Commons-Uzinzo lunokuphumelela njani | S4F AT

nguMartin Auer

Ithiyori "yentlekele ye-commons" ikhula ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwingxoxo malunga nentlekele yemozulu kunye nengxaki yeplanethi. Ngokutsho kwakhe, izinto eziqhelekileyo zixhomekeke ekusetyenzisweni ngokugqithiseleyo kunye nokubola. Isazi sezopolitiko kunye nosoqoqosho u-Elinor Ostrom ubonise ukuba kutheni oku kungafuneki ukuba kube njalo kunye nendlela imithombo enokusetyenziswa ngayo ngokuzinzileyo luluntu oluzilungelelanisiweyo, rhoqo kwiinkulungwane.

Izidalwa ezikrelekrele ezijonga iplanethi yethu kuya kufuneka zifikelele kwisigqibo sokuba kukho intlekele embi eyenzeka apha: thina bantu basemhlabeni siyonakalisa iplanethi yethu. Thina wissenukuba simtshabalalise. Thina funa Yn hayi tshabalalisa. Kwaye kubonakala ngathi asinakufumana indlela yokuphelisa intshabalalo.

Ukuqulunqwa kwethiyori yale nto ivela kwi-ecologist yaseMelika uGarrett Hardin (1915 ukuya ku-2003). Ngenqaku lakhe lowe-1968 elithi “Ishwangusha leeNtlanga"I-1 - ngesiJamani: "Intlekele yoBukhosi" okanye "Intlekele yoBukhosi" - wenza igama lekhaya elichaza inkqubo apho izenzo zabantu zikhokelela kwisiphumo ekungekho mntu wayefuna. Kwinqaku, i-Hardin izama ukubonisa ukuba iimpahla eziqhelekileyo ezifikeleleke ngokukhululekileyo ezifana ne-atmosfera, ulwandle lwehlabathi, iindawo zokuloba, amahlathi okanye amadlelo adibeneyo ayimfuneko ukuba asetyenziswe ngokugqithiseleyo kwaye wonakaliswe. Ukwathatha igama elithi “commons” okanye “commons” kwindawo edityanelweyo, idlelo elalisetyenziswa kwilali. Idlelo ekwabelwana ngalo lisebenza njengomzekelo.

Ubalo luhamba ngolu hlobo: Iinkomo ezili-100 zitya edlelweni. Kukho nje okwaneleyo ukuba idlelo liphinde likhule rhoqo ngonyaka. Ishumi kwezi nkomo zezam. UHardin uthi: “Njengomntu oqiqayo, wonke umfuyi wenkomo uzabalazela ukwandisa uncedo lwakhe.” Ukuba ngoku ndithumela inkomo yeshumi elinanye emadlelweni endaweni yeshumi, imveliso yobisi ngenkomo nganye iya kuhla ngepesenti enye kuba inkomo nganye ngoku inomlinganiselo omncinane. utyile. Isivuno sam sobisi ngenkomo nalo siyehla, kodwa kuba ngoku ndineenkomo ezilishumi elinanye endaweni yeshumi, isivuno sam sobisi sisonke sinyuka malunga neepesenti ezilithoba. So ndingade ndibesisidenge xa ​​ndincama inkomo yeshumi elinanye ukuze ndingathwali kakhulu amadlelo. Kwaye bendiya kuba sisidenge ngakumbi ukuba ndibukele abanye abafuyi beqhuba iinkomo ezongezelelweyo edlelweni kwaye yayindim ndedwa ofuna ukukhusela idlelo. Isivuno sobisi seenkomo zam ezilishumi sasiya kuncitshiswa kwaye ezinye zaziza kuba luncedo. Ngoko ndandiza kohlwaywa ngokuziphatha kakuhle.

Bonke abanye abafuyi kufuneka balandele ingqiqo efanayo ukuba abafuni ukungena phantsi. Yiyo loo nto kungenakuphepheka njengesiphelo kwintlekele yamaGrike ukuba idlelo liya kusetyenziswa ngokugqithisileyo kwaye ekugqibeleni libe yintlango.

Utshaba lokukhula kwabemi

Ngokutsho kukaHardin, kukho iindlela ezimbini kuphela zokuthintela intlekele: nokuba ngummiselo ngokusebenzisa ulawulo oluphakathi okanye ukwahlula i-commons kwiipasela zangasese. Umlimi odlisa iinkomo zakhe emhlabeni wakhe uya kuqaphela ukuba angawutshabalalisi umhlaba wakhe, ingxabano iya. "Nokuba lishishini labucala okanye isoshiyali," wayibeka kamva. Uninzi lweengxelo "zentlekele ye-commons" ziphela apha. Kodwa kulungile ukwazi ukuba zeziphi ezinye izigqibo ezenziwa nguHardin. Ezi ziingxoxo eziqhubeka ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwingxoxo malunga nentlekele yemozulu.

UHardin ubona owona nobangela wokusetyenziswa ngokugqithiseleyo kwezibonelelo ekukhuleni kwabemi. Usebenzisa umzekelo wongcoliso lwemekobume ukubonisa oku: Ukuba uvulindlela owayeyedwa kwi-Wild West walahla inkunkuma yakhe kumlambo okufutshane, kwakungeyongxaki. Xa inani labantu lifikelela kubuninzi obuthile, indalo ayinakukwazi ukufunxa inkunkuma yethu. Kodwa isisombululo sokwenza izinto zabucala uHardin akholelwa ukuba sisebenzela ukutyisa imfuyo akusebenzi emilanjeni, kwiilwandlekazi, okanye emoyeni. Azinakubiyelwa, ungcoliseko lunwenwela kuyo yonke indawo. Ekubeni ebona unxibelelwano oluthe ngqo phakathi kongcoliseko kunye nokuxinana kwabantu, isigqibo sikaHardin sithi: "Inkululeko yokuzala ayinakunyamezelwa."

Ubuhlanga kunye nobuzwe

Kwinqaku lamva lowe-1974 elalinomxholo othi “IiNqobo zokuziphatha zesikhephe soBomi: Ityala elichasene nokuNceda amahlwempu“ (“Iindlela zokuziphatha kwiphenyane lokusindisa ubomi: isibongozo esichasene noncedo lwamahlwempu”)2 wenza kucace: uncedo lokutya kumazwe ahlwempuzekileyo lukhuthaza kuphela ukwanda kwabemi yaye ngaloo ndlela kwandisa iingxaki zokusetyenziswa ngokugqithiseleyo nongcoliseko. Ngokomzekeliso wakhe, abemi bamazwe atyebileyo bahleli kwiphenyane lokuhlangula elinokuthwala inani elilinganiselweyo labantu. Eli phenyane lirhangqwe ngabantu abarhaxwayo abafuna ukungena kulo. Kodwa ukubavumela ukuba bakhwele kuya kuthetha ukuwa komntu wonke. Ngethuba nje kungekho rhulumente wehlabathi olawula ukuveliswa komntu, u-Hardin uthi, ukuziphatha kokwabelana akunakwenzeka. "Kwikamva elibonakalayo, ukusinda kwethu kuxhomekeke ekuvumeleni izenzo zethu ukuba zikhokelwe ziindlela zokuziphatha zesikhephe sobomi, nokuba zimbi kangakanani na."

UHardin wabhala iincwadi ze-27 kwaye wabhala amanqaku angama-350, amaninzi awo ayenobuhlanga obucacileyo kunye ne-ethno-nationalist. Nangona kunjalo xa izimvo zikaHardin zinikezelwa kuluntu, ubuzwe obumhlophe obazisa ukucinga kwakhe abunakwa. Iingxoxo zeengcamango zakhe ezipheleleyo zinokufumaneka ngokukodwa kwiiwebhusayithi ze-white supremacist. Njani umbutho wase-US SPLC uyabhala, ubhiyozelwa apho njengegorha.3

Ngoko ngaba kufuneka iphele kabuhlungu? Ngaba kufuneka sikhethe phakathi kozwilakhe kunye nentshabalalo?

Ingxabano "ngamandla aphakathi" okanye "ushishino lwabucala" iyaqhubeka nanamhla. Ingcali yezoqoqosho yaseMelika uElinor Ostrom (1933 ukuya ku-2012) yabonisa ukuba kukho ithuba lesithathu elinokwenzeka phakathi kwezi zibonda zimbini. Ngo-2009, wayengumfazi wokuqala ukufumana i-Alfred Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics ngomsebenzi wakhe we-4, apho wayejongene nzulu nemiba ye-commons. Incomo yeKomiti yeNobel yathi ibonise "indlela ipropathi ekwabelwana ngayo inokulawulwa ngempumelelo yimibutho yabasebenzisi."

Ngaphandle kweemarike kunye nombuso

Kwincwadi yakhe ethi "Governing the Commons" 1990 (isiJamani: "UMgaqo-siseko weMibutho - Ngaphandle kweMakethi kunye neLizwe"), eyapapashwa okokuqala kwi-4, u-Ostrom wabeka ithisisi kaHardin malunga nentlekele yovavanyo oluqhelekileyo. Uphonononge ikakhulu imizekelo esebenzayo yoluntu olulawule kwaye lwasebenzisa isibonelelo ngokugcinakalayo ixesha elide, kodwa kunye nemizekelo yokusilela kokuzilawula. Kuhlalutyo lwethiyori, wasebenzisa ithiyori yomdlalo ukubonisa ukuba akukho lawulo ngamandla angaphandle (karhulumente) okanye urhwebo lwabucala luqinisekisa izisombululo ezona zilungileyo zokusetyenziswa ngokuzinzileyo kunye nokugcinwa kwexesha elide lempahla eqhelekileyo.

Kwimeko yokuqala, isiphathamandla sikarhulumente kuya kufuneka sibe nolwazi olupheleleyo malunga neempawu zesixhobo kunye nokuziphatha kwabasebenzisi ukuze bakwazi ukugweba ngokuchanekileyo ukuziphatha okuyingozi. Ukuba ulwazi lwabo aluphelelanga, izohlwayo zabo zinokukhokelela ekuziphatheni kakubi kwakhona. Okukhona kube ngcono kwaye kuchaneke ngakumbi ukubeka iliso, kokukhona kubiza kakhulu. Ezi ndleko zidla ngokungahoywa ngabaxhasi bolawulo lukarhulumente.

Ukwenziwa kwezinto zabucala, ngako oko, kubeka iindleko kubasebenzisi bokubiyela nokucupha. Kwimeko yedlelo elahluleleneyo, kusenokwenzeka ukuba imozulu ithande indawo ethile ngoxa eminye ithwaxwa yimbalela. Kodwa abafuyi beenkomo abasakwazi ukuya kwiindawo ezichumileyo. Oku kukhokelela ekutyisweni kakhulu kwiindawo ezomileyo. Kunyaka ozayo imbalela inokuphinda ihlasele eminye imimandla. Ukuthenga ifula kwiindawo ezichumileyo kufuna ukusekwa kweemarike ezintsha, nto leyo ekwadala iindleko.

Indlela yesithathu

Zombini ithiyori kunye nokuqina, u-Ostrom uxoxa ukuba kukho ezinye izisombululo phakathi kwemarike kunye norhulumente. Uhlola izifundo ezihlukeneyo njengamadlelo oluntu kunye namahlathi oluntu eSwitzerland naseJapan, iinkqubo zokunkcenkceshela ezilawulwa ngokubambisana eSpain nasePhilippines, ulawulo lwamanzi aphantsi komhlaba e-USA, iindawo zokuloba eTurkey, eSri Lanka naseKhanada. Ezinye zeenkqubo eziyimpumelelo zenze ulawulo loluntu oluzinzileyo kangangeenkulungwane.
U-Ostrom ufumanisa kuphononongo lwakhe nakwimifuniselo yaselabhoratri ukuba ayingabo bonke abasebenzisi bokulunga okufanayo ngokulinganayo "izandisi eziluncedo ezinengqondo". Kukho abakhweli abakhululekileyo abahlala bezenza ngokuzingca kwaye bangaze basebenzisane kwiimeko zokwenza izigqibo. Kukho abasebenzisi ababambiseneyo kuphela ukuba banokuqiniseka ukuba abayi kuthathwa ngamathuba ngabakhweli basimahla. Kukho abo bakulungeleyo ukufuna intsebenziswano ngethemba lokuba intembelo yabo iya kubuyiselwa. Kwaye ekugqibeleni, kusenokubakho abambalwa bokwenyani abazinikeleyo abahlala bejonge okulungileyo kuluntu.
Ukuba abanye abantu bayakwazi ukusebenza kunye ngomoya wokuthembana baze ngaloo ndlela bangenelwe ngakumbi, abanye abakubonayo oku banokushukunyiselwa ukuba nabo basebenzisane. Kubalulekile ukuba wonke umntu akwazi ukujonga indlela omnye aziphethe ngayo kwaye kananjalo abone uncedo lokudlala kunye. Undoqo wokoyisa iingxaki kukunxibelelana nokwakha ukuthembana.

Yintoni ebonakalisa impumelelo efanayo

Ngokubanzi, i-Ostrom ithi ulwabelwano oluzinzileyo lwe-commons lunokwenzeka ngakumbi xa iimeko ezilandelayo zihlangatyezwana nazo:

• Kukho imigaqo ecacileyo malunga nokuba ngubani ogunyazisiweyo ukuba ayisebenzise kwaye ngubani ongayisebenzisayo.
• Imithetho yokufaneleka kunye nokubonelela ngesixhobo ihambelana neemeko zendawo. Umzekelo, iminatha eyahlukeneyo okanye iintambo zokuloba zivumelekile kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zokuloba. Umsebenzi odibeneyo ehlathini okanye ngexesha lokuvuna uphelelwe ixesha, njl.
• Abasebenzisi ngokwabo babeka imithetho kwaye bayitshintshe njengoko kufuneka. Ekubeni bechatshazelwa yimithetho ngokwabo, banokunikela ngamava abo.
• Ukuthotyelwa kwemigaqo kubekwa esweni. Kumaqela amancinane, abo babandakanyekileyo banokuqwalasela ngokuthe ngqo ukuziphatha komnye nomnye. Abantu abajonga ukuthotyelwa kwemigaqo bangabasebenzisi ngokwabo okanye baqeshwe ngabasebenzisi kwaye baphendule kubo.
• Ukwaphulwa kwemithetho kuyakuvunywa. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ukuphulwa kokuqala kunyangwa ngokukhawuleza, ukuphulwa okuphindaphindiweyo kuphathwa kakhulu. Okukhona beqinisekile ukuba abo babandakanyekayo abaxhatshazwa ngabakhweli basimahla, kokukhona beya kubambelela kwimithetho ngokwabo. Ukuba umntu ubhaqwe ephula imithetho, nodumo lwakhe luya kuphazamiseka.
• Iindlela zokusombulula ungquzulwano zikhawuleza, azibizi kakhulu kwaye zithe ngqo, njengeentlanganiso zasekuhlaleni okanye inkundla yolamlo emiselwe ngabasebenzisi.
• Urhulumente uyaliqonda ilungelo labasebenzisi lokumisela imithetho yabo. Amava abonisa ukuba ungenelelo lukarhulumente kwizinto eziqhelekileyo eziye zakhokelela ekuwohlokeni kwazo.
• Imibutho ehlanganisiweyo: Xa i-commons idityaniswe ngokusondeleyo kwisixokelelwano esikhulu sobutyebi, umzekelo iinkqubo zokunkcenkceshela zendawo ezinemijelo emikhulu, izakhiwo zolawulo kumanqanaba amaninzi "zihlaliswa" kunye. Akukho ziko lolawulo elinye kuphela.

Ndawonye ekugawulweni

A commons yemveli ibonisa oku yokuzonwabisa malunga “nehlathi eliselumelwaneni” eBladersbach, kuMntla Rhine-Westphalia, elinemvelaphi yayo ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-16.

Ubunini behlathi obungahlulwanga boluntu njengehlathi elizuzw’ ilifa luphawu lweendawo ezihlala amahlathi. Iintsapho zookhokho ziyisebenzisa ngokudibeneyo. Iinkuni zigawulwa ebusika. “Amasekela” anyuliweyo akhulula inxalenye yehlathi ukuze igawulwe minyaka le. Le nxalenye yahlulwe ngokwenani leentsapho. Imida "yeendawo" ibonakaliswe ngokubethelwa kwamasebe ashinyeneyo, ngalinye linenani eliqingqiweyo kuwo. Xa umlinganiselo ugqityiwe, icandelo ngalinye lehlathi liyahluthwa phakathi kweentsapho. Abanini beendawo ezikufutshane baphawule imida yeendawo zabo kunye ukusuka kwimida yemida.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngeminyaka yee-1960, imithi ye-oki kweli hlathi lixubeneyo yayisetyenziselwa ukuvelisa i-lode yomsuki. Umsebenzi wokuxobula amaxolo wenziwa entwasahlobo. Ebusika, i-birch, i-hornbeam kunye nemithi ye-alder inokugawulwa. Kwinqanaba langaphambili, imimandla yamahlathi ayizange ibhuqwe, kodwa abamelwane bamahlathi bawenza kunye umsebenzi baza kamva batshabalalisa iinkuni. Ihlathi "lihlathi lamapolisa". Ihlumelo lemithi evuthulukayo likhula ukusuka kwisiqu seengcambu. Emva kweminyaka engama-28 ukuya kwengama-35, iziqu eziqinileyo kufuneka zigawulwe, kungenjalo iingcambu zindala kakhulu ukuba zenze amahlumela amatsha. Ukusetyenziswa okujikelezayo kuvumela ihlathi ukuba lihlaziye kwakhona kwaye kwakhona.

Kodwa iicommons akunyanzelekanga ukuba ibe luluntu lwasezilalini kuphela. Isiqendu esilandelayo solu ngcelele lufutshane lujolise ekwaziseni ezinye zezinto eziqhelekileyo ezisebenzayo namhlanje, ukusuka kwiWikipedia ukuya eCecosesola, iqela lookopolotyeni e-Ecuador ebibonelela iintsapho ezingama-50 ngeziqhamo nemifuno ezifikelelekayo, ezempilo kunye neenkonzo zomngcwabo ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-100.000. .

Ifoto yeqweqwe: Igadi yoluntu yaseMarymoor Park, eMelika. Iipaki zaseQonce, I-CC BY-NC-ND

Imibhalo esemazantsi:

1 Hardin, uGarrett (1968): Intlekele yeeNgqungquthela. Kwi: Science 162 (3859), iphepha 1243-1248. Kwi-intanethi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/1724745.

2 Hardin, Garrett (1974): Lifeboat Ethics_ Ityala elichasene nokuNceda abaNtlungu. Kwi: Psychology Today (8), iphepha 38-43. Kwi-intanethi: https://rintintin.colorado.edu/~vancecd/phil1100/Hardin.pdf

3 Cf. https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/garrett-hardin

4 Ostrom, Elinor (2015): Ukulawula iiCommons. ICambridge: IYunivesithi yaseCambridge Press. Le ncwadi yapapashwa okokuqala ngo-1990.