Elisabeth Oberzaucher
Anthu amatsatira zolinga zawo osaganizira momwe izi zimakhudzira ena. Izi mosakayikitsa zimabweretsa funso loti kodi chibadwa cha anthu sichili chololera. Kuwona m'mbiri ya chisinthiko kumatiunikira pankhaniyi. Kwa nyama zonse zomwe zimakhala m'magulu, mphatso yololerana ndiyofunikira kuti kukhalira limodzi kuzitha kugwira ntchito konse. Kukhala mokhazikika kumabweretsa limodzi ndi mikhalidwe momwe zigwirizano za mamembala sizigwirizana. Izi zimatha kuyambitsa mikangano, ndipo ngati kuthekera kopanda kulekerera kulibe, mikhalidwe iliyonse ikanachuluka. Popeza mtengo wamikangano ndi wokwera kwambiri kuposa phindu lomwe lingakhalepo, lingaliro nthawi zambiri limalolera kulolerana.
Pamene makolo athu adakakamizidwa ndi kusintha kwa nyengo kuti asunthire kuchokera ku nkhalango yamvula kupita ku savanna, adakumana ndi zovuta zatsopano. Otsatira omwe adasewera kale anali vuto lalikulu. Pofuna kuthana ndi chakudyacho, makolo athu akale adalumikizana m'magulu akulu. M'magulu, kutha kwa kugwiridwa ndi nyama yolusa kumachepetsa chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito njira zingapo. Komabe, moyo wa gulu pawokha sunangochitika zokha. Kaya ndi chakudya kapena zinthu zina, zofuna za anthu nthawi zambiri zimapikisana. Pokhapokha pogwiritsa ntchito malamulo moyo ungakhale m'magulu momwe zinthuzi sizingafanane.
INFO: Gulu la anthu odzikonda
Bill Hamilton adalemba mawu oti "kumva zaumbombo". Izi ndizosocheretsa pazifukwa ziwiri: Pakangoyamba kuganizira, zikuwonetsa kudziwa komwe kuli gulu lomwe limakonda zadyera. Kuphatikiza apo, chidwi chomwe muli nacho chimakhala chofunikira kwambiri munthawiyo, zomwe zimamveka kwambiri monga malingaliro osagwedezeka komanso kusalolerana. Ego egoism. Komabe, ngati titha kuyang'anitsitsa zomwe Hamilton akufotokozera ndi nthawi iyi, chithunzi chogwirizana kwambiri chimadziwulula: anthu omwe amalumikizana m'magulu, chifukwa amathandizira kupititsa patsogolo kwawo - mpaka pano umayesa zonama. Komabe, moyo wamagulu umatsimikizira kuti mamembala amathandizana wina ndi mnzake. Magulu achikhalidwe si anthu osapangidwa, koma m'malo ovuta omwe amapangidwa ndi malamulo azikhalidwe. Mwachitsanzo, pali njira zomwe zimawongolera ngati mamembala amasewera kapena aphwanya malamulowo. Oyera mtima osayera ali osayenera m'magulu, ndipo zotere zimaletsedwa, kulangidwa, kapena kulangidwa popanda gulu. Zitsanzo zamasewera zimawonetsa kuti m'magulu ochezera, mamembala ena amapindula chifukwa chololera ena ndipo samalowa munjira za zolinga zawo. Kupeza kumeneku kumatsegula mwayi wokhala ndi zolinga zazikulu zomwe zimafuna mgwirizano. Mapeto ake, iwo omwe angathe kupeza malire omwe akuphatikiza kulekerera ndikuwongolera adzapindula, kotero kuti kulolerana kumakhala kofunikira kuti kukhalira limodzi.
Kudzikonda & Njira Zoyang'anira
Kwa omwe ali mgululi, kukhala mgululi kunali kopindulitsa kwambiri (chifukwa sikudyedwa ndi kambuku wotsatira wowononga) komwe kunali kofunika, kusiya kuchita chipatso chokoma kwa ena, kapena kuti asapeze malo ogona abwino. Ngakhale kuwerengera kosavuta kwa mtengo wake, sizinthu zodziwikiratu kuti onse omwe ali mgululi apanga "kukhala ndi moyo" wamawu awo. Chifukwa chake, machitidwe owongolera adakwaniritsidwa omwe akuwonetsetsa kuti kuwolowa manja sikugwiriridwa. Zowona, adatsimikiza kuti malo ogona sanali amodzi, ndikuti iwo, monga osinthika, akungofuna kutola mphesa zophika mkate, sanakonde kuwonedwa mgululi. Njira izi zimagwira ntchito bwino m'magulu momwe makolo athu adakhala nthawi yayitali kwambiri. Kwa nthawi yayitali, kuchuluka kwa mamembala a gulu sikumapitilira malire a 200. Uku ndi ukulu wa gulu womwe umalola aliyense kuti adziwane wina ndi mnzake, kotero palibe amene amasowa posadziwika. Pokhapokha pokhazikika komanso kutuluka kwa mizinda yoyamba, maderawo anali okulirapo.
Amayi ake amatsenga
Osangokhala kuti magulu akulu akulu azikhalidwe zovuta komanso kulola kuti anthu asadziwike, amatanthauzanso kuti njira zosinthira chilengedwe zomwe zimateteza ku nkhanza sizikugwiranso ntchito bwino.
Kudzikonda komanso kusalolera komwe tikuwona masiku ano sikuli mthupi la anthu. M'malo mwake, ndi chifukwa chakuti zikhalidwe zomwe zimakhala zikhalidwe sizikugwiranso ntchito chifukwa cha kusintha kwa moyo. Zomwe m'mbiri yathu ya kusinthaku zidawonetsetsa kuti makolo athu amakumana wina ndi mnzake ndi kulolerana ndi ulemu, amalephera mgulu losadziwika.
Kodi tiyenera kukhumudwa ndi kudzipereka ku tsoka lomwe anthu okhala mu mzindawu sangawathandize koma modzikonda kuti atambasule mavuvu, kukalipira munthu mnzake ndikupita pachisoni m'njira zopweteka? Mwamwayi, monga dzina lake likusonyezera, Homo sapiens amapatsidwa malingaliro amphamvu. Ubongo wofananawu umatipatsa mphamvu kuti tithe kuthana ndi mavuto ndi zovuta zina mpaka pamaluso osavuta.
Kupambana kwa Homo sapiens zachokera makamaka pa kuthekera kuchitapo kanthu msanga pakusintha moyo. Chifukwa chake, ngakhale kuti sayansi singayankhe yankho la momwe timalekerera m'magulu osadziwika m'malo achipembedzo chodziwika bwino, anthu azikhalidwe komanso chikhalidwe amatha kutero. Mwa malamulo osakhwima komanso malamulo, timatsimikizira kuti mgwirizano wathu umadziwika ndi kulemekezana ndikutsata zolinga zankhanza zimasalidwa kapena kulangidwa.
Mwambiri, izi zimagwira ntchito bwino. Ngati opanga zisangalalozo ali ndi chithunzi chawo chakuda, kukhala mwamtendere mumzinda waukulu sikukadatheka. Koma ndizomwe zimafotokozera moyo wathu watsiku ndi tsiku. Timatsegulira chitseko wina ndi mnzake, kukwera mumtengomo tikamaganiza kuti wina akufuna mpando kuposa momwe timafunira, timaponya zinyalala mu zinyalala osati pamsewu chabe. Mndandandawu wokhudzana ndi kulolerana ukutha kupitilizidwa kwanthawi yayitali. Ndizachilengedwe kwa ife mwakuti sitimazindikira konse. Ndi gawo limodzi la moyo wathu watsiku ndi tsiku mpaka timangodziwa pamene mawonekedwe ofunikira atalephera.
Zabwino vs. zoipa
wathu likukula ndi chilichonse koma chowona malinga ndi mapu a kuthekera. Osatengera izi, makamaka zinthu zomwe zimachitika kawirikawiri, tikuzindikira. Izi zitha kukhala zathu mbiri zamoyo zinachita chifukwa tikuyang'anitsitsa zinthu zomwe sizili m'njira zoyenda bwino. Koma izi zimakhala zovutirapo ngati tilingalira kuti titha kuwunikira zenizeni zomwe zingachitike.
Nyuzipepala yomwe imawonetsa zochitika za tsikulo m'moyo weniweni sizikanawerengedwa. Nthawi zambiri, imakhala ndi mauthenga ofotokoza kayendetsedwe kosangalatsa kazinthu komanso mgwirizano wogwirizana. Komabe, mukatsegula nyuzipepala, imadzaza mokweza mawu. Zomwe zimasowa, zodabwitsa zimachitidwa chidwi. Zapamwamba, makamaka zachikhalidwe, media zikuyenera kusamalidwa chifukwa sizobisidwa. Zomwe zimakopa chidwi zimayimiriridwa.
Malingaliro athu oganiza bwino amatilola kuti tiwonetse ndi kuthana ndi izi podzikhazikika tokha ndipo nthawi zonse tikakhulupirira china chake, kufunsa zomwe tikudziwa.
INFO: Khalidwe lachilengedwe
Biology nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokoza za machitidwe a ego kapena ngakhale kuzilungamitsa. Nyama yomwe ili mwa ife ili ndi udindo wokhazikitsa zolinga zokomera anthu ena chifukwa chake (ndipo sayenera) kusintha chilichonse. Izi ndi zolakwika komanso ndizosagwirizana. Mtundu uliwonse, womwe suukhala wokha, koma ukukhala m'magulu, kulolerana kwa gulu linalo ndi chofunikira pakugwirira ntchito limodzi. Chifukwa chake, kulolerana ndizinthu zomwe zidapangidwa kale anthu oyamba asanawonekere. Kugwiritsa ntchito zamoyo ngati chidziwitso sikungovomerezeka chifukwa zimachokera pakubadwa kwachilengedwe kuti zomwe zingafotokozedwe mwachilengedwe ndizabwino komanso zoyenera kuziyesetsa. Njira imeneyi imatithandizanso kukhalapo ngati zolengedwa komanso kukaniza kuti ndife anthu azikhalidwe komanso zochitika zomwe sizingadziwike panjira yachilengedwe. Makhalidwe athu okonda kusinthika masiku ano amazindikira zochita zathu mokulira - zimatipangitsa kukhala kosavuta kuchita zinthu zina pomwe zina zimawononga kwambiri. Khalidwe lomwe likugwirizana ndi chibadwa chathu chobadwa nacho chimamva ngati kutsika, pomwe kuchita zosagwirizana ndi chilengedwe kungafanane ndikukwera. Izi ndizotopetsa, koma chilichonse koma chosatheka. Aliyense amene amakhala wamoyo ngati wamanjenje ayenera kutero pokana kuti si munthu wabwino. Zamoyo sizipereka zifukwa.
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