I-Disinformation - Imininingwane esetshenzisiwe

Njalo nje, kuvela izindaba eziguqula ukubukwa kwaso kwekhanda. Yilokho okwenzeka kimi, ngokwesibonelo, lapho ngizwa ukuthi empeleni uJohn F. Kennedy wabulawa yi-CIA ne-Princess Diana egameni le-MIT. Akusimangalanga ukuthi abaseMelika bathuthukise igciwane lengculazi kuma-CIA Labs nokuthi ukufika kwabo enyangeni kwakumane nje kuwubuciko bumabonakude yiNASA. Kodwa lapho ngifunda ukuthi uMichelle Obama uyindoda yangempela - njengevidiyo ethandwa kakhulu ye-youtube ngokusobala nangokubonisa ngokwesayensi - umhlaba wami wawusondele ngokuphelele.

Ngisho nezinsizakalo zezobunhloli zaseRussia ezaseMelika azisizi ngalutho. Ekugcineni, endaweni eyimfihlo eSiberia, baqeqesha izingane ngokubona okungaphezulu ukuze bakwazi ukusebenzisa izingqondo zabo ukubulala abantu nomaphi emhlabeni.
Izwe elihlanyayo, awunakufika nje kulesi siphetho uma usesha kwi-Intanethi ukuthola "amacebo okubumba uzungu".

Ukuhlanzeka komhlaba

Ngaphezu kwezingqinamba zezomnotho, kubhekiswe nasekuchazweni ngamasu wokuhlakaza kanye nezinhlelo zamasu wokuqanjwa kwezinhlangano zezepolitiki ezifaka izinsizakusebenza zemidiya ngezinhloso zazo futhi zibumbe nezepolitiki yomhlaba. Ngokwenza kanjalo, babeka ngekhono ukulandisa kwabo okuthandekayo esihlokweni esithile kwabezindaba ezinkulu futhi kanjalo nasekuqapheleni kwabantu. Ngakho-ke, izingxabano ezinkulu zalezi zinsuku aziphenduki izimpi zolwazi eziyingozi, ezizenza zilukhuni nakubafundi, kodwa futhi nezintatheli. I-Disinformation isetshenziswa ezindaweni eziningi zezepolitiki nakwezomnotho ezibhekiswe ekutholeni usekelo lwezinkinga ezithile. Isibonelo, izinsizakalo eziyimfihlo zivame ukuba neminyango yazo ukuze ziqambe amanga futhi zisakaze imininingwane.

Ukuqonda kulo mkhuba ngokwemvelo kuyaqabukela. Konke kuwufanele kakhulu umbiko womuntu owake waba yilowo owayengumbhishobhi waseBrithani uCarne Ross, ose23. UDisemba 2015 ukhishwe "ngesikhathi". Kuqala eminyakeni ye-1990 lapho uRoss exoxa nemithetho yokulwa nomashiqela wase-Iraq uSaddam Hussein kwi-United Nations egameni likahulumeni wakhe, kanti izwe laseNtshonalanga liphoqa ukuthi anikeze ubufakazi bokuthi akasenazo izikhali zokubhubhisa abantu abaningi: "Lokhu sikwenzile yize uhulumeni wami enza kanjalo bekuthi izikhali zikaSaddam Hussein bezingasona usongo ”. Ngokusho kwakhe, unswinyo lusebenze kuphela ukugcina iSaddam ingakhi kabusha iKuwait ngemuva kokuhlaselwa kwakhe kabusha ibutho lakhe ngemali yokuthengisa kawoyela. "Sibuphikile ngokoqobo ubufakazi bokuhlupheka kwabantu futhi sathulisa noma ngubani ongabaza unswinyo." Ubuye wahlola nokuphawula kukaKofi Annan: “Ngihlele imibiko yehhovisi lakhe ngaphambi kokuba ishicilelwe. U-Annan "uthe" esikufunayo. "Isiphetho sakhe kusuka kulesi siqephu:" Balibhubhisa ngokuphelele izwe elithuthuke kakhulu. "

I-Disinformation ifuna izisulu

Ngale ndlela, i-disinformation ehlosiwe iphumelele ukukholisa umphakathi waseMelika, kanye ne-US Congress kanye ne-Allies, ukuthi i-Iraq inezikhali eziyingozi zokubhujiswa kwabantu ngobuningi ezifaka ingozi eseduze, engahle ihlangatshezwe kuphela ukuhlaselwa ngamasosha , Namuhla, i-US ingazitshela ukuthi iyimpi eyize, ebhuntshisa impi efile nge-200.000 efile nomsila wegreyithi ekhuphukeni okuqhubekayo. Inani lokufa kwabantu abavela ku- "War on Terror" lidume ngokulingana nohlelo lwe-Iraq Body Count (IBC) kwizigidi ze-1,3. Ochwepheshe bakholelwa nokuthi ezinye izingane eziyizigidi ezingaphansi kweminyaka emihlanu ziye zafa ngenxa yemithetho yezomnotho. Phakathi kokunye, njengoba ukungeniswa kwe-chlorine yokuphuza ukwelashwa kwamanzi kuthintekile yile mikhawulo. Isinqumo esingokomlando ngale nhlekelele asikhulunyelwa.

Kodwa-ke, lonke ulwazi lokuphazamiseka lukhona ku-inthanethi nakwezokuxhumana nomphakathi. Njengoba imayelana nemidiya lapho umthombo, umthumeli, imininingwane nesithombe kungaqanjwa kalula, futhi ulwazi nokuqukethwe kweqiniso kwemiyalezo esatshalaliswa lapha akuphansi ngokwanele ukuba kulinganiswe.
Lo mkhuba ubuye ubambe iqhaza kwiPublic Relations Association Austria (PRVA): “Njengoba imikhuba ye-PR engabazekayo iyanda, ikakhulukazi endaweni yezokuxhumana, uMkhandlu wePRVA wamukele amalungu amathathu amasha ekwindla ka-2015 azinikele ngqo kulesi sihloko. I-PR Ethics Council nayo isishicilele imigomo yezokuxhumana yokusebenza nezinkundla zokuxhumana - njengosizo lokuqondisa ochwepheshe be-PR ”, kusho uSusanne Senft, uMongameli we-PRVA. Noma kunjalo, imiphumela yalolu dlame lolwazi ayibalulekile. Abagcini nje ngokuxakekisa abantu bendawo, bayanda ngokwakha izithombe zezitha nomphakathi ohlukanisayo. Ukwaziswa okungalungile.

Iphethini ye-populist yephiko elingakwesokudla

Phezu kwabo bonke abantu abaphambili besikhathi samaphiko okuqonda bayaqondakala kulobu buciko. Isazi sezilimi uRuth Wodak ukhuluma encwadini yakhe ethi "The Politics of Fear. Okushiwo yi-Right Wing Populist Discourses Discourses "(Sage, London) okuthiwa" Perpetuum mobile of wing populism ". Ngalokho uqonda iphethini ethile ngokusho ukuthi osopolitiki abanamaphiko ohlangothini olulungile futhi bafaka amandla abezindaba: isinyathelo sokuqala ukucasulwa. Iphosta ivela umbhalo wayo noma isihloko sayo sihunyushwa njengokuvusa inkanuko. Lokhu kulandelwa yigagasi lokufutheka, okufinyeleleka kulo inhloso yokuqala: Eyodwa esezihlokweni.

Ngemuva kwalokho ingena emzuliswaneni wesibili: Intukuthelo iyakhula bese othile eveza ukuthi isimangalo esisesithombeni singamanga. Isinyathelo sesithathu siyalandela: Ababhali bomlayezo baphenduka amatafula bese bezethula njengezisulu.Ngazelelwe nje kunabaphathi, noma uzungu lokulwa nabo.
Lapho-ke olunye uhlangothi luhlangana futhi luphendukela ezinkantolo, umuntu uyaxolisa kakhulu.

Umongo waleli qhinga, ngokusho kukaSolwazi Wodak, nokho, ukuthi umuntu ubopha amandla abanye: "Esikhundleni sokubeka izingqikithi zabo futhi bethule nezinhlelo zabo, amanye amaqembu aphoqelelwa yilokhu kukhuphuka okuyisigaba esikhundleni sommangalelwa. Esikhundleni sokwenza ezepolitiki, bajaha imicimbi, "kusho uWodak kumagazini wamasonto onke waseJalimane" Die Zeit ".

Impumelelo yezepolitiki nge-disinformation

Leli su libonakala lidlangile futhi liphumelela kakhulu ekuxhumaneni nomphakathi. Ngokwe- politometer.at, inkundla ye-Intanethi ehlaziya ubukhona nokusebenza kosopolitiki ngabodwa, amaqembu ezepolitiki, ama-NGO kanye nezintatheli zezepolitiki ezinkundleni zokuxhumana, osopolitiki bendawo be-FPÖ ngokusobala bahola. Phakathi kosopolitiki abasezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu bezenhlalo abase5 ezweni kubalwa abathathu (uHC Strache, uH. Vilimsky, uNorbert Hofer) kwi-FPÖ. Futhi ngasikhathi sinye iqembu le-Facebook "FPÖ Fail" lilwela ukuphenya ngokuhlelekile imibiko yamanga engenakubalwa ye-FPÖ. Isiyingi esivaliwe ke.

Ababaleki: I-Mood yayinuka ngamabomu ngamabomu

Eqinisweni, iphumelele ngale ndlela, isimo sokulwa nababaleki kwezokuxhumana sitshelwa kakhulu. Umlobi wencwadi, intatheli kanye ne-blogger uJakob Steinschaden, ngokwesibonelo, wabhekisisa kakhulu amashadi wezindaba zomphakathi we-Austria ukuqala kwe-storyclash.com. Lawa mashadi ahlola ukusebenzisana kwe-Facebook kwayo yonke imidiya nama-blog amakhulu ase-Austrian. Ngokusho kwalokhu, kunenkambiso enkulu eyenzekile kuFacebook ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezedlule eziveza isimo e-Austria: "NgoJuni, uJulayi nango-Agasti, i-2015 ithole ukuthandwa nokwabiwa okuningi kakhulu kulabo abanokuxhumana okuhle mayelana nesihloko sababaleki. ishidi liphendukile manje. Kusukela ngoSepthemba 2015 yathola le mibiko, enokuthinta okungatheni mayelana nodaba lwababaleki, ukuthandwa okwengeziwe ngakho-ke kufinyelela kuFacebook, ”kusho uSteinschaden.

"Umshini wokuqamba amanga"

Izibonelo zemibiko yamanga zingatholakala engosini yokuxhumana nabantu en Masse futhi indlu yababaleki ilungele lokhu. Isibonelo, imilayezo ye-Facebook enjengokuthi "Ababaleki bathenga kuphela ama-iPhones abiza kakhulu ngenxa yeCaritas", noma bathola i- "3.355,96 Euro ngenyanga ngokwenza lutho", bajabulela ukuthandwa okukhethekile. Futhi isimangalo esaziwa ngokuthi yi "media Press" esithandwa kakhulu, ngokusho ukuthi ubugebengu obenziwa ababaleki, sabuzohlanganiswa njalo nini yimithombo yezindaba namaphoyisa, kufanele sishiwo lapha. Yonke le mibiko ithole ukuthi ibingenalo ngokuphelele uphenyo olusondele.

amathiphu

U-Yassin Musharbash, intatheli yaseJalimane futhi engumbhali, muva nje uthe "sithola iningi lemininingwane esinayo ngezenzo zikahulumeni wase-Islamic State kanye nokuqothuka kwe-Islamic State uqobo." Amasu akhe wokulwa ne-disinformation yile:
- Ucwaningo
- Ukuzimela
- Ukungafihli

UDoris Christina Steiner, oyilungu loMkhandlu Wezokuziphatha Komphakathi wase-Austrian, muva nje waphawula ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwakhe kwabezindaba kusakazelwa kakhulu yiFacebook. Amasu abo wokulwa ne-disinformation kwabezindaba zenhlalo yilezi:
- Bheka ukuthi ngabe lolu luhlobo lwemidiya olusunguliwe.
- Naka "ama-akhawunti aqinisekisiwe". Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi umlayezo empeleni uvela kumuntu oqokiwe noma isikhungo.
- Bheka ukufakwa ukuze ubone ukuthi umlobi uzokwabelwa kuphi.
- Bhalisela izinhlelo zokusebenza zemidiya kusuka kumidiya esezingeni eliphezulu futhi uzisebenzise ngqo.

Udo Bachmeier, uMongameli weNhlangano Yezindaba Zamasiko, uthi: "Noma ngubani ongaceli mthombo nhlobo wenza iphutha lokuqala. Ngubani ongabuzi ngekhwalithi yomthombo, owesibili ”. Amathiphu akhe:
- Imininingwane ye-ejensi Yezindaba ithembeke kakhulu kunamawebhusayithi namabhulogi.
- Amaqiniso we-Exaggeration ngaphandle kokubhekisela kumthombo kufanele ahlolwe ngokucophelela.
- Ngokuyisisekelo, ukusondela emthonjeni wokuqala, kungcono.

"Zokuxhumana" ezisekelweni zokukhangisa

Kodwa-ke, inkinga ukuthi imithombo yezokuxhumana ayisagcini nje ngokuxhumana nabantu kanye nokuthuthukisa ukuxhumana nabantu. Baphenduke amapulatifomu anamandla okukhangisa nezinkundla zezindaba. Ngokusho kocwaningo lwe-IAB, amaphesenti ama-73 abasebenzisi base-Austrian manje balandela imicimbi yosuku kwi-Intanethi.

Intsha enetheni

Intsha ithatha isikhundla esikhethekile ekusetshenzisweni kwe-Intanethi: zisebenzisa isilinganiso esingamahora angaphezu kwamahlanu ngosuku online, ngokusho kocwaningo lwenhlangano iMedia Server.
UWalter Osztovics, uManaging Partner weKovar & Partner, ubhekisise indlela abezindaba abasetshenziswa ngayo abase-Austrian kanti ngonyaka odlule benze ucwaningo ngekusasa lezindaba. Ngokubona kwakhe, abantu abasha basengozini enkulu yokuthola ukwaziswa okungafanele kanye nenkulumo-ze enethiwekhi yokuxhumana nabantu. Ngokusho kwakhe, ukusetshenziswa kwabezindaba kwentsha ngokuyinhloko kuyinkinga yekilasi: “Intsha evela kubazali abanobudlelwano kwezemfundo iyaqhubeka nokuthola imininingwane emaphephandabeni aphrintiwe nakuma-intanethi. Abantu abasha abakhule bengafundanga baya ngokuya benqaba ukuthola imininingwane evela kwabezindaba bendabuko ”. Ngenxa yalokhu, i-Osztovics ibona ubungozi bokuthi “isizukulwane sonke sizolahlekelwa yintshisekelo yezepolitiki, ukuma kanye nekhono lokukhuluma”, ngaphandle kwalapho kukhona okusobala okusobala emkhakheni wezemfundo nemfundo yabezindaba.

I-bubble yolwazi

Ngaphezu kokuqanjwa kolwazi okuqokiwe, ochwepheshe nabo babona ukukhetha imininingwane ezinkundleni zokuxhumana njengento ebaluleke kakhulu, uWalter Osztovics uphetha ngokufunda kwakhe: "Kuholela ekubukeni okusondele kakhulu emhlabeni. Okungahambisani nombono wakhe noma intshisekelo yakhe akusabonakala. Kuzungeze wonke umsebenzisi, kuqhuma ibhamuza lokuhlunga lapho libona kuphela leyo ngxenye yomhlaba ekuqinisekisa lokho njengokwesimo ".

Kepha indima yezintshisekelo zezomnotho ayinakuqhathaniswa. Ngokusho kukaKsenia Churkina ovela eqenjini labacwaningi iMedia Change e-University of Salzburg, ukusatshalaliswa kwemininingwane kwabezindaba ezokuxhumana kulandela imithetho yezomnotho ikakhulukazi: "Amanethiwekhi omphakathi enza izimo ezintsha zokusabalalisa imininingwane nokusungula imibono. Bazisungule njengabagcini besango abasha ekusakazweni kwezindaba nemibono emphakathini. Imibandela yohlaka lwabo inquma imingcele, amafomu nokuqukethwe kwezokuxhumana. Ngakho-ke, i-algorithm ye-Facebook inquma amazinga onqenqemeni, ukuthi yimiphi imiyalezo umsebenzisi ayithola ngokubona kwakhe izindaba. "

Siyini isiphetho salokhu kuhlanya kolwazi okukhona osukwini lwethu? "Ungakukholwa konke okubhaliwe," ngombono wethu, akuhambi ngokwenele, ngenxa yamasu wokukhwabanisa anobuhlakani obuningi. Isincomo sethu ukuthi silondoloze izinzwa nomqondo ojwayelekile, ukulalela "Strategies Manipulation Ten Ten" kaNoam Chomsky futhi uthathe "Izeluleko Zethu Zokulwa Ne-Disinformation" enhliziyweni ukuyisebenzisa kwabezindaba.

Ukukhwabanisa ngemedical

Amasu Ayishumi KaNoam Chomsky weMedia Manipulation (ahunyushwe futhi afushaniswa)

1. Isu lokuphazamisa
Umnyombo wokulawulwa kwezenhlalo. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukunakwa kwesintu kuphambukiswa ezinkingeni ezibalulekile zenhlalo nezenhlalo ngokugcwala imininingwane engabalulekanga.

2. Dala izinkinga bese uletha izixazululo
Idala inkinga edala ukusabela okuthile kubantu. Isibonelo, kudala izingxabano zegazi, ukuze inani labantu lamukele imithetho yezokuphepha nezinyathelo ezilinganisela inkululeko yabo. Noma: kubangele ubunzima bezomnotho futhi ngaleyo ndlela kudale ukwamukelwa kokuncishiswa okubalulekile kwamalungelo ezenhlalo nezinsizakalo zomphakathi.

3. Isu lokuhamba kancane
Kancane kancane, ngokuhamba kweminyaka, thola ukwamukelwa kokungamukeleki. Ngale ndlela izimo zohlaka lwenhlalo yezomnotho nezomnotho (i-neoliberalism) zazigcizelelwa eminyakeni ye-1980er ne-1990er: the "lean state", i-privatizations, izimo ezinobungozi nezishintshashintshayo zokusebenzela nokukhokha, ukungasebenzi.

4. Icebo lokubambezela
Yethula izinqumo ezingathandeki njengezinhlungu futhi ezingenakugwenywa. Njengoba isisulu sesikhathi esizayo kulula ukubhekana naso kunesishesha, kudala ukwamukelwa kokuqaliswa kwaso kamuva.

5. Khuluma nezixuku njengabasakhulayo
Izikhalazo eziningi zomphakathi zisebenzisa ulimi, ukuxabana, abantu, nokubeka imizwa, sengathi abalaleli izingane ezincane noma ezingaphilile kahle ngokomqondo. Kungani? Lokhu kubuye kuphakamise ukusabela okuhambelana nalesi sikhathi futhi mahhala yemibuzo ebucayi.

6. Sebenzisa imizwa kunokubonakalisa
Ukuxhaphaza izici zomzwelo kuyindlela yakudala yokudlula ukucatshangelwa okunengqondo nomqondo oqondile womuntu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uvula umnyango wokungazi komuntu.

7. Gcina ukungazi komphakathi kanye nokulamula
Nakhu ukuphathwa komphakathi nokungakwazi kwabo ukuqonda lezi zinhlelo zokulawula, zilondoloze. Ngakho-ke, ikhwalithi yemfundo ye-strata ephansi yezenhlalo kumele ibe yisiyingi ngangokunokwenzeka. Ngenxa yalokhu, umehluko wolwazi phakathi kwezendlalelo uhlala ungalawuleki.

8. Siza umphakathi ukuthi uzuze ukuzwela ukuthula
Kholisa umphakathi ukuthi kumnandi ukuba yisiwula, ukungamanyani futhi ungafundile.

9. Qinisa ukuzithemba
Kholisa abantu ukuthi kufanele basolwe ngobubi babo nokuthi ngokuyinhloko kungenxa yokuntula kwabo ukuhlakanipha, amandla noma ukuzikhandla. Esikhundleni sokuvukela kuhlelo lomnotho, bahlaselwa ukuzithemba, ukuzizwa benecala nokudangala.

10. Yazi abantu kangcono kunendlela abazazi ngayo
Ngokuqonda okusha kwe-biology, neurobiology, kanye ne-psychology esetshenzisiwe, "uhlelo" luthole ukuqonda okuyinkimbinkimbi kwe-physiology yomuntu kanye ne-psychology. Ngenxa yalokhu, futhi kunganikeza amandla amakhulu okuphatha namandla ngaphezu kwabantu abathile kunokuba benza ngathi.

Photo / Video: Ugogo.