"IHomer yezinambuzane": Ngomhla wama-200 wokuzalwa kukaJean-Henri Fabre

Kumele ukuba kwakungowe-1987 xa umvakalisi wam ngelo xesha wandibuza xa ndandimtyelele ukuze sixubushe ngemisebenzi emitsha: “Ngaba ubungethandi ukubhala ngoHenry David Thoreau kungcelele lwethu lwebhayiloji? Ubomi Ehlabathini". Amahlathi" kunye "Emsebenzini wokungathobeli urhulumente" kwaye bavuma ngovuyo.

Kwiiveki ezimbini kamva ndafumana ileta: “Ndiyaxolisa kakhulu, ndilibele ukuba ndandisele ndithembise uThoreau komnye umntu. Ngaba uyafuna ukubhala ngoJean-Henri Fabre endaweni yoko?

Ndaphendula ndathi: “Ngubani uJean-Henri Fabre?”

Ndiye ndazama ukuqonda. Ndaqhuba nentombi endandithandana nayo ukuya kumazantsi eFransi, sisiya eSeignan, indawo encinane ekwiikhilomitha ezilishumi ukusuka eOrange. Apho sasela iwayini emnandi yale ndawo kwaye, ngenxa yokuba kwakungekho nto yimbi, kwafuneka sihlale kwinqaba yangaphambili, apho unokufumana elinye lamagumbi amathandathu kuphela ukuba unokukonwabela ukutya okumnandi kwaseFransi. Pha.

Isiqwenga somhlaba esiyinkangala esizaliswe yinkunzane nezinambuzane

ESerignan yayiyindawo eyaziwayo ethi "Harmas": "Isiqwenga somhlaba esiyinkqantosi, esitshiswe lilanga, esilungele imithana enamaphiko kunye nezinambuzane ezinamaphiko", apho uFabre wayehlala khona kwaye waphanda ukusukela ngo-1870 de kwasekufeni kwakhe ngo-1915, nalapho wenza elona candelo libalaseleyo lomsebenzi wakhe omkhulu: "Izikhumbuzo ze-Entomologique" wabhala, "Iinkumbulo ze-Entomologist". Lo msebenzi ndawuthenga kuhlelo olunephepha elikwimyuziyam, elakhiwe kwikhaya langaphambili. Bendingenako ukuyifumana iqweqwe elilukhuni. Le ncwadi yayingowona mthombo ubalulekileyo webhayiloji ka-Fabre, kuba esi sazinzulu sikrelekrele asizange sibhale mibhalo yabafundi, kodwa endaweni yoko sanikela ingxelo malunga nokufika kwakhe nezinambuzane ngendlela yamabali achaza imbonakalo yomhlaba apho wayesenza khona iimvavanyo zakhe kunye nezinto ezihlala zinzima. iimeko zokuphila , nto leyo ethintela umsebenzi wakhe wophando ixesha elide.

Nangona kunjalo, ulwazi lwam lwesiFrentshi ndalufumana kuphela kwiiholide ezimbalwa. Ngoncedo lwesichazi-magama, ndasebenza nzima ukutyhubela le miqulu ilishumi kunye nembali engobomi besiFrentshi eyayibhalwe ngabantu ababephila ngelo xesha. Ndandula ke ndakwazi ukufunda imiqulu emihlanu yokugqibela ngokutyibilikayo.

Abantu abahluphekayo badityaniswa njani ukuze bahlale kubuhlwempu

UJean-Henri Fabre wazalwa ngo-1823 kumafama ahluphekayo kumaphandle aseRouerge, kwiintsuku ezintathu phambi kweKrisimesi. Ukunxanelwa kwakhe ulwazi kwavuka kwangethuba, kodwa xa, xa wayeneminyaka emine ubudala, wabuya nezinto azifumene ekwaluseni amadada echibini - ooqongqothwane, amaqokobhe eenkumba, iifosili - wavusa umsindo kanina ngokukrazula iipokotho zakhe ngezinto ezingenamsebenzi. . Akwaba ebenokuqokelela imifuno yokondla imivundla! Umntu omdala uJean-Henri wayesiqonda isimo sengqondo sikanina: amava afundisa abantu abahlwempuzekileyo ukuba kunokwenza ingozi ukuzama ukuzixhalabisa ngezinto eziphakamileyo endaweni yokunikela ingqalelo kuwo onke amandla abo ekusindeni. Nangona kunjalo, umntu akufanele akwamkele oku.

Emva kwesikolo samabanga aphantsi wakwazi ukuya ekholejini simahla kwaye ngokubuya wasebenza njengenkwenkwe yekwayala kwicawa yayo. Kukhuphiswano waphumelela imali yokufunda kwikholeji yoqeqesho lootitshala. Kungekudala wafumana umsebenzi kwisikolo samabanga aphantsi apho umvuzo wawuzanele “iiertyisi nentwana yewayini.” Utitshala omncinci wazibuza ukuba yintoni enokuba luncedo kakhulu kubafundi bakhe, uninzi lwabo luvela emaphandleni, kwaye wabafundisa imichiza yezolimo. Wafumana ulwazi oluyimfuneko phambi kwezifundo. Wabakhuphela phandle abafundi bakhe ukuya kufundisa ijometri, oko kukuthi, ukuhlola umhlaba. Wafunda kubafundi bakhe indlela yokufumana ubusi benyosi waza wagqogqa waza watya kunye nabo. Ijometri yafika kamva.

Ukufunyanwa kwentlekele kukhokelela kubuhlobo noDarwin

Wayehlala usuku nolunye nomfazi wakhe oselula; isixeko sasisoloko sisemva ngemivuzo. Unyana wakhe wokuqala wafa emva nje kokuba ezelwe. Utitshala omncinci wenza inkani wathatha iimviwo zangaphandle emva koviwo ukuze afumane isidanga sakhe semfundo. Kwithisisi yakhe yobugqirha, wafunda incwadi eyayibhalwe ngulowo wayesakuba ngusolusapho wenzululwazi ngezinambuzane uLéon Dufour malunga nendlela awayephila ngayo uCerceris, unomeva weqhina. Kwindlwane yabo engaphantsi komhlaba, uDufour wayefumene ooqongqothwane abasuka kuhlobo lweBuprestis, ooqongqothwane. Unomeva ubabamba njengokutya kwenzala yabo. Ubeka amaqanda akhe phezu kwayo zize iimpethu eziqanduselweyo zidle uqongqothwane. Kodwa kwakutheni ukuze inyama yoqongqothwane ihlale intsha de iimpethu ziyigqibe?

UDufour wakrokrela ukuba unomeva wayebanika isithinteli ekulweni kwabo. UFabre wafumanisa ukuba ooqongqothwane abafanga. Isicombululo kule phazili yaba: Unomeva wazisa ityhefu yakhe ngokuchanekileyo kumbindi wemithambo-luvo owawushukumisa imilenze namaphiko. Ooqongqothwane babefe nje umzimba, iimpethu zazisitya inyama ephilayo. Ukukhetha ooqongqothwane abalungileyo, ukuhlaba indawo eyiyo, yayiyinto eyayizelwe unomeva. UFabre wathumela imemorandam eyunivesithi, eyapapashwa emva konyaka, ngo-1855. Yamzuzela ibhaso kwi-Institut Français kunye nokukhankanywa kwi-Origin of Species kaDarwin. UDarwin wambiza ngokuba “ngumakhi-mkhanyo oyingqwayi-ngqwayi” kwaye bobabini bahlala kwimbalelwano de kwaba sekufeni kukaDarwin. UDarwin uphinde wacela uFabre ukuba enze iimvavanyo ezithile kuye.

Izikhewu kwithiyori yendaleko

UFabre wayemxabisa gqitha uDarwin, kodwa ingcamango yendaleko ayizange imkholelwe. Wayeluthanda gqitha unqulo, kodwa akazange aphikisane neBhayibhile kodwa ngokwenzululwazi wayephikisana nengcamango kaDarwin, owachaza izikhewu zakhe, ngokukodwa ingcamango kaDarwin yokuba iimpawu zinokuzuz’ ilifa.

Kodwa ukuba ufunda umsebenzi kaFabre, iinkcazo zakhe zokwahluka kweentlobo zezinambuzane, ufumana umbono ocacileyo wobudlelwane kunye notshintsho phakathi kweentlobo. Ngaba iindidi ngeendidi zoonomeva abangamaqhina abatya iindidi ezahlukeneyo zooqongqothwane ababonisi ukuba ukhokho omnye woonomeva umele ukuba wakha wazingela ukhokho omnye wooqongqothwane? Ngaba iindidi zeenyosi ezichazwe ngumbonisi wesigulane azibonisi zonke izigaba zenguqu phakathi kokuziphatha okupheleleyo kwedwa kunye nenkqubo yezopolitiko enzima yenyosi yobusi?

"Uphonononga ukufa, ndiphonononga ubomi"

Uphando lukaFabre lwalungelulo malunga nokucalula kunye nokwenza ikhathalogu kwizifundo zakhe, kodwa kunoko ukujonga indlela yabo yokuphila kunye nokuziphatha kwabo kwindawo yabo yendalo. Wayenokungqengqa emhlabeni olukhuni kangangeeyure kwingqatsini yelanga lasehlotyeni aze abukele unomeva esakha indlwane. Le yayiyindlela entsha ngokupheleleyo yesayensi: "Ufunda ukufa, ndifunda ubomi," wabhala.

Noko ke, izinambuzane zakhe wazivavanya ngobuqhetseba: unomeva wegyroscope wemba indlela engaphantsi komhlaba ngemilenze yakhe. Ekupheleni kwayo udala umqolomba wokuzalela imibungu, ekufuneka isoloko ibonelela ngeempukane kunye neempukane. Ukuba ibhabha isiya kuzingela, ivala umnyango ngelitye. Ukuba uthe wabuya nexhoba, uya kuphinda afumane indawo yokungena. UFabre wasebenzisa imela ukutyhila ipaseji kunye negumbi lokuzalela. Unomeva wazama ukukhangela indawo yokungena, wemba apho kufuneka ukuba ube khona, engaqondi ukuba i-passage ivuliwe phambi kwayo. Ebudeni bokukhangela kwakhe, wabalekela kwigumbi lokuzalela, kodwa akazange awuqonde umbungu awayefanele ukuwondla waza wawunyathela. Wade wayityhila indawo yokungena, wayengazi ukuba makathini ngokulandelayo kwaye wayengakwazi ukutyisa umbungu.

UDarwin wayezinike nje izizathu ezivakalayo ezi zinambuzane. Kodwa uFabre wavuma oku: “Oku kuziphatha kuluthotho lwezenzo nje zethuku, enye yazo ebangela enye, ngokulandelelana kangangokuba kwanezona meko zinzima zingenako ukuzibhukuqa.” Ngoxa i<em>rozi qongqothwane ikhethekileyo, wavelisa ezinye izilwanyana. Ezi grubs zafa ngokukhawuleza, kunye nemibungu kunye nabo. I-larvae yayinombono ocacileyo wendlela yokutya i-grub: okokuqala amanqatha, emva koko izicubu zemisipha, kwaye ekupheleni kweentambo ze-nerve kunye ne-ganglia. Ngenye igrub ipateni yabo yokutyisa ayizange isebenze kwaye bayibulala phambi kwexesha.

"Kanye njengeenkcukacha zezinto eziphilayo, mhlawumbi zingcono kunalezi, eziqhuba ukwakha ngokwemigaqo ethile ecacileyo ibonisa imizimba yezinambuzane esizihlanganisa ndawonye phantsi kwegama 'leentlobo'."

Umfundisi wabantu

Ngowe-1867, uMphathiswa wezeMfundo kaNapoleon III wathabatha. inkqubo yemfundo edumileyo nemfundo yamantombazana iyasungulwa. UFabre waqala ukunika iiklasi zangokuhlwa eAvignon. Imfundo yamantombazana yayiyingxaki kwiCawa yamaKatolika. Kwaye xa uFabre waxelela amantombazana into ethile malunga nokuchumisa kwikhosi yakhe - oko kukuthi ukuchumisa kweentyatyambo - yayininzi kakhulu kubagcini abalungileyo abaziphethe kakuhle. Waphelelwa ngumsebenzi kunye nendlu yakhe.

Kodwa ngelo xesha uFabre wayesele ebhale iincwadi ezimbalwa, kwaye ngoku wayezimisele ngayo kwaye waphumelela kungekudala. Wabhala iincwadi zekharityhulam esemthethweni, kodwa nakwizifundo ezidibeneyo ezifana ne: "Izulu", "Umhlaba", "Ikhemistry kaMalume uPawulos", "Imbali yeLog of Wood". Wayejonge ukuphelela, hayi ukuqhekeka. Esebenzisa umphezulu abadla ngokuwenza abantwana, wazekelisa ukujikeleza komhlaba ujikeleze ilanga. Yayiziincwadi zokuqala ezingeyonyani zabantwana kunye nolutsha. Ngomvuzo wezi ncwadi wakwazi ukuyeka umsebenzi kwaye wazinikela ngokupheleleyo kuphando lwakhe.

I-“Souvenirs Entomologiques”

Kwakhona wabhala amaphepha akhe enzululwazi ngendlela yokuba nawuphi na umntwana oqaqambileyo oneminyaka elishumi elinesine kufuneka awaqonde. Umqulu wokuqala we-Souvenirs wapapashwa ngo-1879, xa wayeneminyaka engama-56 ubudala. Ngowe-1907, xa wayeneminyaka engama-84 ubudala, wapapasha eleshumi. Oku bekufanele ukuba kulandelwe ngoweshumi elinanye, kodwa amandla akhe ayengasenelanga. Ngowe-1910 wagqiba ekubeni avelise uhlelo lokugqibela, olwavela ngowe-1913, olunemifanekiso emininzi eyathatyathwa ngunyana wakhe uPaul njengehlakani lakhe.

Lo msebenzi wamenza wanconywa kungekuphela nje kwizazinzulu, kodwa nakwiimbongi ezinjengoMaurice Maeterlinck, uEdmond Rostand kunye noRomain Rolland. UVictor Hugo wambiza ngokuba "yiHomer yezinambuzane." Ayingomabali othando abuhlungu kuphela nemizabalazo yobuqhawe equlethwe yile ncwadi ethethelela uthelekiso. Ukuzala kobomi kusemsebenzini, ubuhle bawo basendle. Ngokuqinisekileyo, ngaphezu kwayo yonke ingoma yamaqhawe oomama abacula ngayo iProvencals, kungekhona eyamajoni achasene nohlobo lwawo, njengoko amaGrike abhala.

Umsebenzi wawunqatshelwe ngabanye abameli behlabathi lezemfundo: ayizange ibhalwe "ngokwenzululwazi" kwaye uyilo loncwadi alufanelekanga kumsebenzi wesayensi.

Amawonga asemva kwexesha

Ngowe-1911, iphulo laqalisa ukumtyumba iBhaso likaNobel, kodwa i-Institut Française yayisele inomnye umgqatswa. Imbongi uMistral, naye owafumana iBhaso leNobel, wasebenzisa ilungelo lakhe lokutyunjwa kunyaka olandelayo. Ngaphandle kwempumelelo. Iincwadi zokufunda zayeka ukuthengisa kwaye uFabre kwafuneka aphinde alwele isonka sakhe semihla ngemihla. UMistral upapashe inqaku elithi “Matin” phantsi komxholo othi: “Ingqondi ebulawa yindlala.” Umphumo waba kukukhukula kweminikelo. Ngoncedo lwabahlobo bakhe, yena, ekhathazwe bubudala kunye nentlungu ngenxa yongasekhoyo umfazi wakhe wesibini, wabuyisela yonke iminikelo kunye neminikelo engachazwanga eyanikelwa kumahlwempu aseSerignan.

Waphela kancinci kancinci. Wayengasakwazi ukungena kwisifundo sakhe kumgangatho wokuqala okanye egadini. Kodwa de kwaba lusuku lokugqibela, wafuna ukuba kuvulwe iifestile zegumbi lakhe ukuze alive ilanga. Kumhla wokugqibela wathetha ngezinambuzane echaza amagama azo nemvelaphi yazo kumongikazi owayemnyamekela. UJean-Henri Fabre wafa ngo-Oktobha 11, 1915.

Umsebenzi kaFabre waguqulelwa kwiilwimi ezininzi, kodwa ixesha elide kuphela izicatshulwa kunye namaqhekeza ayefumaneka ngesiJamani. Kwenziwa iifilimu ezibalaseleyo ngaye eFransi naseSoviet Union, yaye eJapan wayehlonelwa kanye ngenxa yokudibanisa kwakhe inzululwazi nobugcisa. Oku kwahamba kude kangangokuba inkampani yaseJapan yakwazi ukuthengisa iikopi ezili-10.000 1995 zetafile yakhe encinane yomsebenzi, awayikhankanya izihlandlo ezininzi kwiincwadi zakhe. Incwadi yam, eyapapashwa ngo-XNUMX, nayo yaguqulelwa kwisiJapan nesiKorea.

Ngenxa yobutshaba obude beFranco-German - uFabre wafumana iMfazwe yaseFranco-yaseJamani ka-1870 kunye nokuqala kweMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala - umdla kuFabre wawungemkhulu kakhulu kwihlabathi elithetha isiJamani. Zimbalwa kuphela izicatshulwa ezapapashwa. Kwakuyi-2010 kuphela ukuba indlu yokupapasha iMattes und Seitz yazama ukuvelisa i-"Memoirs ye-Entomologist" efanelekile kakhulu ngesiJamani, eyagqitywa ngo-2015 ngomqulu weshumi. 

Uhlelo lweBeltz-Verlag lwencwadi yam ethi "Ndiphonononga ubomi" kudala ithengisiwe. Nangona kunjalo, uhlelo olutsha luyafumaneka njengoshicilelo olufunwa ngumthengisi omkhulu weencwadi kwi-intanethi. Le ncwadi iphetha ngesicaphulo: 

“Kumaphupha am asemini, ndandidla ngokunqwenela ukuba ndikhe ndicinge nje imizuzwana embalwa ngobuchopho benja yam obungekabikho, ndijonge ihlabathi ngeliso elintsonkothileyo lengcongconi. Hayi indlela ebekuya kwahluka ngayo oko!”