Izwe elimibalabala lama-commons - Ukusuka ku-Wikipedia kuya emapaki aziphethe | I-S4F

Isazi sezomnotho u-Elinor Ostrom ubonisileukuthi amaqembu azihlelele akwazi kakhulu ukuphatha izimpahla ezivamile ngokuqhubekayo - ngokuphambene nenkolelo-mbono engenathemba “yenhlekelele yezizwe ezivamile”. Kodwa ingabe lokhu kumayelana nemiphakathi yendabuko nje?

Izwe lezinto ezivamile licebile futhi lihlukahlukene, kodwa ngokuvamile ukukhuliswa kwethu okufihlayo. Asizalwa singabantu abazazisayo. Yizimo esizithatha kalula eziguqula abantu ababekade bezimisele ukubambisana babe yi-“homo oeconomicus”, “i-rational utility maximizer”. Ekuhlolweni1 enezinyanga ezingu-20 ubudala, umhloli wehlisa isipuni futhi wazama ukufinyelela kuso ngesandla sakhe kodwa kwaba nhlanga zimuka nomoya. Iningi lezingane lakubona usizi lwakhe futhi lamlethela isipuni. Babelokhu bekwenza lokhu ngisho engabonganga. Kodwa uma ebavuza ngoswidi futhi umvuzo uvele unyamalale ngemva kokuphindaphinda okumbalwa, izingane eziningi zalahlekelwa ukuzimisela kwazo ukusiza. Kodwa ukuzimisela ukubambisana akuhambisani nokuzidela. Ama-Commoners angaba ama-utility maximizer, okuyinsiza evamile.

Isibonelo esaziwa kakhulu se-commons esebenzayo yi-Wikipedia. Lapha wonke umuntu angabelana ngolwazi futhi adale ulwazi. Lolu lwazi oluvamile luphethwe ngabasebenzisi ngokwabo. Iziqalo ze-Anarchic seziyinkimbinkimbi Uhlelo lwamasheke namabhalansi okuthuthukisiwe okungavimbela kakhulu ukuthathwa ngama-troll nabanye abagibeli bamahhala. Uma ubheka amapulatifomu aphethwe emaphakathi afana no-X noma i-Facebook, ungabona ukuthi le mpumelelo ingaba phezulu kangakanani.

Futhi uhlelo lokusebenza lwekhompyutha Linux wazalwa ngaphandle komqondo we commons. Wonke umuntu angayisebenzisa, futhi wonke umuntu angayithuthukisa, ayilungise futhi ayivumelanise nezidingo zakhe. Yonke isofthiwe yomthombo ovulekile isekelwe kumgomo we-commons. Kodwa futhi kukhona ihadiwe yomthombo ovulekile - okungukuthi, izinhlelo zokuklama ezisebenziseka ngokukhululekile, ezingenalungelo lobunikazi sonic kuze kube Passivhaus.

Das I-Tenement Syndicate eJalimane yinhlangano yezinhlelo zezindlu zomphakathi eziyi-187. Amaphrojekthi ahlukahlukene njengemvelaphi yawo. Ezinye zadalwa ngenxa yezizathu ezingokoqobo, ezinye zinezinjongo zezombangazwe nezenhlalo ezishintshayo noma zokuvimbela izinhlelo zokubhidliza. I-syndicate isebenzisa ulwazi lwayo futhi yeluleka ngamaphrojekthi amasha, ihlele imali ebolekiwe eqondile evela kubantu abazimele futhi igcine isikhwama sobumbano. Ngaphezu kwakho konke, i-syndicate inikeza iphrojekthi ngayinye yezindlu isivikelo kubo ngokwabo. Ukuze kukhishwe unomphela izindlu emakethe yezindlu, iphrojekthi ngayinye yendlu ihlangana ne-syndicate yakhe i-GmbH. Lokhu kunikeza i-syndicate amalungelo okuvota alinganayo ezindabeni eziphathelene nokudayiswa noma ukuguqulelwa kwezindlu zokuhlala.

Xhuma kuvidiyo ye-Omni Commons

I-Omni Commons iwumsebenzi ohlanganyelwe wamaqoqo amaningana e-Oakland, eCalifornia: Wonke amaphrojekthi alapha afinyeleleka kuwo wonke umuntu futhi aqhutshwa ngokubambisana: ilabhorethri yesayensi yemvelo, indawo yabaduni, isitudiyo sobuciko, amagumbi okuhlangana nawokuzilolongela, isitolo sokuphrinta, indawo yekhonsathi nendawo yetiyetha, isikole lapho wonke umuntu engafundisa futhi wonke umuntu angafunda, kanye nesitolo sokudla esinikeza ukudla kwamahhala okwenziwe ngokudla okuhlengiwe.

Ngonyaka odlule "i-Alternative Nobel Prize" - igama elilungile: "Umklomelo Wokuphila Olungile"- kunethiwekhi yokubambisana Cecosesola inikezwe eVenezuela. Okungukuthi, "Ukuze kusungulwe imodeli yezomnotho enobulungiswa nebambisanayo njengendlela ehlukile yezomnotho eqhutshwa inzuzo." I-Cecosesola (Central de Cooperativas de Lara) iyinethiwekhi yemifelandawonye yasemaphandleni neyasemadolobheni esezintabeni zase-Andean ehlinzeka ngezimpahla nezinkonzo ezithengekayo emindenini engaphezu kuka-100.000 ezifundazweni eziyisikhombisa zaseVenezuela. Futhi lokho sekuyiminyaka engu-55 kunjalo. Imifelandawonye ikhiqiza futhi yabe ukudla, ihlinzeka ngezinsizakalo zezempilo, ezokuthutha ngisho nemingcwabo. Basebenzisa izimakethe ezine ezinkulu edolobheni laseBarquisimento eliyizigidi ezingu-1,25. Ukudla kuthengiswa lapho ngenani elifanayo ngekhilo ngalinye - 1 kg katamatisi ibiza ngokulingana ne-1 kg yamazambane. Imiphakathi yamadolobhana ngamanye ixoxisana nabasebenzi be co-operative mayelana nezindleko zabo zokukhiqiza: imbewu, amapayipi okunisela, uphethiloli wamaphampu, iminyuzi eletha imifino emigwaqweni edlulayo... Izindleko zayo yonke imiphakathi ziyahlanganiswa, kanjalo nenani elikhiqizwa yilowo nalowo. idolobhana Imifino. Lokhu kubangela intengo yomfaniswano ngekhilo ngalinye. Izimo ezihlukene zokukhiqiza ezindaweni ezivumayo nezingamukeleki kangako ziyalinganiswa.Intengo ejwayelekile yonga ukulawulwa kakhulu, azikho izindleko zokumaketha nokukhangisa, futhi abekho abamaphakathi. “Isilinganiso sethu simane nje siyizindleko zokukhiqiza okuhlanganisa nalokho abakhiqizi abakudingayo ukuze baphile,” kuchaza ilungu lobambiswano uNoel Vale Valera. Ngenxa yalokho, amanani entengo e-Cecosesola angaphansi kakhulu kwezintengo ezivamile zemakethe. Iminyaka engaphezu kwengxenye yekhulu, umfelandawonye wakwazi ukusinda ezinkingeni zezombangazwe nezomnotho, kuhlanganise ne-hyperinflation, eyafinyelela cishe kumaphesenti angu-1917 3.000 ngo-XNUMX. Ungayifunda encwadini "Izwe lama-commons"nguSilke Helfrich noDavid Bollier.2

Kuwebhusayithi yencwadi, ilogo emise okwenkanyezi ithi: "Vula Ukufinyelela". Ukufinyelela Okuvulekile ukuqaliswa kombono we-commons kusayensi. I-German Research Foundation DFG inikeza okulandelayo Incazelo: "Vula Ukufinyelela (IsiNgisi sokufinyelela okuvulekile) ukufinyelela mahhala kokushicilelwe kwesayensi nezinye izinto eziku-inthanethi. Noma ubani angafunda, adawunilode, awugcine, axhumanise, aphrinte futhi asebenzise incwadi yesayensi enyatheliswa ngaphansi kwezimo ezivulekile zokungena mahhala.” Empeleni, lokhu kusho, ngokwesibonelo, ukuthi ungayidawuniloda incwadi kaSilke Helfrich njenge-PDF. Amajenali esayensi ayabiza futhi ama-athikili angawodwana ku-inthanethi ngokuvamile afihlwa ngemuva kwesithiyo sokukhokha. Kodwa kukhona namajenali okufinyelela okuvulekile amnikelo wawo, njengalawo amanye amajenali, ahlolwe ababuyekezi abazimele (ukubuyekezwa kontanga), kodwa afinyeleleka ku-inthanethi ngaphandle kwenkokhelo. Kodwa akuyona yonke into umuntu ayibeka kuyi-Internet njengesayensi engabizwa ngokuthi i-open access. Ukuqinisekisa izinga kukhona “Isiqondisi Samaphephabhuku Wokuvulwa Okuvulekile"futhi lokho"Uhlu Lwezincwadi Zokufinyelela Okuvulekile".

Hhayi okwezincwadi zesayensi kuphela, kodwa kuzo zonke izinhlobo zokushicilelwa, “Creative Commons"yakhiwe. Lawa amalayisense asezingeni lomhlaba avumela abakhiqizi ukuthi benze imikhiqizo yabo itholakale emphakathini jikelele ngendlela yokuthi ngeke yabiwe abanye. Lokhu kusho ukuthi okuqukethwe kungabiwa ngaphandle kwemikhawulo noma ngemibandela ehlukene. Ukusetshenziswa okuvame kakhulu ilayisensi edinga ukuthi umbhali afakwe futhi ukuthi ukusatshalaliswa kwenzeka ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo. Kungenzeka futhi ukuyikhawula ekusetshenzisweni okungezona ezohwebo noma ukubeka ukuthi umsebenzi ngeke ulungiswe.

Emuva kokuvamile okuphathekayo okwengeziwe. Ingabe uzizwa sengathi “ukhasa”? E-Innsbruck ekhoneni lika-Andreas-Hofer-Straße no-Franz-Fischer-Straße, ngaphezu komnyango wendawo yokupaka izimoto ezingaphansi komhlaba, kunesihlahla seplamu se-mirabelle esihle, esifinyeleleka ngokukhululekile. Njengezinkulungwane zezinye izihlahla zezithelo nezihlahla zamajikijolo emhlabeni womphakathi, ibhalwe kumephu ye mundraub.org.

Futhi ingabe uyalazi ipaki elizimele kuphela eVienna? Yingadi yesikwele segridi esifundeni se-4. Ungathola ukuthi izakhamuzi zalwela kanjani le ingadi yomphakathi ngeminyaka yawo-1970 futhi zavimbela ukubhidlizwa kwezindlu zabo, ngokusekelwa okusebenzayo kwethimba likamabonakude i-ORF, kuwebhusayithi. Umzila wokuqala wokuqwala izintaba wase-Viennese yizwani nibone.

Isithombe sekhava: I-Wild Woods Farm e-Iowa ihlinzeka ngokuqondile imindeni engama-200 ngezinhlobo ezingu-30 zemifino. Lesi yisabelo samasonto onke amalungu angasilanda kwesinye seziteshi eziyisikhombisa zokulandwa.
Isithombe: US Department. Wezolimo - Isizinda esisesidlangalaleni

1 Warneken, Felix/Tomasello, Michael (2008): “Imivuzo Yangaphandle Ilulaza Ukuthambekela Kwe-Altruistic ku-20-Month-Olds”, ku: Developmental Psychology, Vol 44 (6), pp. 1785-1788.

2 USilke Helfrich, uDavid Bollier, uHeinrich Böll Foundation (eds.) (2015): Izwe lama-commons. Amaphethini wesenzo esihlanganyelwe. Berlin, Boston, Bielefeld.