UKarin Bornett
I-ISDS sisishwankathelo sokuxazulula imbambano ngotyalo-mali lukarhulumente. Iguqulelwe kwisiJamani, igama elithi "ukusombulula imeko-yotyalomali-lukarhulumente" lithetha. Isixhobo somthetho wamazwe aphesheya kwaye sele sibethelelwe kwizivumelwano ezininzi. Amazwe aseYurophu agqibe malunga nezivumelwano zotyalo-mali zamazwe amabini ase-1400 ezibandakanya i-ISDS. Ehlabathini lonke kukho ukukhwaza IAtlec yaseOstriya ngaphezulu kwe-3300 yezivumelwano ezinjalo. I-CETA ikwabandakanya i-ISDS kwaye i-ISDS nayo yayiyinxalenye yothethathethwano lwe-TTIP.
I-ISDS - ilungelo elikhethekileyo lemibutho
I-ISDS, eli phantse lilungelo elikhethekileyo lokusebenza kubatyali-mali. I-ISDS ivumela iinkampani zamanye amazwe ukuba zimangalele amazwe ngomonakalo ukuba zikholelwa ukuba imithetho emitsha iyakucutha inzuzo yazo.
Umngcipheko apho: Imithetho inokuthintelwa yimibutho, kuba umgaqo awufuni ukubeka umngcipheko. I-Environmental Institute yaseMunich, umzekelo, ibhala: "Ukhuseleko lotyalo-mali lwenza amalungelo akhethekileyo kwimibutho yezizwe ngezizwe. Ubanika izixhobo ezibukhali zokunyanzelisa iimfuno zabo ezithile nxamnye nentando yesininzi. "U-Alexandra Strickner, ingcaphephe kwezorhwebo e-Attac Austria, uqinisekile ukuba:" Umthetho we-ISDS ubeka engozini eluntwini, kuba ubonelela ngemithetho emitsha kwileyibhile yexabiso. Njengoko imizekelo ibonisa, oku kunokuthetha ukuba imithetho emitsha eluntwini ayiziswanga konke (okanye kuphela kwinqanaba elincinci) ngenxa yezisongelo zenkululeko, okanye ukuba abemi kufuneka basebenzise imali yabo yerhafu "ukubuyisela" iinkampani ngenzuzo elahlekileyo. Oku kuxhamla iinkampani zamanye amazwe kuphela. Banokugqitha kwiinkundla zikazwelonke kwaye bafumane amalungelo okungekho namnye umntu eluntwini anawo. "
Imodeli elahliweyo?
Nangona kunjalo, le nkqubo iza phantsi koxinzelelo olukhulayo kwihlabathi liphela - kwaye ezopolitiko ziphendulwa ngokuyinxenye: amazwe anjenge-Indiya, i-Ecuador, uMzantsi Afrika, i-Indonesia, iTanzania kunye neBolivia sele ziziphelisile izivumelwano ezinjalo. I-Italiya ilahlekile kwi-Energy Charter Conventiony, ekwaquka neendlela ze-ISDS. Kwinguqulo eguqulwe ngokutsha yommandla wokurhweba waseNorth American i-NAFTA akusayi kubakho ISDS phakathi kwe-US neCanada. I-ECJ igwebe ukuba i-ISDS ayihambelani nomthetho we-EU phakathi kwamazwe e-EU (uninzi lwezivumelwano kukwandiswa kwangaphambili kwe-EU). Ekuqaleni kukaJanuwari, amalungu e-22 e-EU abhengeze i-2019 isiphelo se-ISDS phakathi kwamazwe e-EU: malunga ne-190 yezivumelwano ezinjalo ziya kuchaphazeleka. I-2017 yakhala kakhulu INkomfa yeZizwe eziManyeneyo yezoRhwebo noPhuhliso (I-UNCTAD) okokuqala ypheliswa izivumelwano zotyalo-mali ngaphezulu kwe-ISDS kunezinto ezintsha ezigqityiweyo. Kodwa ezinye izivumelwano ze-ISDS kunye neVietnam neMexico ziye zaxoxwa kwaye ngoku kufuneka zivunywe ngamaziko e-EU. Ukongeza, uthethathethwano ngezivumelwano zotyalo-mali ngoku ziyaqhubeka phakathi kwe-EU neJapan, China ne-Indonesia.
Ezinye izihloko eziphambili kukhetho.news
Photo / Ividiyo: Shutterstock.
