Ososayensi be-future Austria
nguMartin Auer
Esihlokweni sakhe esithi "Revisiting the Commons" kusukela ngo-19991, u-Elinor Ostrom uyagcizelela (bheka futhi iminikelo lapha futhi lapha) okuhlangenwe nakho okuvela emibuthanweni yendawo elawulwa ngokuqhubekayo angeke kudluliselwe kuye komunye kuya kokunye emhlabeni jikelele okufana nomkhathi noma izilwandle zomhlaba. Okuvamile kwendabuko kuvame ukusekelwe ezinqubweni ezithatha amakhulu eminyaka zokuzama kanye namaphutha. Uma kwenzeka ukwehluleka, abantu baye bakwazi ukuphendukela kwezinye izinsiza. Njengoba sinomhlaba owodwa kuphela, lokhu akunakwenzeka kithi emhlabeni jikelele.
Yini engafundwa kumasu okuhlangana okuphumelelayo? Impela abantu abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyisishiyagalombili abakwazi ukuhlangana esigcawini sesigodi ukuze bakhiphe imithetho. Yizifundazwe ezithumela abamele bazo etafuleni lezingxoxo. Iqiniso lokuthi izingxoxo nezivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe ezifana neSivumelwano SaseParis alinakwenzeka emlandweni wesintu. Futhi ukuthi kunezinhlaka zesayensi eziqashelwa yizo zonke izifundazwe, njenge-International Climate Council IPCC noma iWorld Biodiversity Council IPBES.
Kodwa abamele ukuxoxisana lapho kumele baphendule kulabo ababameleyo ukuze bethembeke. Amathimba axoxisana nohulumeni athambekele ekubekeni eqhulwini izinzuzo zenqubomgomo yesikhashana kunokusimama kwangempela ngokuqhuba umphumela ovuna umnotho wasekhaya. Izinhlangano ezizimele zithanda I-ClimateWatch noma I-Climate Action Tracker hlola ukuthi izithembiso zezifunda ngazinye zisebenza kanjani, zithembeke kangakanani nokuthi zigcinwa kangakanani ekugcineni. Kodwa futhi sidinga umphakathi osebenzisa izinketho ezinjalo zokulawula futhi wenze abameleli bawo baziphendulele lapho kudingeka.
Kufanele kucace ukuthi izinkinga zomhlaba wonke azikwazi ukunqotshwa ngaphandle kokutholwe yisayensi. Kodwa abaxoxisana abadweba imithetho kumele nabo bacabangele ulwazi namava alabo ababamele.
Ezingeni lomhlaba, akudingi nje ukuthuthukiswa kwemithetho, kodwa futhi kudingeka kuqinisekiswe ukuthi imithetho yephulwa kancane ngangokunokwenzeka. Kumele kube nokwenzeka konswinyo. Okuhlangenwe nakho okuvela emibonweni evamile kubonisa ukuthi abantu abaningi bazoyilandela imithetho inqobo nje uma beqinisekile ukuthi abantu abaningi bazoyilandela imithetho.
Ukungafihli kubalulekile ekuphathweni okusimeme kwezivumelwano. Ngisho noma kungeyena wonke umuntu ongazi yonke into ngawo wonke umuntu, ithuba lokulawula kufanele libe khona. Abadlali abakhulu njengezinkampani ikakhulukazi kufanele balawuleke. Ukuqinisekisa ukuba sobala, akwanele ukuthi ngingathola ulwazi - kufanele ngikuqonde. Izinhlelo zemfundo kumele zidlulisele ulwazi lwezemvelo ngokubanzi ngangokunokwenzeka.
I-Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change (MCC) gGmbH, Berlin, Global Common Goods MCC Research Institute, CC BY-SA 3.0
Kungani thina?
Isithiyo sokuqala ekufinyeleleni kunoma yisiphi isenzo esihlanganyelwe ngokuvamile umbuzo: Kungani kufanele, kungani kufanele siqale? Ngisho nemizamo yokuletha abanye etafuleni lezingxoxo iyabiza.
Kuwo womabili izinga lomhlaba nelasekhaya, ukuwina ngevidiyo kungaba yisikhuthazo sokuthatha isinyathelo sokuqala. Izinyathelo eziningi ezinciphisa ukukhishwa kwesisi esibamba ukushisa - okuzuzwa kuzo inani labantu emhlabeni wonke - nazo zinenzuzo kubantu bendawo kanye nezifunda zabo, izifundazwe noma izikhwama zendawo. Ukutshala amadolobha anezihlahla namapaki kubopha i-CO2, kodwa futhi kuthuthukisa i-microclimate edolobheni. Imikhawulo ezinjinini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi ayinciphisi kuphela ukukhishwa kwe-CO2, kodwa futhi nokungcoliswa komoya wasendaweni okuvela ezinhlayiyeni. Lokhu konga izindleko ezinkulu ohlelweni lokunakekelwa kwezempilo. Abantu abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili emhlabeni bayashisa futhi bapheke ngezinkuni, ubulongwe nokunye okunjalo futhi bahlushwa ukungcoliswa komoya ezindlini zabo. Ukufaka ugesi kule mizi - noma ukuyihlomisa ngezitofu zegesi - kunciphisa ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kanjalo nokuguguleka kwenhlabathi futhi konga izindleko ezinkulu zezifo zesimiso sokuphefumula namehlo. Ukusetshenziswa komanyolo wokwenziwa ngokwezomnotho, okubalwe ngokunembile konga imali, kubambezele ukucekelwa phansi kokuvunda kwemvelo kwenhlabathi futhi kunciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-nitrous oxide, igesi ebamba ukushisa enamandla ngokukhethekile.
Nokho, ezinye izikhuthazo zezomnotho ziyangabazeka. Lapho amazwe etshala imali ekuthuthukisweni kwamandla avuselelekayo ukuze athole ubuholi bemakethe kubuchwepheshe obusha, lokhu kungaholela emncintiswaneni, okuholela ekuxhashazweni ngokweqile kwezinsiza, kokubili amandla nezinto zokusetshenziswa ezifana ne-lithium, i-cobalt, i-bauxite (i-aluminium) nabanye.
Zonke lezi zinzuzo zekhabhoni zingaba umfutho wokuqala ukuthatha izinyathelo zesimo sezulu kungakhathaliseki ukuthi abanye benzani. Uma ngigibela ibhayisikili esikhundleni semoto, umthelela wesimo sezulu mncane kakhulu - kodwa umthelela empilweni yami ubonakala ngokushesha.
Ukubusa kwamazinga amaningi
Okutholakele okubalulekile okuvela ocwaningweni luka-Elinor Ostrom ukuthi izinto ezivamile ezinkulu zingaphathwa ngezikhungo ezifuywe, okungukuthi ngokuhlanganiswa kwezinto ezincane ezivamile. Izinqumo azenziwa yisikhulu esiphezulu. Ulwazi nezinqumo zigeleza ukusuka phansi kuye phezulu futhi kusuka phezulu kuye phansi. Umsebenzi weziphathimandla eziphakeme, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ukuhlanganisa ukukhathazeka kweziphathimandla eziphansi nokudala izimo zomsebenzi weziphathimandla eziphansi.
Izinto ezivamile zomhlaba nezisombululo zasendaweni
Ukulondoloza amahlathi njengezitolo zekhabhoni kuyintshisekelo yomhlaba wonke ekuvimbeleni inhlekelele yesimo sezulu ngokuphelele. Nokho, “noma yimuphi umthetho ongokomthetho owodwa oklanyelwe ukubusa indawo enkulu enezindawo ezihlukahlukene zemvelo uyohluleka nakanjani ezindaweni eziningi okuhloswe ukuba usebenze kuzo,” 2 u-Ostrom wabhala ngo-1999. “Abanakekeli behlathi” abangcono kakhulu abantu abamaziyo ngoba behlala khona. Ukuvikela lawa mahlathi ekugawulweni kwamahlathi, ukucekelwa phansi ngezimayini, ukuqhwagwa komhlaba, njll. kusezithakazelweni zabo ngokushesha. Izikhungo zikahulumeni kanye nezamazwe ngamazwe kufanele, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ziqinisekise ilungelo lale miphakathi lokuzihlela futhi ziyinikeze ukwesekwa ekudingayo ukwenza kanjalo.
Ukunciphisa ukuvalwa kwenhlabathi e-Austria kuwukukhathazeka kuzwelonke - futhi ekugcineni nakho emhlabeni jikelele. Kodwa izinkinga ziyehluka ngokwezifunda ngezifunda, emphakathini nomphakathi.
Ukugcina ikhwalithi yomhlabathi kwezolimo kudinga izinyathelo ezihlukene kanye nokubambisana kwendawo kuye ngokuma kwezwe.
Izindlela zokonga amandla kungaxoxiswana ngazo emiphakathini yezindlu, imiphakathi yasemakhaya, izifunda noma ezingeni ledolobha. Ukuklanywa kwezithuthi ezizimele kanye nezomphakathi kuwumbuzo wokuhlela indawo, ohlangabezana nezimo ezihlukahlukene yonke indawo.
Kuwo wonke la mazinga, phakathi kwalokhu okubili okweqisayo - ukushiya umthetho emakethe noma ukuwudlulisela kuziphathimandla zezwe eliphakathi - kukhona inketho yesithathu: ukuzihlanganisa ngokwakho kwe-commons.
PS: Idolobha laseVienna lino-Elinor Ostrom Ipaki esifundeni sama-22 ezinikezelwe
Isithombe sekhava: Isizinda Esisesidlangalaleni nge I-Rawpixel
Imibhalo yaphansi:
1 Ostrom, Elinor et al. (1999): Ukuvakashela kabusha ama-Commons: Izifundo Zasendaweni, Izinselele Zomhlaba. Ku: Isayensi 284, amakhasi 278-282. I-DOI: 10.1126/science.284.5412.278.
2 Ostrom, Elinor (1994): Akuyona Imakethe noma Isifunda: Ukuphathwa Kwezinsiza Zokusebenzisa Ichibi Elivamile Ngekhulu Lamashumi Amabili Nanye. I-Washington DC Online: https://ebrary.ifpri.org/utils/getfile/collection/p15738coll2/id/126712/filename/126923.pdf
Lokhu okuthunyelwe kudalwe Umphakathi Wokukhetha. Joyina futhi uthumele umyalezo wakho!
