Imibono yetulo: kusuka ekungenangqondo kuya ekuqinisekisweni

Kwenzeka kanjani ukuthi imibono yetulo engenangqondo yenzeke nokuthi kungani kungewona wonke ayimbudane. Izinhlaka eziningi zingavezwa - kepha ikakhulukazi zahlala ngaphandle kwemiphumela yangempela.

Injabulo eMnyangweni Wezobulungiswa wase-Austrian maphakathi noSepthemba: UNgqongqoshe u-Alma Zadić nabanye abameleli bakahulumeni bathola izinsongo zokubulawa. Ngemuva kwesikhashana, ozankosi bachofoza umuntu oneminyaka engama-68. Ngokushesha kwacaca ukuthi le ndoda, ebekwe ngungoti wezifo zengqondo njengengajwayelekile ngokwengqondo nangokomzwelo, ingumbhali wezungu. Izinqubo ziyaqhubeka ngenkulumo enenzondo, ngenxa yewebhusayithi enokuphikisana ebilokhu iheha isikhathi eside ngokuqukethwe okubandlulula nokucwaswa kwabokufika. Isimemezelo sendoda: "Ushintsho lohlelo" luseduze.

Ithiyori Yokwakha Itulo: Izici Zemfundo Nezokukhishwa

Ukukholelwa emibonweni yozungu kusabalele - futhi abancane babonakala besengozini enkulu. Izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo zibika lokho UJan-Willem van Prooijen kusuka e-University of Amsterdam esifundweni. "Abantu abaningi abancane banenkinga yangempela njengokubandlululwa, ukukhishwa inyumbazane noma ubunzima bezezimali", kufakazela izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo. "Kodwa-ke, lezi zinkinga zibonakala ziveza inkolelo emibonweni yozungu engeyona eyeqiniso." Umyalezo oyinhloko walolu cwaningo: Abantu abanemfundo ephakeme bakholelwa kancane kunabantu abanemfundo ephansi emibonweni yozungu. Futhi kunezici ezintathu ikakhulukazi: inkolelo ezixazululweni ezilula zezinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi, umuzwa wokungabi namandla kanye nesigaba senhlalo esizimele. UProijijen uphetha ngokuthi "ubudlelwano phakathi kwezinkolelo zemfundo nozungu abungeke bancishiswa bube yindlela eyodwa, kepha bungumphumela wokuhlangana okuyinkimbinkimbi kwezinto eziningana ezingokwengqondo ezihambisana nemfundo."

Ukucabanga ngethelevishini: imbangela yamatheyamu obuqili?

Olunye ucwaningo olunamandla lwezazi zokusebenza kwengqondo ezungeze USebastian Dieguez wase-University of Freiburg uphenye lo mkhuba "wezindaba ezingamanga". Kungani laba baze bakholelwe na? Impendulo yabacwaningi "ukucabanga nge-teleological". Ngokusho kukaDieguez, abantu abathambekele emibonweni yozungu bacabanga ukuthi konke kwenzeka ngesizathu futhi kunenhloso ephakeme. Lokho kwakha indawo evumelana ngayo yendalo, inkolelo ekudalweni komhlaba nguNkulunkulu.

Lesi sakamuva, ngasendleleni, sandile, ikakhulukazi e-USA. Kuhlolo olwenziwe ngu U-Elaine Howard Ecklund eRice University eTexas, cishe amaphesenti angama-90 wabaphenduli abangaphezu kuka-10.000 9,5 bathi, ngokombono wabo, uNkulunkulu noma elinye igunya eliphakeme lalibophezele ngokuphelele noma okungenani ngokwengxenye ekudalweni kwesikhala, umhlaba nabantu. Cishe amaphesenti angama-600 kuphela abantu baseMelika aqiniseke ngokuqinile ukuthi isikhala nomuntu kwaba khona ngaphandle kokungenelela kukankulunkulu noma omunye amandla aphezulu. Futhi naphakathi kososayensi abacishe babe ngu-XNUMX phakathi kwalabo okwaxoxwa nabo, cishe oyedwa kuphela kwabahlanu ongabazayo ngemfundiso yendalo.

I-social network syndrome (i-SNS) nezinkolelo-mbumbulu

Kungani umphakathi wethu usabisa ngokungena ezinxushunxushwini ngisho nemibuso yentando yeningi yomhlaba isongelwa, imibhalo "inkinga yomphakathi"- kufanelekile ukukubona futhi njengamanje ku-Netflix - ezansi. Futhi inesizinda esivamile: amanethiwekhi omphakathi afana ne-Facebook kanye "namabhamuza" abo adalwe ngama-algorithms. Esikhathini esedlule, bonke abasebenzisi bezingosi zokuxhumana nabantu kanye nezinjini zokusesha ezithuthukiswe kakhulu zingatholakala: Unikezwa ngokukhethwa kwama-athikili ngakunye okungaba okomuntu uqobo. Akukhathalekile ukuthi okuqukethwe okuhlongozwayo kuneqiniso noma kufakwe kusigaba "njengezindaba ezingezona". Ingozi lapha yile: uma ungumlandeli wemibono yozungu, ngokwesibonelo, uzongenwa yiyo ngenxa yezintshisekelo zakho. Izinguquko ezincane kuhlamvu zingabonwa nsuku zonke.

Le nto ayikabi negama, siyibiza nge- "social network syndrome" (SNS). Ngoba, futhi lokhu kubhekwa njengokufakazelwa: Ukusetshenziswa kwezingosi zokuxhumana nabantu kunemiphumela emibi engathandeki esekuyisikhathi eside ihambelana nesithombe somtholampilo: isimilo sokulutha, ukuguquka kwesimilo, ukuzethemba okuwohloka, i-paranoia, nabanye abaningi. Izinga lokuzibulala elikhulayo nalo lingabangelwa ukwanda okwandayo kwezingosi zokuxhumana nabantu.

Ama-opharetha banecala kuphela, ngoba bafuna nje ukusikhombisa ukukhangisa okuningi ngangokunokwenzeka futhi bathole imali. Noma kunjalo, inkinga ngamawebhusayithi abo yizigidigidi ezifana Mark Zuckerberg ngokukhulu ukuqonda. Kepha uma uthanda, kungenxa yemodeli yebhizinisi yalezi zingxenyekazi. Kunoma ikuphi, iqiniso ukuthi abantu abaningi abenzi kahle.

Futhi lapha siza kwesinye isici esibalulekile, uhlaka lwezomthetho, olungekho nje okwamanje. Lapha kudinga ukuziphindiselela ukuthi izishayamthetho zomhlaba zibhekane kakhulu nezombusazwe zansuku zonke nemithetho yemicimbi futhi ikakhulu ngenxa yeminyaka yobudala akukhulisi ukuqonda ngezwe elisha ledijithali. Yonke i-Intanethi kanye nenani manje elingalawuleki lokuxhumana nabantu alilawulwanga ngokuphelele. Ngisho nomkhiqizo owenza imithi obangela imiphumela efanayo engemihle ngabe kade wavinjelwa. Ukugxila ngamabomu ekuziphatheni okuluthayo kubasebenzisi ukuze bahlale bebuya futhi badle ukukhangisa, noma kunjalo, sekuvele kungaphansi kwendawo yokwephulwa komthetho.

Uzungu lwangempela

Ngaphandle kombuzo wokuthi ngubani othambekele kakhulu ekukholweni okungaqinisekiswanga - okungenangqondo noma okungokoqobo - umbuzo onqumayo ukuthi kungani ekhona nhlobo, imibono yetulo. Impendulo ezwakalayo kulokhu kungenzeka ukuthi: Ngoba uzungu belulokhu lukhona njalo - futhi lusekhona nanamuhla. Lokho kuyiqiniso elingokomlando.
Ngokombono wase-Austrian, i- Indaba ye-Ibiza ye-FPÖ Njengesibonelo sakamuva, amagunya akhethwe ngentando yeningi anikele ngokunikeza izinkontileka ezingaba yizigidi esikhundleni seminikelo evela emaqenjini emhlanganweni oyimfihlo. Vele, ukucabanga kobumsulwa kuyasebenza.

Uzungu lwempi e-Iraq

Abangane bethu phesheya kwezilwandle bahluke ngokuphelele. I-USA ingachazwa njengesiphephelo sozungu lwangempela. Okokuqala nokubaluleke kunabo bonke uzungu olukhulu lwamazwe omhlaba olwake lwenzeka, nxazonke zempi yase-Iraq kusuka ngo-2003 nezinsolo zokuthi izikhali zokubhujiswa okukhulu. Sibonga impimpi yaseBrithani uKatharine Gun, imibhalo ifakazela ukuthi abezemfihlo base-United States i-NSA baqoqa imininingwane ngokusebenzisa izindlela zokushaya izintambo ngokungekho emthethweni ukuze babambe ngamalungu ayisithupha abavoti e-United Nations ukuba avume impi yase-US engekho emthethweni yokulwa ne-Iraq. Futhi: Isizathu sangempela sempi, izikhali ezicatshangelwayo zokubhujiswa okukhulu, zazingekho nazo. Imiphumela yalolu zungu olwembuliwe: ayikho. Izisulu zempi yase-Iraq, ngakolunye uhlangothi, balinganiselwa ku-600.000 abashonile ekupheleni komsebenzi ngo-2011.

Luyini uzungu?

Kepha kunokunye okuningi. Igama elingukhiye: ukunxenxa. Ngokubheka ukufihlwa okusemthethweni, ukungabi bikho kokusobala nokuthula, ingabe "imihlangano engahlelekile" phakathi kwezepolitiki nebhizinisi nayo isemthethweni? Kokunye, i-Option ibika ngokuzama ukuthonywa ezinye izinkampani eziphikisana nohlelo lwezepolitiki lokufakwa kwendlela eyodwa emabhodleleni epulasitiki ezitolo zase-Austrian. Ngabe lokho sekuvele kuyitulo?

Imibono Yokwakha Uzungu & "I-Anti-Mafia Paragraph"

Uzungu ukusebenzisana okuyimfihlo kwabantu abaningana ukulimaza abantu besithathu, ngakho-ke incazelo ejwayelekile. Igama elithi uzungu alitholakali ikhodi yokujeziswa yase-Austria. Kepha kusekhona lokho okubizwa nge- "anti-mafia paragraph" § 278 StGB ephathelene nezinhlangano zobugebengu, okuye kwagxekwa kaningi: "Noma ngubani owenza icala lobugebengu noma obamba iqhaza emisebenzini yabo njengengxenye yesimo sabo sobugebengu ubamba iqhaza enhlanganweni yobugebengu ngokunikeza imininingwane noma izimpahla noma ngenye indlela ebandakanyeka olwazini lokuthi ngaleyo ndlela athuthukise inhlangano noma izenzo zayo zobugebengu. "

Imisebenzi yezinhlangano zamalungelo ezilwane "ezisebenza ngokukhethekile" zibalwa njengesizathu salo mthetho ophikisanayo. Kungathiwa kwenziwa ihlaya ukuthi "isigaba se-anti-mafia" sisebenza kunoma yiliphi iqembu lezepolitiki. Kepha ngisho nenhlangano elwa nenuzi nomsebenzi weHainburger Au ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-70s ibizoba nezinkinga zomthetho namuhla. Ukungasho ngezenzo zamanje zenhlangano yezemvelo "ukuqothulwa kokuqothulwa“Ngamademo ezihlalo angamenyezelwanga nokuphazamiseka ngamabomu kwezimoto. Yinye into eqinisekile: "Indima elwa nama-mafia" yindlela yokuvimbela izinhlelo zomphakathi. Uzungu lwezepolitiki, uma uthanda.

Kufakazelwa uzungu lomlando
Bezilokhu zikhona uzungu; babhekwa njengezimo ze-anthropological. Siqoqe uzungu olubaluleke kakhulu ngokomlando:

Die Uzungu lweCatilinarian kwaba umzamo wokuhluleka ukukhishwa kombuso nguSenator uLucius Sergius Catilina ngo-63 BC. BC, ayefuna ngayo ukuthatha amandla eRiphabhulikhi yaseRoma. Uzungu lwaziwa kakhulu ngezinkulumo zikaCicero ezibhekiswe kuCatilina noSalust's monograph monograph "De coniuratione Catilinae".

Julius Caesar wazalwa ngoMashi 15, 44 BC. Babulawa yiqembu lamasenenja azungeze uMarcus Junius Brutus noGaius Cassius Longinus ngamanqamu angama-23 ngesikhathi sesigungu senethi enkundleni yemidlalo ePompeius. Babalelwa ku-60 abantu ababambe iqhaza kulesi senzo.

Die Uzungu lukaPazzi bekungukuqokwa hhayi kuphela ngaphakathi kukaphethiloli waseFlorentine ukuketula umndeni obusayo wakwaMedici njengababusi baseTuscany ngokubulawa kwekhanda labo uLorenzo il Magnifico nomfowabo kanye no-Giuliano di Piero de 'Medici. Umzamo wokubulala wenziwa ngo-Ephreli 26, 1478, kodwa kwaba nguGiuliano de 'Medici kuphela owaba yisisulu salo.

Das Umzamo wokubulala u-Abraham Lincoln kusihlwa ngo-Ephreli 14, 1865 kwakuyingxenye yetulo lokulwa namalungu amaningana kahulumeni wase-US kanye nomzamo wokuqala wokubulala umongameli wase-US. Umbulali wayengumlingisi uJohn Wilkes Booth, owayengumsekeli oshisekayo weConfederation. Udubule uMengameli ekhanda ngesibhamu ngesikhathi edlala eFord's Theatre eWashington, DC. UBooth wabulawa ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngemuva kokumelana nokuboshwa kwakhe. Ababambisene naye uzakwabo bagwetshwa intambo futhi babulawa ngoJulayi 1865.

lapho Umzamo wokubulawa eSarajevo NgoJuni 28, 1914, indlalifa yesihlalo sobukhosi sase-Austria-Hungary, u-Archduke Franz Ferdinand, nomkakhe uSophie Chotek, amaDuchess aseHohenberg, babulawa nguGavrilo Princip, owayeyilungu lenhlangano yobuzwe yaseSerbia uMlada Bosna (Young Bosnia), ngesikhathi bevakashele eSarajevo. Umzamo wokubulawa enhlokodolobha yaseBosnia owawuhlelwe yinhlangano eyimfihlo yaseSerbia i "Black Hand" wabangela inkinga kaJulayi, eyagcina iholele eMpini Yezwe Yokuqala.

als Ihlazo elikhulu le-tram laseMelika yigama elinikezwe ukubhujiswa okuhlelekile kohlelo lwezokuthutha zomphakathi olususelwa ku-tramu emadolobheni angama-45 e-United States ngaphansi kobuholi bomkhiqizi omkhulu wezimoto e-United States, iGeneral Motors (GM), kusukela ngeminyaka yo-1930 kuya kowe-1960. Izinkampani zezokuthutha zathengwa ngenhloso yokuthola ukuvalwa kwemizila yethilamu kuvuna ithrafikhi yezimoto ukuze izimoto nempahla evela kumkhiqizo wazo ithengiswe.

als Indaba ye-Watergate eyodwa ichaza, ngokwencazelo yeCongress of the United States, ngokufingqa lonke uchungechunge "lokuhlukunyezwa okukhulu kwegunya likahulumeni" okwenzeka ngesikhathi sikaMongameli weRiphabhulikhi uRichard Nixon phakathi kuka-1969 no-1974. Ukudalulwa kwalokhu kuhlukunyezwa e-USA kwaqinisa kakhulu isimo senhlalo sokuzethemba kosopolitiki esadalwa yimpi yaseVietnam futhi ekugcineni saholela enkingeni enkulu yomthethosisekelo. Umvuthwandaba wezentuthuko ezinkulu kwesinye isikhathi kwaba ukushiya kukaNixon ngo-Agasti 9, 1974.

Photo / Video: Ugogo.