Ilizwe elimibalabala lezinto eziqhelekileyo - Ukusuka kwiWikipedia ukuya kwiipaki ezizilawulayo | S4F

Ingcali yezoqoqosho uElinor Ostrom ubonisileukuba amaqela azilungelelanisiweyo ayakwazi kakhulu ukulawula iimpahla eziqhelekileyo ngokuzinzileyo- ngokuchaseneyo nethiyori engenathemba “yentlekele yeecommons”. Kodwa ngaba oku kumalunga noluntu lwasezilalini nje?

Ihlabathi lezinto eziqhelekileyo lityebile kwaye liyahlukahlukana, kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo kukukhula kwethu okufihlayo. Asizalwa sizicingela iziqu zethu. Ziimeko esizithatha kancinci ukuba zijike abantu bentlalontle ababekulungele ukusebenzisana ekuqaleni babe yi-"homo oeconomicus", "i-rational utility maximizer". Kuvavanyo1 nge 20-inyanga-ubudala, i experimenter wawisa icephe waza wazama ngelize ukufikelela kuyo ngesandla sakhe. Inkoliso yabantwana yayibona intlungu yakhe yaza yamphathela icephe. Baqhubeka besenza le nto naxa engabulelanga. Kodwa ukuba wabavuza ngelekese waza umvuzo waphela ngequbuliso emva kokuphindaphinda okumbalwa, inkoliso yabantwana yaphulukana nomnqweno wayo wokunceda. Kodwa ukukulungela ukusebenzisana akufani nokuncama ukuzincama. Abantu abaqhelekileyo ngokuqinisekileyo banokuba ngabaxhasi bezinto eziluncedo, ezizezi ziluncedo oluqhelekileyo.

Owona mzekelo waziwa kakhulu wecommons esebenzayo yiWikipedia. Apha wonke umntu unokwabelana ngolwazi nokudala ulwazi. Olu lwazi luqhelekileyo lulawulwa ngabasebenzisi ngokwabo. Iziqalo ze-Anarchic ziye zantsonkotha Inkqubo yeetshekhi kunye neebhalansi iphuhlisiwe enokuthi ithintele ubukhulu becala ukuthathwa kweetroli kunye nabanye abakhweli basimahla. Ukuba ujonga amaqonga alawulwa ngumbindi afana ne-X okanye i-Facebook, unokubona ukuba le mpumelelo ingaba phezulu kangakanani.

Kwakhona inkqubo yokusebenza yekhompyuter Linux wazalwa ngaphandle kwengcamango eqhelekileyo. Wonke umntu unokuyisebenzisa, kwaye wonke umntu unokuyiphucula, ayiguqule kwaye ayilungelelanise neemfuno zabo. Yonke isoftware yomthombo ovulekileyo isekwe kumgaqo oqhelekileyo. Kodwa kukwakho i-hardware yemithombo evulekileyo- o.k.e. isebenziseka ngokukhululekileyo, iplani yoyilo lwelungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza sonic kude kube Passivhaus.

das Tenement Syndicate eJamani ngumbutho weeprojekthi zezindlu zoluntu ezili-187. Iiprojekthi zahlukene njengemvelaphi yazo. Ezinye zidalwe ngezizathu ezibambekayo, ezinye zineenjongo zokutshintsha kwezopolitiko okanye kwezentlalo okanye ukuthintela izicwangciso zokudilizwa. I-syndicate isebenzisa ulwazi lwayo kwaye icebisa ngeeprojekthi ezintsha, iququzelele iimali-mboleko ezisuka ngqo kubantu babucala kwaye igcine ingxowa-mali yomanyano. Ngaphezu kwako konke, i-syndicate inikezela ngokhuseleko lweeprojekthi zendlu nganye ngokwabo, Ukuze kususwe ngokusisigxina izindlu kwimarike yezindlu nezindlu, iprojekthi yendlu nganye idityaniswa ne-syndicate ukwenza i-GmbH. Oku kunika iqumrhu amalungelo okuvota alinganayo kwimiba enxulumene nokuthengisa okanye ukuguqulelwa kwiikhondom.

Ikhonkco kwividiyo ye-Omni Commons

I-Omni Commons yiprojekthi edityanelweyo yeendibano ezininzi e-Oakland, eCalifornia: Zonke iiprojekthi ezilapha zifikeleleka kuye wonke umntu kwaye ziqhutywa ngokudibeneyo: ilabhoratri yesayensi yendalo, indawo yehacker, istudiyo sobugcisa, amagumbi okuhlangana nawokuziqhelanisa, ivenkile yokushicilela, ikonsathi kunye nendawo yethiyetha, a isikolo apho wonke umntu anokufundisa kwaye wonke umntu anokufunda, kunye nevenkile yokutyela ebonelela ngokutya kwasimahla okwenziwe ngokutya okuhlangulweyo.

Kunyaka ophelileyo "iBhaso leNobel" - igama elichanekileyo: "Ilungelo lokuphila elifanelekileyo“- kuthungelwano lwentsebenziswano Cecosesola yawongwa eVenezuela. Oko kukuthi, "Ukusekwa kwemodeli yezoqoqosho enobulungisa kunye nentsebenziswano njengendlela eyomeleleyo kuqoqosho oluqhutywa yinzuzo." I-Cecosesola (ekuMbindi de Cooperativas de Lara) luthungelwano lookopolotyeni basezilalini nasezidolophini kwiinduli ze-Andean ezibonelela ngezinto ezifikelelekayo kunye neenkonzo kwiintsapho ezingaphezu kwe-100.000 kumazwe asixhenxe aseVenezuela. Ibe oko kunjalo kangangeminyaka engama-55. Oomasibambisane bavelisa kwaye basasaze ukutya, babonelela ngeenkonzo zempilo, ezothutho kwanemingcwabo. Basebenzisa iimarike ezinkulu ezine kwisixeko esizizigidi ezisisi-1,25 saseBarquisimento. Ukutya kuthengiswa apho ngexabiso elifanayo ngekhilogram nganye - i-1 kg yeetumato ixabisa i-1 kg yeetapile. Uluntu lwelali nganye lubonisana nabasebenzi bomanyano malunga neendleko zabo zemveliso: imbewu, imibhobho yokunkcenkceshela, amafutha eempompo, iimeyile ezisa imifuno kwiindlela ezidlulayo... ilali Imifuno. Oku kukhokelela kwixabiso elifanayo ngekhilogram. Iimeko ezahlukeneyo zemveliso kwiindawo ezivumayo nezingamkelekanga kangako zilungelelanisiwe. Ilungu lentsebenziswano uNoel Vale Valera uthi: “Umlinganiselo wethu ziindleko zemveliso kuquka noko kufunwa ngabavelisi ukuze baphile. Ngenxa yoko, amaxabiso e-Cecosesola angaphantsi kakhulu kumaxabiso aqhelekileyo emarike. Ngaphezu kwesiqingatha senkulungwane, eli qumrhu liye lakwazi ukusinda kwiingxaki zobupolitika nezoqoqosho, eziquka ukunyuka kwamaxabiso, okwafikelela phantse kuma-1917 3.000 ekhulwini ngowe-XNUMX. Ungayifunda encwadini "Ihlabathi leembumba"NguSilke Helfrich kunye noDavid Bollier.2

Kwiwebhusayithi yencwadi, uphawu olumise okwenkwenkwezi luthi: "Vula ukufikelela". I-Open Access kukuphunyezwa kwengcamango ye-commons kwisayensi. ISiseko soPhando saseJamani iDFG inika oku kulandelayo inkcazelo: "UUkuFikelela (IsiNgesi sokufikelela okuvulelekileyo) kukufikelela simahla kwiimpapasho zesayensi kunye nezinye izixhobo kwi-Intanethi. Nabani na unokufunda, ukukhuphela, ukugcina, ukuqhagamshela, ukuprinta aze asebenzise uxwebhu lwenzululwazi olupapashwe phantsi kweemeko ezivulelekileyo zokungena simahla.” Xa usebenza, oku kuthetha ukuba, ngokomzekelo, unokukhuphela incwadi kaSilke Helfrich njengePDF. Iijenali zezeNzululwazi ziyabiza kwaye amanqaku akwi-Intanethi ahlala efihlwa emva komqobo wentlawulo. Kodwa kukho kwakhona iijenali zokufikelela okuvulekileyo iminikelo yazo, njengaleyo yezinye iijenali, ijongwa ngabahlaziyi abazimeleyo (uphononongo loontanga), kodwa ifumaneka kwi-Intanethi ngaphandle kwentlawulo. Kodwa ayizizo zonke izinto umntu azibeka kwi-Intanethi njengenzululwazi ezinokubizwa ngokuba yi-open access. Ukuqinisekisa umgangatho kukho “Uluhlu lweeNcwadi zoLwazi lokuFikelela" kwaye oko "Uluhlu lweeNcwadi zoFikelelo oluVulekileyo".

Ayipheleli nje kupapasho lwenzululwazi, kodwa kuzo zonke iintlobo zopapasho, “Commons Creative"yakhiwe. Ezi ziilayisensi ezikumgangatho wamazwe ngamazwe ezivumela abavelisi ukuba benze iimveliso zabo zifumaneke kuluntu ngokubanzi ngendlela yokuba zingakwazi ukunikezelwa kwabanye. Oku kuthetha ukuba umxholo unokwabelwana ngaphandle kwezithintelo okanye ngeemeko ezahlukeneyo. Olona setyenziso luxhaphakileyo yilayisenisi efuna ukuba umbhali anikwe ikhredithi kwaye ukuhanjiswa kwenzeka phantsi kweemeko ezifanayo. Kwakhona kunokwenzeka ukuba ithintelwe ekusetyenzisweni okungeyontengiso okanye ukucacisa ukuba umsebenzi awunakuguqulwa.

Buyela kwizinto eziqhelekileyo eziqhelekileyo. Ngaba uziva ngathi "ukukhasa"? E-Innsbruck kwikona ye-Andreas-Hofer-Straße kunye ne-Franz-Fischer-Straße, ngaphezu kwesango lokungena kwindawo yokupaka imoto engaphantsi komhlaba, kukho umthi omhle, ofikelelekayo ngokukhululekileyo we-mirabelle plum. Njengamawaka eminye imithi yeziqhamo kunye namatyholo amaqunube kumhlaba kawonkewonke, idweliswe kwimephu ye mundraub.org.

Kwaye ngaba uyayazi ipaki yodwa ezilawulayo eVienna? Yigadi yesikwere segridi kwisithili se-4. Ungafumanisa ukuba abahlali basilwela njani le gadi yasekuhlaleni ngeminyaka yoo-1970 kwaye banqanda ukudilizwa kwezindlu zabo, ngenkxaso esebenzayo yeqela likamabonakude iORF, kwiwebhusayithi. Umkhondo wokuhamba uhambo lokuqala lwaseViennese yivani nibone.

Ifoto yeqweqwe: IFama yaseWild Woods e-Iowa ibonelela ngokuthe ngqo kumakhaya angama-200 ngeentlobo ezingama-30 ezahlukeneyo zemifuno. Esi sisabelo seveki onke amalungu anokusilanda kwesinye sezikhululo ezisixhenxe zokuchola.
Ifoto: Isebe laseMelika. yezoLimo - Domain Public

1 Warneken, Felix / Tomasello, Michael (2008): "Imbuyekezo yangaphandle ijongela phantsi i-Altruistic Tendencies kwi-20-Month-Olds", kwi: Developmental Psychology, Vol 44 (6), iphe. 1785-1788.

2 USilke Helfrich, uDavid Bollier, uHeinrich Böll Foundation (eds.) (2015): Ihlabathi lezinto eziqhelekileyo. Iipateni zesenzo esidibeneyo. eBerlin, eBoston, eBielefeld.