9UStengel, Oliver (2013): Ukuthontsiza rhoqo. Ngokuchasene nemiqobo yokwanela, Ku: Ukwanela njengesitshixo solonwabo ngakumbi ebomini kunye nokukhuselwa kwendalo, oO. indlu yopapasho ye-oekom.

10UVon Winterfeld, Uta (2007): Akukho uzinzo ngaphandle kokwanela. iinkqubo ukhuphe 3/2007, iphepha 46-54

11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_carbon_dioxide_emissions_per_capita kwaye https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_life_expectancy

12IGreenpeace (2015): Impahla elahlayo. https://www.greenpeace.de/publikationen/20151123_greenpeace_modekonsum_flyer.pdf

13https://www.bankaustria.at/files/analyse_arbeitszeit_19062023.pdf

14isiBhengezo soQoqosho lweNtlalo; https://static.uni-graz.at/fileadmin/_files/_event_sites/_se-conference/Social_Economy_Deklaration_20092023_web.pdf

15IKhomishini ye-EU (2022): Isicwangciso soQoqosho kuQoqosho lweNtlalo, https://ec.europa.eu/social/BlobServlet?docId=24985&langId=en