Ukwahlukaniswa okusha kwamandla: isikhathi sokuhlelwa kabusha kwamandla

Kusukela ngeminyaka ye-1970 - e-Austria kusukela maphakathi neminyaka ye-1980 - i-credo yenqubomgomo yezomnotho ibilokhu "iphinda iphindwe futhi ibeke eceleni". Kwabonakala njengephaneli lokwandisa umkhiqizo wamabhizinisi aphethwe nguhulumeni. Cishe kuyo yonke imikhakha yezomnotho, ukuhoxiswa kokulawulwa kombuso kwafuneka.

Ukubusa (kwezwe) kwezimakethe zezimali

Ngokusho kukaStefan Schulmeister, isazi sezomnotho ku-wifo, ukuphindaphindwa kwezimakethe zezimali kungenzeka kube okuqine kakhulu: "Ngenkathi cishe ukuqashwa ngokuphelele bekugcwele eminyakeni ye-1950 ne-1960, bekungekho nokuncane ukungaqashwa kwentsha noma izinhlobo zokuqashwa, namuhla izigidi zentsha azinamsebenzi futhi noma zinabantu. ukuqashwa okuzinzile kusesho okuyize izindlu ezingabizi. "Uchaza ukuthi le ntuthuko isezingeni elikhululekweni lokukhululwa komkhakha wezezimali, futhi ngenxa yalokho, inqubekela phambili yezezimali. Amanani okushintshana ahambisana nokushintshashintsha, intengo yezimpahla, amanani esitoko namazinga emali yenzalo avula iminyango kulabo abahlaselayo ngemijikelezo yezobuchwepheshe yezohwebo. Yindlela edale ngayo inhlangano yayo yabamabhange abatshalizimali, enekhono elihle kakhulu lokuqagela ngokulwa nezimali, okuyisisekelo noma izifundazwe zonke, futhi ngokuchofoza igundane kushukumisela isibaya se-67 se-GDP yomhlaba. Isisusa senzuzo sezinkampani siguqukile sisuka kwangempela siye emnothweni wezezimali, lapho imali yangempela - ngoba inzuzo encane - yehla kanye nokwakhiwa kwemisebenzi.

"Isiko nesayensi kungathuthukisa amandla abo bese kunikela ngemiphumela efanelekile uma amandla abo okushayela engondli ngezezimali zomnotho noma izinhloso zamandla ezepolitiki eziguqukayo."
URudolf Steiner (1861-1925) maqondana nokuhlukaniswa kwamandla

Umgomo wenqubomgomo wokuphikisana nokukhangisa

Ngokuyisisekelo, kufanele kuqashelwe lapha ukuthi ukuxhasa kanye nezepolitiki kuyinto esemthethweni futhi efiselekayo emphakathini onobuningi. Banomphumela wokuzinza ngoba bakha ukulingana kwezintshisekelo phakathi kwamaqembu ahlukene emphakathini. Okokugcina, inqubomgomo yemigomo nayo ifakwe emthethweni futhi ivikelwe ngokomthetho, ngokwesibonelo, ngenkululeko yokuhlangana, yokuhlangana kanye neyokubonisa. Abasekeli bombono okhululekile womphakathi baze bacabange ukuthi kungukuncintisana kwezinhloso zomuntu ngamunye okudala ubuhle obufanayo, nokuthi ukusebenza kwesikhathi esizayo komphakathi wentando yeningi kukalwa ngokwahlukahlukana nomthelela wezinhloso zawo ezihlelekile. Kepha ngenkathi izinhlangano, amakamelo nezinyunyana ziveza obala, abezokuvakasha bavame ukwenza ngasese.
Abagxeki, kanjalo Corporate Europe Observatory, inhlangano engenzi nzuzo yaseDashi efuna ezinye izindlela zokuqinisa amandla ezinkampanini, isola abagqugquzeli ngokwandisa ukungalingani komphakathi kanye nokucekela phansi imvelo. Bafuna ukuthi ama-lobbies ezomnotho abuyiselwe emuva ekubhekaneni nezinkinga zomhlaba wonke ezinjengobuphofu, ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu, ukungabi nabulungiswa kwezenhlalo, indlala nokucekelwa phansi kwemvelo.
Ama-Austrian maningi amathuba okuba ngeqembu lesibili. Ngokombiko wokubanjelwa kwabantu e-Austrian 2013 45 iphesenti labantu bahlobanisa ukubamba nokufumbathisa, ukungenelela, ukuhlangana, ubudlelwane nethonya kosopolitiki. Lo mbiko ukucacisa ukuthi amabhizinisi amancane naphakathi nendawo, ama-NGOs kanye namaklabhu alahlekelwe ngumthelela ekulweni nama-lobbies ezinkampanini ezizimele, emkhakheni wezezimali waphesheya kwezilwandle, kodwa futhi nangokumelana nohulumeni wabo eminyakeni yamuva.
Kepha uphi umngcele phakathi kokumelwa kwezimfuno okusemthethweni nangokungekho emthethweni? Lo mkhawulo cishe ungaphansi ekuphokopheleni izintshisakalo zomuntu ngamunye nezikhethekile ngokwabo kunindlela ezilandelwa ngayo. Ukuphindaphindeka kwababambeli kusukela ezingqungqutheleni zabezindaba, imikhankaso yolwazi, imiboniso yokuphakelwa kwamaphini kanye namalungu kahulumeni, ukubamba iqhaza, ukuphanga nenkohlakalo. Amaqembu abizwa ngokuthi anentshisekelo yomphakathi nawo azi ukuthi angazifihla kanjani izintshisekelo zabantu njengezintshisakalo zomphakathi.
Ngokubhekene nezindlela zobushoshovu ezingeqile, okungekho emthethweni kukhona uhlelo lwezijeziso. Inkinga yokwenzelwa - ngaphandle kokutholakala kanzima kokwahlulela - ingaphezu kwayo yonke indawo grey phakathi kwezindlela zomthetho, kodwa ezingekho emthethweni, ezifihliwe.
Ngokuvamile, ukucaca okwengeziwe kubonakale njengendlela yokuphikisana nezinqubomgomo zenzalo ezingekho emthethweni. Lokhu kufaka ukudalulwa kwezintshisekelo kanye nobudlelwano bezomnotho phakathi kwezikhulu zomphakathi nezinkampani noma izinhlangano, ukudalulwa kwemisebenzi yabo yokuhambisana kanye nemali engenayo, noma ukungena ngenkani kwirejista yabangenisi. Imvamisa, isikhathi sokulinda siyadingeka futhi nakubaphathi behhovisi lezepolitiki abaphumayo ukuze balwe nokwabiwa kwezikhundla kosopolitiki abanamandla.

Ukwehlukaniswa kwamandla (ukwahlukaniswa kwamandla eSwitzerland nase-Austria) ukusatshalaliswa kwamandla kahulumeni phezu kwezinhlangano eziningana zombuso ngenhloso yokunciphisa amandla kanye nokuvikela inkululeko nokulingana. Ngokuya ngemodeli yomlando yokuhlukaniswa kwamandla, amandla amathathu amagatsha ezishayamthetho, okuphatha kanye nezokwahlulela ngokuvamile ashiwo.

Ukusobala - yebo, kodwa

E-Austria kuse1. NgoJanuwari 1, i-2013 yangena ekuphoqeleleni umthetho omusha wokunxusa obamba izinkampani ezifuyayo nezinkampani ezisebenzisa abagqugquzeli bezindlu ukuthi babhalise futhi bahambise inqubo yokuziphatha. Ngokungeziwe kudatha yenkampani kanye neyabasebenzi, iklayenti nobubanzi okuvunyelwene ngabo bokuzibophezela kufanele buchazwe ku-oda ngalinye lokunxusa. Okuwukuphela kwephutha: Le ngxenye yerejista yokwamukela izivakashi ayibonakali emphakathini.
Njengamanje, abenzeli be-64 abane-150 ababhalisile ababhalisile kanye nezinkampani ze-106 ezinabanikazi be-619 abangabanikazi bezindlu bavela kwirejista yokubamba iqhaza yase-Austria.
Ukugxekwa kweLobbyingregister entsha kuza nezinye izinto ezivela Inhlangano Yezindaba Zomphakathi yase-Austrian (I-ÖPAV) uqobo - lokho kuyindawo yokugcina abagibeli. Umongameli wenhlangano uFeri Thierry usigxeka kakhulu ngaphezu kwawo wonke amagama angacacile omthetho kanye nokuthi umthetho ulahlekelwe inhloso yawo, ukubuka konke okwenzeka kubo bonke abamele kanye nabamele intshisekelo e-Austria, uphuthelwe ngokusobala: "Silinganisela ukuthi e-Austria mayelana ne-2.500 ngokugcwele Ababambe iqhaza bakhona. Iningi lazo aligcinwa ngemfuneko yokubhalisa ”.

"Mhlawumbe lelihhashi kufanele lidukiswe liphume ngakolunye uhlangothi: Izinhlaka zomphakathi kufanele ziveze ukuxhumana kwazo nabaxhasi."
UMarion Breitschopf, meineabgeordneten.at, maqondana nokuhlukaniswa okusha kwamandla.

UMarion Breitschopf ovela endawenikazi yase-Austrian meineabgeordneten.at, i-database eveza sobala kosopolitiki, iphinde ibalule ukuthi bekungabaluleka nge-Austria ukuthi eqinisweni bonke abazobamba iqhaza, kufaka phakathi amaqembu entshisekelo, abameli kanye nama-NGO, bavele kwirejista. Uthola kunzima ukudalula ama-oda noma amakhasimende athile ohlangothini lomhlinzeki wezinsizakalo: "Mhlawumbe leli hhashi kufanele lidukiswe ngakolunye uhlangothi: Iziphathimandla zikaHulumeni kufanele ziveze ukuxhumana kwazo nabaxhasi. Isinyathelo kule nkomba kuzoba 'umthetho ophansi wendlela', okufomethi yemibhalo yemibhalo yezomthetho, lapho kuvela khona ukuthi yiziphi izingxenye zombhalo ezivela lapho. "

Ukwehlukaniswa kwamandla: Imboni yezokuphephisa eBrussels

Ezingeni laseYurophu, umuntu uvame ukuzwa ngayo yonke imboni yezokuphembelela esezisungule yona eBrussels. Eqinisweni, i-2011 ibhalise izikhungo zokunxusa i-6.500 kuma-XNUMX's - singasasho ngokuzithandela - amarejista obala wezikhungo zaseYurophu. I-Transparency International ilinganisa inani labo ku-12.000.
Izikhungo ze-EU empeleni zingumgomo owamukelekile wabasizi bezokuvakasha. Uwedwa esigabeni sokulungiselela iDirection Directive yedatha, i-European Commission ithole iziphakamiso zokuchitshiyelwa nge-3.000. Amanye ama-70's angabukwa nge-European platform lobbyplag.eu kanye nokufana okungokoqobo ngesiqondisi kungaphendulwa ngokuchofoza igundane. Ukuvivinya okwambulayo.
Amaqembu ochwepheshe be-European Commission nawo ayinkinga ethile.Umbiko oshicilelwe ngoNovemba 2013 unikeza ukuqonda okujulile ngomsebenzi weKhomishini yaseYurophu. Ngakho-ke, eBrussels, kuwumkhuba ojwayelekile wabamele abamele emkhakheni wezezimali ukweluleka iKhomishini ngezinkinga zokulawulwa kwezimakethe zezimali, izinkampani zezokuxhumana ngezokuvikelwa kwemininingwane, izinkampani zikabhiya ngenqubomgomo yotshwala nezinkampani zika-oyili ezindabeni zokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.
Lo mbiko wembula, ngokwesibonelo, ukuthi amaqembu ochwepheshe we-TAXUD abhekele intela abunjwe abamele izinkampani abangamaphesenti ama-80 namaphesenti amathathu kuphela abamele abancane nabaphakathi nendawo kanye nabamele iphesenti elilodwa.
Phakathi kweKhomishini yaseYurophu kanye nePhalamende laseYurophu yingakho-ke impi ethule phakathi kwabagxeki kanye ne -befürwortern. NgoNovemba, ama-MEPs abucayi abeka isabelomali sama-2011 salawa maqembu ochwepheshe, futhi wacela ikhomishini ukuthi iqinisekise imigomo emine uma kusetshenziswa amaqembu ochwepheshe: akukho nkampani eyongayo, abekho abazobamba iqhaza njengabeluleki abazimele, izimemo ezivulekile zokubamba iqhaza kanye nokusobala ngokuphelele. Ishidi lokulinganisa elakhishwa ngonyaka olandelayo lalilibi kakhulu.

Ukukhohlakala njengefomu eleqisayo

Uhulumeni wase-Austrian Federal Government usuthole ubufakazi obuhle ngokuphelele embikweni wokuqala wenkohlakalo owenziwa yiKhomishini yaseYurophu ngemizamo yakhe ecacile yokulwa nenkohlakalo. Isibonelo, lo mbiko ubheka ukushintshwa kwezomthetho kweminyaka yamuva (ngokwesibonelo, umthetho we-2012 Party Law, i-2012 Corruption Act, i-2013 Lobby Act) kanye nomsebenzi weHhovisi Lomshushisi Wezomnotho Nenkohlakalo (i-WKStA) kanye nehhovisi Lombuso Lokulwisana Nenkohlakalo (i-BAK) njengelihle kakhulu. Ngokunjalo, Ikhodi Yokuziphatha yazo zonke izikhulu zase-Austrian, "Isibopho silele nami", kanye nokuzibophezela kwe-Austria ezinhlanganweni zamazwe aphesheya, kunikezwe ukwazisa okuhle, njengokusekelwa okusebenzayo ekusunguleni i-International Corruption Academy IACA.
IKhomishini yaseYurophu ibona isidingo sokwenza okuthile ngoba abasekeli be-WKStA base-Austrian abasekelwa inkohliso kanye ne-BAK balawulwa yimiyalo kaNgqongqoshe Wezobulungiswa, banethuba elincane lokuthola ulwazi lwezezimali - imfihlo yegama lasebhange lokugcina - kanye neqiniso lokuthi bayabika ngemali engenayo yezikhulu zikahulumeni kanye nezikhulu eziphakeme zohulumeni akukho kubuyekezwa futhi ngakho-ke imininingwane engamanga ayibhekene nokutholwa.
Ngaphandle kokubukela phansi lokhu kugxekwa, lo mbiko ume ngokungahambisani kahle nombono womphakathi ezweni. Ngemuva kwakho konke, ngokusho kwengcwaningo yokugcina ye-Eurobarometer evela ngonyaka u-2013 66 wamaphesenti ama-Austrian acabanga ukuthi inkohliso yande ezweni lakubo. Noma isilinganiso se-EU salokhu kuhlola singamaphesenti ama-76, umphumela usakhathazekile. Inhlolovo efanayo futhi yathola ukuthi i-Austria ukuphela kwezwe e-EU lapho inani eliphakeme labantu - abacishe babe yingxenye yesithathu - licabanga ukuthi kusemthethweni ukwenza isikhulu noma umsebenzi kusikhulu esithile ukuthola umsebenzi kahulumeni ukunikeza isipho.

Ukwahlukaniswa kwamandla: ukwehluka kwabezindaba ngokumelene nokulula kombono

Okwamanje, abezindaba nabo balandela imithetho yemakethe futhi, ngenxa yalokho, iphethini yezinqubo zokuhlushwa umnotho zizonke. Mayelana nokugxila kwabezindaba, i-Austria yicala elikhethekile lomhlaba jikelele. Alikho elinye izwe laseYurophu ukuhluka kwamaphephandaba nsuku zonke kuphansi njengase-Austria. Ngenkathi kuleli lizwe ingqikithi yamaphephandaba aphathelene ne-17 nsuku zonke emakethe, ayisithupha abaluleke kakhulu asevele emboza iningi - okungamaphesenti ama-93 - wokufunda. Iqiniso lokuthi lamaphephandaba ayisithupha nsuku zonke aqhamuka ezindlini ezintathu zokushicilela kuphela - i-Mediaprint (Krone, Kurier), Styria (Kleine Zeitung, Die Presse, Wketschaftsblatt) ne-Fellner Medien GmbH (Austria) - ihlazo ngandlela thize ngenqubomgomo yenkululeko.

"Ukuze izakhamizi zenze umbono womphakathi, kudingeka umbono omkhulu ozimele womphakathi."
UWolfgang Hasenhütl, i-Initiative Conservation Media kanye nokushicilela ukwehluka

Akunakuba namibuzo yokuhlukahluka kwemibono enikezwe ngalezi zimo. Ngenxa yokukhathazeka ngokwahluka kwemidiya kanye nemibono e-Austria, umshicileli uWolfgang Hasenhütl wenza isinyathelo sokulondolozwa kwabezindaba futhi ashicilele ukwahlukahlukana e-Austria ngonyaka we-2012. "Sinombono wokuthi i-Austria yenza okukhulu ukulimaza ngentando yeningi-nepolitiki ngalokhu kuhlangana kwemibono. Ukuze izakhamizi zikwazi ukwakha umbono womphakathi, kudingeka umbono omningi ozimele womphakathi, ”kusho uHasenhütl, okhulumela lolu hlelo.
Ezingeni laseYurophu, i-European Alternatives, inhlangano yase-pan-European yokuba yisakhamuzi esisebenzayo, kanye ne-Alliance Internationale de Journalistes bamukele itimu futhi bebelokhu besebenza ukwakha inethiwekhi kusukela nge2010 I-European Initiative for Media Pluralism (EIMP). Kuletha ndawonye izinhlangano, abezindaba nezinhlangano eziqeqeshiwe ezivela kulo lonke elaseYurophu ngomnqopho osheshayo wokuqhakambisa i-European Citizens 'Initiative (ECI) efuna kusungulwe inkombandlela ye-EU ekubuseni ubuningi bezindaba. Lesi sinyathelo sisadinga ama-860.000 amasiginesha ukuze sikwazi ukuhambisa isiphakamiso somyalelo we-EU kwiKhomishini yaseYurophu, ngaleyo ndlela siqale inqubo yomthetho.

Enye inkinga esematheni yemithombo yezindaba ukwethembela okuphezulu kwezomnotho kwabashicileli ekuthengisweni kokukhangisa. Kusukela ukuthengiswa kwemidiya yokuphrinta, kanye nanoma yikuphi ukuxhaswa ngezimali kwabezindaba, ingxenye encane kuphela yezindleko zangempela, ukuthembela kwezomnotho ekuthengisweni kokukhangisa kukhulu. Imiphumela emibi engathandeki ibandakanya imithombo ecashile noma iqiniso lokuthi ukubika kuvame kakhulu kususelwa ezintshisakalweni zezomnotho nasekuthembekeni. Ngale ndlela, umbono oshicilelwe uya ngokuya uthengiswa njengombono womphakathi. Ngasikhathi sinye, izinkampani nezinhlangano zebhizinisi zibopha izintatheli ngohambo lwabezindaba, izimoto zokuhlola noma okunikezwayo ngokubambisana. Uhlu lokuthandwa lude futhi lubandakanya nengozi ecacile yokushayisana kwenzalo. Umugqa phakathi kwe-PR nobuntatheli uya ngokuya ungacaci.
Ukubaluleka kwabezindaba ekusebenzeni kwentando yeningi kunzima ukukubukela phansi. Ukulawula imisebenzi yemizimba yezwe, ngokwesibonelo, kungenye yemisebenzi yazo ebaluleke kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, futhi badlala indima enkulu ekubumbeni imibono yezepolitiki ngokwenza izikhundla ezihlukile zamaqembu ehlukene zenhlalo zisobala futhi ziqinisekise ukwethenjwa kwazo. Bakha umphakathi futhi uqobo bangabathwali bemibono yomphakathi.
Ngenxa yalokhu, abezindaba ngeshwa bavame ukuthathwa yinqubomgomo. "ONgqongqoshe base-Austrian basebenzisa izabelomali zokukhangisa zoNgqongqoshe babo emkhankasweni wokhetho ukukhangisa ngezinto abazifezile, ukupenda isithombe sabo nokuthola inzuzo ngaphezulu komqhudelwano wezepolitiki," kusho le nhlangano ngokunyuswa kobuntatheli bokuphenya kanye nedatha. Izabelomali zokukhangisa zezinkonzo, amazwe, izinkampani zomphakathi kanye nezikhungo ezisetshenziselwa leli nani kuma-euro angaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-200 ngonyaka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhishwa kwabezindaba okuphelele kwezigidi ze-10,8, okwabiwa nge-2013, kunesizotha.
EJalimane, iNkantolo Yomthethosisekelo Yombuso ibiza lo mkhuba ngokuthi "ukukhangisa okungavunyelwe komkhankaso", okuyingxenye ngoba ukusetshenziswa kwemali ekhangiswa ngeminyaka yokhetho ngokwesiko kuye kwanda kakhulu futhi ngenxa yalokho ukusebenzisa imali kwezimali zomphakathi akunasisekelo.

Ubudlelwano bokuthembela phakathi kosopolitiki nabezindaba buye banda nangokuthi i-Austria inhloko kahulumeni inomthwalo wemfanelo ophambili kwabezindaba. "Le ndawo enethonya yalokhu okubizwa ngokuthi yiSine Power ayikwazi ukutholakala injalo kwelinye izwe laseYurophu ngamandla amakhulu kangako. Imvamisa, umnyango wezindaba utholakala cishe emihlanganweni yezamasiko, "kusho uWolfgang Hasenhütl, okhulumela lolu hlelo lokulondolozwa kwabezindaba nokusabalalisa ukwehluka. Akusikho nje ukuthi ukufunwa okuyisisekelo kwaleli hlelo kungumbukiso wemidiya ozinze obanzi, ozimele kanye non-ohlanganyelanayo obhekene nokuncika ekubambaneni kwabezindaba nabezepolitiki futhi osebenzela intando yeningi yesimanje.
Zonke lezi zinto zentuthuko zifuna ukwehlukaniswa amandla okusha, ukuhlelwa kabusha kanye nokuncishiswa kobudlelwano phakathi kwezepolitiki, ibhizinisi nabezindaba. Ukukhathazeka ngobukhulu bezomnotho phezu komphakathi nezepolitiki, nokho, kuyinto endala kakhulu. Ubunyoninco bezomnotho yinto eyenzekile esevele yenza abacabangi abampunga njengoMontesquieu, uKarl Marx, uKarl Polanyi noma uCarl Amery ukuthi bakhule.

Photo / Video: Ugogo, Imidiya yenketho.