Izingozi empilweni nasempilweni: Sebenza ngezikhathi zenhlekelele yesimo sezulu

Ibhalwe nguMartin Auer

Ngomhla zingama-28 kuMbasa, ezinsukwini ezintathu ngaphambi koSuku Lwabasebenzi Lomhlaba Wonke, amazwe amaningi agubha Usuku lweSikhumbuzo sabasebenzi kukhunjulwe izisebenzi ezikhokhelwayo ezabulawa, zagogeka, zalimala noma zagula emsebenzini. Kulo nyaka i-International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC) inikele lolu suku ngesiqubulo esithi “Izingozi zesimo sezulu kubasebenzi"kubekwe.

Isimo sezulu esibi kakhulu sibeka engcupheni ukuphepha emsebenzini kanye nempilo yabasebenzi kwezolimo, ezokwakha kanye neminye imisebenzi lapho besebenza ngaphandle. Ukushona okuhlobene nokushisa nezifo kukhuphuke kakhulu. Ukusebenza ngaphansi kwezimo zezulu ezimbi kakhulu kukwenza ukhathale futhi ngenxa yalokho ube sengozini yezingozi nokulimala. Izifo ezihambisana nokucindezeleka ziyanda. Ngesikhathi samagagasi okushisa ango-2023, abasebenzi baseposini nabashayeli bokuthutha, phakathi kwabanye, kubikwa ukuthi babulawa yisifo sokushisa ngesikhathi besebenza. Kunezizathu zangempela zokukhathazeka ngokuthi abaqashi noma abalawuli abaphatha lolu daba ngobucayi obulufanele.

Umbiko1 I-International Labor Organization (ILO) ka-September 2023 ithi: “Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kunemithelela eminingi yezempilo kubasebenzi, okuhlanganisa ukulimala, umdlavuza, izifo zenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi, izifo zokuphefumula kanye nomthelela empilweni yabo yengqondo. "Inani elilinganiselwe lokufa phakathi kwabantu abaneminyaka yokusebenza emhlabeni ngenxa yokuchayeka emazingeni okushisa liye landa."

Kungakho i-International Trade Union Confederation ifuna kube nemigomo nezinqubo eziqinile zokuvikela abantu abasebenzayo emiphumeleni eyingozi yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Ukuhlola ubungozi besimo sezulu kanye nokulungela izimo eziphuthumayo kumele kuhlanganiswe namazinga okuphepha kanye nezempilo emsebenzini. Lokhu kubandakanya ukubonisana nezinyunyana, ukuqhuba ukuqeqeshwa okuphelele kwezokuphepha kanye nokuphoqelela izindinganiso zokuphepha eziqinile ukuze kuncishiswe izingozi ezihlobene nezimo zezulu ezimbi kakhulu. “Intando yeningi ingumnyombo walokhu, ngoba intando yeningi emsebenzini isho ukuthi abasebenzi bayalalelwa futhi bangakwazi ukufaka isandla ekuphepheni kwabo,” kusho uNobhala Jikelele we-ITUC uLuc Triangle.

Akusona nje isimo sezulu esishintshayo esiholela ekwandeni kwezingozi kubasebenzi, kuphinde kube nokulingana kwamandla omhlaba. Ngo-2024 kuma-Annals of the American Association of Geographers2 Ocwaningweni olushicilelwe ngeSouth East Asian Brick Belt, abacwaningi abavela e-UK naseNingizimu East Asia bahlole ukuthi ukwehla kwamandla okukhiqiza izitini e-UK kulandela inkinga yezimali ka-2008 kwaholela ekwenyukeni okukhulu kwezitini ezivela ngaphandle kwe-EU. Izitini zenziwa eNdiya ngesikhathi esishisa kakhulu sonyaka. Ngalesi sikhathi, abasebenzi baphoqeleka ukuthi basebenze elangeni elinamandla, eliqondile futhi bangakwazi ukufinyelela kancane emthunzini. Izisebenzi eziningi zemboni ziboshelwe ezikweletini, ziphoqelelwe - ngokuvamile kanye nemindeni yazo - ukuthi zisebenze ngaphansi kwezimo ezingezinhle futhi ngezinye izikhathi ezibulalayo ukuze zikhokhe inzalo yezikweletu zesikhathi eside kubanikazi beziko.3.

Iminyaka eyizigidi ezimbili yokuphila yalahleka ngenxa yezingozi ezihlobene nokushisa

Njengoba izinga lokushisa likhuphuka, izinga lezingozi emsebenzini nalo liyakhula. I-United Nations' International Labour Organisation (ILO) ilinganisela ukuthi ukushisa emsebenzini kubangele ukulimala kwabantu abayizigidi ezingama-2020 kanye nokufa kwabantu abayi-23 emhlabeni wonke ngo-19.000, okubize isamba seminyaka yokuphila elungisiwe yokukhubazeka eyizigidi ezimbili (ama-DALY).

Ucwaningo lwe-UCLA4 kusukela ku-2021 bathola ukuthi ngisho nokwenyuka okuncane kwamazinga okushisa asemsebenzini eCalifornia kwaholela ekulimaleni okwengeziwe kwe-20.000 ngonyaka, ngezindleko zomphakathi zamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1.

Ucwaningo luthole ukuthi abasebenzi banamaphesenti angu-32 kuya kwangu-6 engozini ephakeme yokulimala ngezinsuku ezinezinga lokushisa elingaphezu kuka-9°C kunezinsuku ezinezinga lokushisa elipholile. Uma i-thermometer idlula i-38 ° C, ingozi yokulimala ikhuphuka ngamaphesenti angu-10 kuya kwangu-15.

Isihloko sango-2019 kuyi-American Journal of Industrial Medicine sithi: “Kubasebenzi bokwakha, abangamaphesenti ayisi-6 abantu abasebenzayo, amaphesenti angama-1992 abo bonke abantu abafa ngenxa yokushisa e-United States phakathi kuka-2016 no-36 kwenzeka. Amazinga okushisa aphakathi kukaJuni kuya ku-Agasti akhuphuka kancane kancane ngesikhathi socwaningo. Ukwenyuka kwamazinga okushisa ehlobo kusukela ngo-1997 kuya ku-2016 kwakuhlotshaniswa namazinga aphezulu okufa ahlobene nokushisa.”

Ukusebenza kwezolimo kuwumsebenzi onobungozi kakhulu. Isihloko ku-American Journal of Industrial Medicine5 ngo-2015 baphethe ngokuthi abasebenzi basemapulazini banamathuba angu-35 okufa ngenxa yokushisa okuhlobene nabasebenzi beminye imisebenzi.

Umthwalo wokusebenza ngaphansi kwezimo ezingezinhle uwela kubasebenzi, imindeni yabo kanye nemiphakathi. Kodwa umthelela wenzuzo nawo ubalulekile: lapho amazinga okushisa ephezulu, ukukhiqiza kwezisebenzi kuyehla ngoba kushisa kakhulu ukusebenza noma abasebenzi kufanele basebenze kancane. Ngo-2019, i-ILO yabikezela6Amaphesenti angu-2030 esikhathi esiphelele sokusebenza emhlabeni wonke azolahleka ngenxa yamazinga okushisa aphezulu ngo-2,2 - ukulahleka kokukhiqiza okulingana nezigidi ezingu-80 zemisebenzi yesikhathi esigcwele. Ngo-2030, lokhu kunganciphisa umphumela womnotho womhlaba ngezigidigidi ezi-2,4 zamaRandi.

Izifo ezihlobene nokushisa

Ukuhlaziywa kwe-ILO yomhlaba wonke kwamamodeli wesimo sezulu, izibikezelo zokushisa komhlaba, idatha yabasebenzi kanye nolwazi lwezempilo lwasemsebenzini kusukela ngo-2024 luthole ukuthi okungenani izisebenzi zesikhathi esigcwele eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-2020 zavezwa ukushisa emsebenzini ngo-2,41. Kwabaningi, lokhu kungaba yingozi kakhulu empilweni yabo.

Izifo ezihlobene nokushisa zihluka ngobunzima kusukela ekuqubukeni kokushisa okuncane nokuvuvukala kuya ekucindezelweni kokushisa nokuphelelwa amandla kokushisa kuya ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu nezingase zibulale njenge-rhabdomyolysis (ukulimala kwemisipha), ukulimala kwezinso okukhulu, ukushisa ukushisa, nokuboshwa kwenhliziyo okubangelwa ukucindezeleka kokushisa. Abasebenzi abanezimo ezivele zikhona ngaphambili njengesifo sikashukela, amaphaphu noma isifo senhliziyo bangase babe sengozini enkulu7.

Isifo sezinso esisanda kubikwa (CKDu) siye sabonwa kubasebenzi bakabhanana nabanye abenza umsebenzi onzima wezandla emazingeni okushisa ashisayo. Lesi sifo sibulala izinkulungwane ngonyaka. Isihloko sango-2016 ku-Clinical Journal ye-American Society of Nephrology8 uphakamise ukuthi i-CKDu ingase imele esinye sezifo eziwumshayabhuqe ezibangelwa ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu.

Izilinganiso ezihlanganyelwe ze-WHO kanye ne-ILO ezishicilelwe ngo-2023 kujenali i-Environmental International9 eshicilelwe, cabanga ukuthi izisebenzi eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-2019 emhlabeni wonke zachayeka emisebeni ye-UV evela elangeni emsebenzini ngo-1,6, "okulingana namaphesenti angama-28,4 abantu abasebenza iminyaka". Kuyisici esivame kakhulu sengozi yomdlavuza emsebenzini lapho abasebenzi bevamise ukuchayeka ekugxileni ngaphezu kwemikhawulo yansuku zonke enconyiwe.

Imisebe ye-UV ingabangela nokulimala okungenakulungiseka emehlweni, kungaba ngokulimala kokuchayeka kakhulu kwesikhathi esifushane kakhulu noma ukuchayeka isikhathi eside, okuholela ekuwohlokeni kwe-macular, izimila zamehlo kanye nolwelwesi lwamehlo.

Imiphumela yocwaningo eshicilelwe ngo-Ephreli 2024 ku-International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology10 umbiko oshicilelwe wokuthi ukusebenza ekushiseni okukhulu kungaphinda kabili ingozi yokubeletha nokuphuphuma kwesisu kwabesifazane abakhulelwe. Lolu cwaningo lwalubandakanya abesifazane abakhulelwe abangu-800 esifundeni esiseningizimu ye-India e-Tamil Nadu, bonke abenza umsebenzi ophakathi nendawo kuya osindayo.

Abasebenzi abasezikhaleni ezivalekile nabo bangaba sengcupheni. Amazinga okushisa acindezelayo, ikakhulukazi lapho izinqubo zikhiqiza ukushisa okufana namabhikawozi, izindawo eziqandisiwe, izindawo zokuwasha nezingilazi, zingaphazamisa ukugxilisa ingqondo futhi kubangele ukucindezeleka okukhulu ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo.

Isimo sezulu esibi kakhulu

EKentucky, kwashona abasebenzi abayisishiyagalombili ngo-2021 ngenkathi ifekthri yamakhandlela yaseMayfield Consumer Products iqondiswa yisiphepho. Babetshelwe ukuthi uma beyeka umsebenzi bazoxoshwa. Isikhungo sezokuphepha saseMelika i-OSHA sihlawulise inkampani u-$40.000 ngokwephula "okubi" kwezokuphepha okuyisikhombisa okuhlobene nokufa.

Ngalo lolo suku, kwashona abasebenzi abayisithupha ngesikhathi kuwa indawo yokugcina impahla e-Amazon ehlaselwe yinkanyamba e-Edwardsville, e-Illinois. Esitatimendeni esivela kuNyunyana Yezitolo Zokudayisa, Ezitolo Ezidayisa Izinto Ezithengiswayo Nezomnyango (RWDSU)11 I-Amazon yagxekwa ngokudinga abasebenzi bayo ukuthi baqhubeke nokusebenza ngesikhathi kunenkanyamba enkulu.

Imililo yasendle - evame kakhulu ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu - ingaba yingozi, nabasebenzi bezimo eziphuthumayo ikakhulukazi abasengozini. Akukhona nje ukushisa namalangabi - intuthu nayo ingumbulali wangempela. Ngo-2023, izinyunyana zaseSpain ezimele izicishamlilo ezivela ku-Andalusian Environment and Water Agency zithole ukuqashelwa ukuthi intuthu idala umdlavuza.

Ngokusho kwesikhungo sikahulumeni wase-US esicwaninga ngezokuphepha i-NIOSH12 Ezinye zezingozi ezivame kakhulu izicishamlilo ezibhekana nazo lapho zisebenza kulayini womlilo zihlanganisa “ukubanjwa umlilo, izifo ezihambisana nokushisa nokulimala, ukuhogela intuthu, ukulimala okuhlobene nemoto (kuhlanganise nendiza), iziliphu, uhambo nokuwa.” zibangelwa Ukuzikhandla okunamandla Isikhathi eside kungase kubangele “ingozi yokufa ngokuzumayo kwenhliziyo kanye ne-rhabdomyolysis.”

Izikhukhula zingenza ezokuthutha zibe yingozi kubo bonke abasebenzi futhi zilethe ingozi eyengeziwe yokutheleleka. Kuye ngokuthi zikuphi emhlabeni, lokhu kungaba noma yini kusukela emkhuhlaneni kuya ekholera. Ngesikhathi sezikhukhula, abasebenzi bezolimo babengaba nomsebenzi oyingozi noma bangabi namsebenzi nhlobo.

Izikhukhula nazo zingadala ingozi yezifo ezihlobene nokugeleza kwendle. Izingozi ezivela kudoti njengezihlahla eziwile noma ukungena kwamanzi okusongela ukuphepha kukagesi noma ukuphepha komlilo kungenza umsebenzi ube yingozi noma ungenzeki.

ukungcola komoya

Ukungcoliswa komoya kanye nemicimbi yentuthu kungaholela ezingozini zezempilo ezinzima nezesikhathi eside. Esihlokweni sango-2023 ku-Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene13 waphawula ukuthi ukwanda komthelela wokushintsha kwesimo sezulu emazingeni okungcola komoya kuzophazamisa ngokulinganayo abasebenzi abasebenza ngaphandle ngenxa yokuchayeka kwabo ezinhlayiyeni, i-ozone kanye nezinto ezingezwani nazo. "Lolu cwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi abasebenzi basengozini enkulu yokugula nokufa okuhambisana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu."

Futhi ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kungenza izingozi zansuku zonke zasemsebenzini zibe zimbi nakakhulu. Umhlahlandlela we-ILO 2023 mayelana nezingozi ezibangelwa amakhemikhali ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu14, ixwayisa ngokuthi izingozi ezingalindelekile zingase zihlanganise ukusetshenziswa okwengeziwe kwezibulala-zinambuzane eziyingozi ukulawula imithelela eshintshayo yezinambuzane ezitshalweni nasemfuyweni. Izinqubo eziningi, njengama-foundries, ama-blast furnaces noma ukukhiqizwa kwamakhemikhali, zenzelwe ukusebenza okuqhubekayo. Izehlakalo zesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu zingaphazamisa lezi zinqubo noma izinyathelo zokuphepha ezibalulekile, nemiphumela engase ibe yingozi.

Izisebenzi ezihilelekile emizamweni yokuhlenga, yokuhlanza nokubuyisela ngemva kwezimo zezulu ezimbi kakhulu zingaba sengozini enkulu njengoba nakanjani zidingeka ukuthi zisebenze ngaphansi kwezimo eziyingozi kakhulu futhi ngokuvamile amahora amaningi, ngezinye izikhathi ngaphandle kokusekelwa okudingekayo kanye nemishini yokuzivikela.

Abasebenzi ababalulekile - labo abahlinzeka ngokunakekelwa kwethu kwezempilo, ezokuthutha, ukudla okunomsoco nezinye izinsizakalo ezisekela impilo nomphakathi - basengozini enkulu ngoba kudingeka basebenze ngaphansi kwezimo ezimbi kakhulu kodwa bangase bangabhekwa njengabasengozini kakhulu ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile ngakho-ke bangase bangabi sengozini. babe nokuqeqeshwa okudingekayo, izingubo zokuzivikela noma amathuluzi.

izifo

Ukutheleleka kubuye kube yingozi eyandayo emsebenzini "Inkinga yesimo sezulu, ukufudukela kwabantu emadolobheni kanye nokushintsha kokusetshenziswa komhlaba kunomthelela ezempilo nokuphepha emsebenzini futhi kuholele ekutheni kube nezingozi ezintsha noma izingozi ezindaweni ezintsha," kusho isithangami.15 ye-ITUC kaDisemba 2023 ezingcupheni zebhayoloji.

Umfushane wenqubomgomo ye-ILO kusukela ngoSepthemba 2023 "Ukuphepha emsebenzini nokuvikelwa kwezempilo kunguquko elungile"16 iyaxwayisa: “Izingozi zezifo ezithwalwa amagciwane njengomalaleveva noma i-dengue fever zizokhula ngokwanda kwamazinga okushisa, kuhlanganise noshintsho olungase lube khona ekusabalaleni kwezindawo zalezi zifo ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.”

“Le ntuthuko ithinta bonke abasebenzi, ikakhulukazi abasebenza ngaphandle, abasengcupheni enkulu yokuthola izifo ezithathelwana ngomiyane, amazeze nemikhaza.”

Ilungelo lokwenqaba umsebenzi ongaphephile futhi oyingozi

Njengoba isimo sezulu siba sibi kakhulu, abasebenzi bazobhekana nezingozi zemvelo emsebenzini, kusho umbiko we-US National Employment Law Project uxwayise.17. Iphikisa ngokuthi abasebenzi baya ngokuya bedinga ukusebenzisa ilungelo labo lokwenqaba umsebenzi oyingozi - futhi badinga amalungelo amasha engeziwe. “Kumelwe babe nelungelo langempela lokwenqaba umsebenzi oyingozi lapho bebhekene nezinhlekelele zemvelo, futhi lokhu kufanele kusekelwe amalungiselelo okulwa nokuziphindiselela kanye nezinzuzo zomshwalense ophelele wokungasebenzi.”

I-Article 13 ye-ILO Convention 155 on Safety and Health at Work ithi bonke abasebenzi abakholelwa ukuthi umsebenzi wabo “ubeka ingozi esheshayo nengathi sína” ekuphileni “bayovikeleka emiphumeleni engadingekile ngokuvumelana nezimo nezinqubo zezwe.” : "Isisebenzi kufanele sibike ngokushesha kumphathi waso nganoma yisiphi isimo anezizathu ezizwakalayo zokukholelwa ukuthi siyingozi esheshayo neyingozi empilweni noma empilweni yaso. Kuze kube yilapho umqashi ethatha isinyathelo sokulungisa lapho kudingekile khona, umqashi akanakucela izisebenzi ukuba zibuyele emsebenzini lapho kusaqhubeka kunosongo olusheshayo nolubi ekuphileni noma empilweni.”

umthombo: Umagazini Wezingozi
Isithombe sekhava: Kai Funk via Flickr, CC BY

1https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—ed_emp/—emp_ent/documents/publication/wcms_895605.pdf

2https://www-tandfonline-com.uaccess.univie.ac.at/doi/full/10.1080/24694452.2023.2280666

3https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKCN0WO0CZ/

4https://luskin.ucla.edu/high-temperatures-increase-workers-injury-risk-whether-theyre-outdoors-or-inside

5https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.22381

6https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—dgreports/—dcomm/—publ/documents/publication/wcms_711919.pdf

7https://www.hazards.org/heat/

8https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.13841215

9https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2023.108226

10https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37814395/

11https://www.rwdsu.org/news/statement-on-amazon-warehouse-collapse

12https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/firefighting/default.html

13https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10443088/

14https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—ed_dialogue/—lab_admin/documents/publication/wcms_887111.pdf

15https://www.ituc-csi.org/biological-hazards-briefing-en

16https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—ed_emp/—emp_ent/documents/publication/wcms_895605.pdf

17https://www.nelp.org/publication/the-right-to-refuse-unsafe-work-in-an-era-of-climate-change/