UVeronika Janyrova
"Iphalamende lomhlaba elivumela wonke amalungu omphakathi womhlaba - futhi yilokho konke abantu - ukuthi babambe iqhaza ezinqumweni ezibaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni jikelele."
U-Andreas Bummel, umsunguli kanye nomxhumanisi we-UNPA
Umthelela wokusatshalaliswa komnotho emhlabeni wentando yeningi awukwazi ukubukelwa phansi. Ivumela imikhakha yamandla eyengeziwe ukuba iphume ezweni lesizwe. Ososayensi bezepolitiki babona ukwanda okusheshayo kwezinhlangano zamazwe omhlaba kanye namanethiwekhi asebenza emhlabeni jikelele futhi anamandla amakhulu ezepolitiki angaphezulu kombuso wezwe. Kepha: kubi lokho, noma mhlawumbe kuyathandeka?
Usosayensi wezepolitiki uJan Aart Scholte weNyuvesi yaseWarwick ukhuluma kulokhu exhumanisa "nezindlela eziningi ezingekho emthethweni, izinkambiso ezingekho emthethweni kanye nezinkulumo ezamukela zonke izindlela zokulawula ubudlelwano bomhlaba [...] obusetshenziswa ngamanethiwekhi ayinkimbinkimbi". Amanethiwekhi la aqukethe amazwe kazwelonke, izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke, izikhungo zomhlaba wonke, izinhlaka ezingaphansi kukahulumeni kanye nabenzi bezimali ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni njengama-NGO noma izinkampani.
Izinqumo zenqubomgomo yokuphayona ziya ngokuya zenziwa ngaphakathi kwezindikimba zezizwe futhi kwesinye isikhathi ngaphandle kokugunyazwa kwezivumelwano zikazwelonke, noma ngisho nokuphikisana nemithetho kazwelonke.
Phakathi kwaziwa kakhulu futhi anamandla kakhulu yi-G20, "inkundla yezingxoxo ezingekho emthethweni" yamazwe athuthukile kakhulu we-20, amele inani lamaphesenti we-85 lokuphuma komnotho womhlaba kanye nokuthathu kwezingxenye zabantu emhlabeni. I-European Union, ngakolunye uhlangothi, imele amaphesenti ama-23 wokukhishwa komnotho emhlabeni kanye namaphesenti ayisikhombisa ezwe. Ku-International Monetary Fund kanye ne-World Bank, amazwe angamalungu e-189 amele umhlaba wonke, kanye ne-World Trade Organisation (90 iphesenti labantu bomhlaba, amaphesenti we-97 aphuma ngomnotho emhlabeni jikelele. Izinqumo zenqubomgomo yokuphayona ziya ngokuya zenziwa ngaphakathi kwalezi zinhlaka zamazwe, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ngaphandle kwemvume yezivumelwano zelizwe, noma ziphikisane nemithetho kazwelonke (yezenhlalo, yezomnotho, yezempilo). Yize lezi zinqumo kwesinye isikhathi zingaphazamisa kakhulu izindaba zezwe, amazwe amaningi ngokujwayelekile ayinayo indlela yokubathonya, ingasaphathwa eyokubalawula. Lokhu kwehlisa ubukhosi besizwe ngezindlela eziningi futhi kubukela phansi nenqubo yenqubo yentando yeningi yokuzibusa.
Amandla amaningi, akukho okusemthethweni
Izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke zibonisa ubudlelwane bamandla nezintshisekelo zamalungu abo (amakhulu). Lokhu kucace kakhulu futhi kuyabulala, ngokwesibonelo, kuvoti yoMkhandlu Wokuphepha we-UN, okusho ukuthi iRussia, i-US neChina ziyavimbelana, ngaleyo ndlela zivimbele ukuxazululwa kwezingxabano zomhlaba kanye nokuguqulwa kweNhlangano Yezizwe uqobo. Okokugcina, ikhono le-UN ukwenza umane lincike ezincwadini zobulungu zamalungu alo (aqinile). Ukugxekwa kwezinhlangano zamazwe ahlukahlukene kuhluka njengoba kunentshisekelo. Kepha ngaphezu kwakho konke kuyathandeka lapha: ukuba semthethweni kwentando yeningi. Yize lokhu kuvame ukufunwa futhi kunconywa, kepha akufane kwenzeke kusetshenziswe kanzima. "Ezimweni eziningi, izinhlangano zamazwe aphesheya ziphendula ngokugxekwa ngokuguqula izinqubo zazo, ikakhulukazi ngokuvula izinhlangano ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni kanye nokwandisa ukucacelwa kwemisebenzi yazo. Ukuthi lokhu kungabonakala njengokubonakaliswa kwentando yeningi engamukeli, kepha kusamele kubonakale ", kusho uprofesa wenqubomgomo uMichael Zürn weWissenschaftszentrum Berlin.
USolwazi Zürn ubelokhu ecwaninga nezinhlangano zamazwe aphesheya iminyaka futhi ebheka ukwanda kwezepolitiki. Abantu abaningi balindele izimpendulo nezisombululo ezinkingeni zesikhathi sethu, ikakhulukazi emhlabeni jikelele: "Ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi ngenkathi kunokugxekwa okwandayo kwezinhlangano zamazwe ezinjenge-EU kanye neZizwe Ezihlangene, kanti ngasikhathi sinye ziya ngokuya zibaluleke kakhulu," kusho uZürn ,
Uhulumeni womhlaba kanye nentando yeningi yomhlaba wonke
Sekuyiminyaka ethile manje, lokhu kudidiyela komhlaba kwezepolitiki kubuye kwatusa inkulumo esifundweni ngokuthi ukubuswa ngentando yeningi kwethu kuhlangana kanjani nezinhlaka zamandla eziguqukayo. Ngabe kuyadingeka ukuthi umhlaba wentando yeningi womhlaba wonke ubuse intando yeningi? "Akunjalo" kusho uJürgen Neyer, uSolwazi wePolitiki Yezizwe eYunivesithi yaseYurophu i-Viadrina kanye nomlobi wencwadi ethi "Global Democracy". "Kuyiqiniso impela ukuthi izinhlaka zezepolitiki zentando yeningi namuhla kufanele zidedele izwe ngalinye. Kodwa-ke, lokho akusho izwe lombuso wentando yeningi. "Esikhundleni salokho, ngokusho kukaProfessor Neyer, umuntu kufanele alwele inkulumo engabandakanywa enhlanganweni ngenhloso yenhlangano yeningi.
UMathias Koenig-Archibugi, uprofesa eLondon School of Economics kanye neSayensi Yezepolitiki, uxwayisa nohulumeni womhlaba. Ngoba lokhu kungaphenduka kalula kube "ngumashiqela womhlaba" noma uzithole njengethuluzi ezandleni zohulumeni abathile abanamandla.
Usosayensi wezepolitiki uJan Aart Scholte waseNyuvesi yaseWarwick ukhomba izinkolelo-mbono ezimbili ezivelele zokuthuthukisa umbuso wentando yeningi: enye yazo ukubumbana kwezizwe ngezizwe. Kucabanga ukuthi intando yeningi yomhlaba ingathuthukiswa kangcono ngokubambisana kwamazwe amaningi phakathi kwezizwe zentando yeningi. Indlela yesibili yindlela cosmopolitanism. Lokhu kuhlose ukukhuphula izikhungo zentando yeningi zombuso kazwelonke (osentshonalanga) (ongxiwankulu, iphalamende, ohulumeni, njll.) Ezingeni lomhlaba jikelele, noma ukuziphindisela lapho.
IPhalamende Lomhlaba Lentando Yeningi
Kodwa-ke, inkulumo ngentando yeningi yomhlaba ayenzeli kuphela kwizigaba zemfundo. Isinyathelo "Intando yeningi ngaphandle kwemingcele" (ngaphambili: IKomidi le-Democratic UN), ama-MP e-1.500 azungeze kanye nama-NGO angaphezu kwe-250 emhlabeni jikelele ajoyine. Futhi (ngokwezitatimende zakhe uqobo) uyakujabulela ukwesekwa yiPhalamende laseYurophu, iPhalamende lasePan-African kanye nePhalamende laseLatin America.
Kusukela i-2003, lolu hlelo belusebenzela iphalamende lomhlaba olwakhiwe njenge-United Nations Parliamentary Assembly (UNPA). "Iphalamende lomhlaba elivumela wonke amalungu omphakathi womhlaba - futhi yilokho konke abantu - ukuthi babambe iqhaza ezinqumweni ezibaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni jikelele," kusho u-Andreas Bummel, umsunguli kanye nomxhumanisi womkhankaso we-UNPA. Iphuzu lokuqala ukuqaphela ukuthi izimiso zanamuhla zezwe azinazo izinselelo eziningi. Ku-Andreas Bummel nozakwabo abambisene naye uJo Leinen, iphalamende lomhlaba lingakhiwa ngezigaba: ekuqaleni, izifundazwe zingakhetha ukuthi amalungu abo e-UNPA aqhamuka ephalamende likazwelonke noma lesifunda noma bakhethwe ngokuqondile. I-UNPA ekuqaleni izosebenza njengenhlangano elulekayo. Ngokwanda kweqiniso lentando yeningi, amalungelo abo namakhono abo kuzoqalwa kancane kancane. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, umhlangano ungaba yiphalamende leqiniso lezwe.
Uhulumeni Womhlaba Nentando yeningi Yomhlaba Wonke
Yize umbono njengombono wentando yeningi wembulunga yonke uzwakala namhlanje, lo mbono usudala kakhulu. Omunye wabamele abaqavile be "federalism yezwe" ngu-Imanuel Kant, ohlanganyele encwadini yakhe eshicilelwe i1795 ethi "To ukuthula kwaphakade" nomqondo wephabhulikhi yomhlaba. Kuyo, izwe lamahhala laliba "indawo yokuziphindisela." Kodwa-ke, uxwayise kakhulu ngokuchithwa kwezwekazi ngalinye uqobo, ngoba lokhu kuzovula indlela yokuthi kube “nomoya ongenanhlonipho”.
Photo / Video: Ugogo.
