Imfazwe: Ngaba sizalwa singababulali?

Imbono yokuba iimfazwe zinemvelaphi yobundlongondlongo abantu abazalwa nabo - okanye ubuncinane amadoda - ixhaphakile. Sithi imfazwe “iyaqhambuka,” kanye njengokuba sisithi “kuqhambuke intaba-mlilo” okanye “kuqhambuke isifo.” Ngoko ngaba imfazwe ingamandla endalo?

USigmund Freud uthi ubundlobongela bomntu bubangelwa lithuku lokufa. Wathetha oku, phakathi kwezinye izinto, kwileta yakhe edumileyo eya kuAlbert Einstein: “Kutheni imfazwe?“ucacisile. Wabhala: “Ungquzulwano phakathi kwabantu luconjululwa ngokusebenzisa izigalo. Kunjalo ke kuzo zonke izilwanyana, apho umntu angafanele azikhuphele ngaphandle;’ isimo sengqondo senkcubeko noloyiko olufanelekileyo ngemiphumo yemfazwe ezayo, eya kuphelisa imfazwe kwixa elizayo.

Ophumelele iBhaso leNobel yaseOstriya uKonrad Lorenz ubeke ithisisi efanayo kwi “The-Called Evil”1, kuphela wayisekela kwithiyori yendaleko: Ngokwemodeli yakhe “yemodeli yamandla e-psychohydraulic”, ukuba ithuku elinoburhalarhume alanelisekanga. yakha ngakumbi nangakumbi, de kubekho uqhambuko lobundlobongela. Emva kokuqhambuka, i-drive iyaneliseka okwexeshana, kodwa iqala ukwakha kwakhona de kuqhambuke okutsha. Kwangaxeshanye, abantu bakwanomnqweno wemvelo wokukhusela ummandla wabo. U-Lorenz ucebise iminyhadala yemidlalo emininzi njengendlela yokuphepha iimfazwe. Oku kunokunciphisa ubundlobongela ngendlela enentsingiselo ekuhlaleni.

UJane Goodall, owachitha iminyaka eli-15 efunda ngeetshimpanzi kwindawo yazo yendalo kuMlambo iGombe eTanzania, wabona iqela “lakhe” lahlukana emva kokufa kwenkokeli yalo ngeminyaka yee-1970. Kwiminyaka emine, amadoda “eQela laseMntla” abulala onke amadoda “eQela laseMazantsi.” Othukile uJane Goodall wayibiza le mfazwe.(2) Oku kwanika amafutha amatsha kwimbono yethuku lombulali ozalwa kunye nommandla wendalo.

Ngomnyaka we-1963, isazi ngendalo uNapoleon Chagnon wapapasha eyona nto ithengiswa kakhulu: "Yanomamö, abantu abanoburhalarhume"(3) malunga nomsebenzi wakhe wentsimi phakathi kwaba bantu kwihlathi lemvula laseAmazon. "Uburhalarhume" bunokuguqulelwa ngokuthi "ubundlobongela", "imfazwe" okanye "yasendle". Eyona thesis yakhe yayiyeyokuba amadoda abulala iintshaba ezininzi ayenabafazi abaninzi kwaye ke ngoko inzala eninzi kunabanye, o.k.t. inzuzo yendaleko.

Iingcaciso ezingaphelelanga

Zonke iingcamango ezingokuthanda kwabantu imfazwe zinempazamo. Abakwazi ukuchaza isizathu sokuba iqela elithile labantu lihlasele elinye iqela ngexesha elithile nesizathu sokuba lingahlaseli ngamanye amaxesha. Ngokomzekelo, namhlanje abantu abaninzi abakhulele eOstriya abazange babe nemfazwe.

Lo ngumbuzo kanye i-anthropologist ekufuneka ijongane nawo URichard Brian Ferguson evela kwiYunivesithi yaseRutgers uchithe bonke ubomi bakhe bokufunda. Njengomfundi wekholeji ngexesha leMfazwe yaseVietnam, waba nomdla kwiingcambu zemfazwe.

Phakathi kwezinye izinto, wahlalutya ingxelo enempembelelo kakhulu kaChagnon waza wabonisa, ngokusekelwe kwiinkcukacha-manani zikaChagnon, ukuba amadoda awayebulele iintshaba, ngokomlinganiselo, ayeneminyaka elishumi ubudala kwaye ayenexesha elingakumbi lokuvelisa inzala. Ngokomlando, wayekwazi ukubonisa ukuba iimfazwe zaseYanomamö zazinxulumene nokufikelela okwahlukeneyo kwamaqela ahlukeneyo kwiimpahla zaseNtshona, ngakumbi i-machetes njengendlela yokuvelisa kunye nezibhamu njengezixhobo. Kwelinye icala, oku kukhokelele ekuphuhliseni urhwebo kuzo, kodwa kwakhona kwakhokelela ekuhlaselweni kwamaqela aphethe ezi mpahla zifunwayo. Kuhlalutyo lwembali lwamadabi athile, uFerguson wafumanisa ukuba iimfazwe, nokuba zithini na iinqobo okanye iinkolelo ezizithethelelayo, zaliwa xa abenzi bezigqibo belindele inzuzo yobuqu kubo.

Kule minyaka ingama-20 idluleyo, uye waqulunqa inkcazelo ethetha ngazo zonke iziganeko ezixeliweyo zogonyamelo olubulalayo phakathi kweetshimpanzi. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, wahlalutya kwakhona amanqaku entsimi kaJane Goodall. Oku kwaba yincwadi ethi: “IiMfene, Imfazwe, Nembali: Are Men Born to Kill?” ( “Iitshimpanzi, Imfazwe, Nembali: Ngaba Amadoda Azalelwa Ekubulaleni?” (5) Kuyo ubonisa ukuba amatyala okubulalana phakathi kwamaqela ahlukahlukeneyo anxulunyaniswa nokungena kwabantu. kwindawo ezihlala iitshimpanzi, ngoxa ukubulalana phakathi kwamaqela kungenxa yokungqubana kwemeko. 

Imfazwe yimveliso yeenkqubo ezenziwe ngabantu, kungekhona ubuntu bomntu

Kwisahluko sokugqibela ubhekisa kwinqaku lakhe elapapashwa ngo-2008 “.Amanqaku alishumi ngeMfazwe".(6) Oku kushwankathela iminyaka yakhe engamashumi amabini yophando kwiimfazwe zoluntu lwezizwe, iimfazwe zamazwe okuqala kunye neMfazwe yase-Iraq. Nazi ezona ngongoma zibalulekileyo:

Iintlobo zethu azenzelwanga ukuba zenze imfazwe

Noko ke, abantu bayakwazi ukufunda baze bakuthande ukulwa.

Imfazwe ayiyonxalenye engenakuphepheka kubomi bethu bentlalo

Akuyonyaniso ukuba abantu bebesoloko besilwa imfazwe. Ukufunyaniswa kwezinto zakudala ezivela kwiwaka leminyaka emininzi kubonisa ukuba leliphi ixesha ngexesha lemfazwe ibonakala kwindawo: iidolophana ezinqatyisiweyo okanye izixeko, izixhobo ezilungele imfazwe ngokukhethekileyo, ukuqokelela kweentsalela zamathambo ezibonisa ukufa okunobundlobongela, umkhondo wokutshiswa. Kwiindawo ezininzi zehlabathi kukho idatha ebonisa iinkulungwane okanye iwaka leminyaka ngaphandle kwemfazwe. Umkhondo wemfazwe ubonakala kunye nendlela yokuphila yokuhlala, kunye nokwanda kokuxinana kwabantu (awunakuphepha nje omnye komnye), kunye norhwebo ngezinto ezixabisekileyo, kunye namaqela ahlukeneyo oluntu kunye nezidubedube ezinzima zendalo. ESiriya, kwakukho iminyaka eyi-15.000 edlulileyo, ekupheleni kwePaleolithic, "amaNatufians" ahlala phantsi. Kodwa iimpawu zokuqala zemfazwe zavela kuphela apho kwiminyaka eyi-5.000 eyadlulayo, kwi-Bronze Age yokuqala.

Isigqibo sokuqalisa imfazwe senziwa xa abenzi bezigqibo belindele inzuzo yobuqu kuso

Imfazwe kukuqhubela phambili kwezopolitiko zasekhaya ngezinye iindlela. Ingaba isigqibo sokuya emfazweni senziwe okanye asixhomekeke kwisiphumo sokungavisisani kwezopolitiko zasekhaya phakathi kwamaqela axhamla kwimfazwe - okanye akholelwa ukuba aya kuzuza kuyo - kunye nabanye abalindele ukuba imfazwe ibe yinto engathandekiyo. I-rhetoric esetyenziselwa ukuthethelela imfuneko yemfazwe phantse ayizange ibhenele kwizinto eziphathekayo kodwa kwimilinganiselo ephakamileyo yokuziphatha: iingcamango malunga nokuba yintoni ebangela ubuntu, imisebenzi yenkolo, izibongozo zobugorha, njalo njalo. Iminqweno esebenzayo kunye neemfuno ziguqulwa zibe ngamalungelo okuziphatha kunye nezibophelelo. Oku kuyimfuneko ukukhuthaza amajoni, amajoni okanye amalungu omkhosi ukuba abulale. Kwaye kuyafuneka ukuba abantu bamkele imfazwe. Kodwa rhoqo ukucela amaxabiso aphezulu akwanelanga. Izazinzulu zomkhosi zibonise ukuba ukufumana amajoni ukuba abulale kunzima ngakumbi kunokuba kuqikelelwa (7). Emva koko amajoni kufuneka aqeqeshwe ngoqeqesho olukhohlakeleyo ukuze abe ngoomatshini bokulwa, kungenjalo kuya kwenzeka iziyobisi isetyenziselwa ukwenza ukuba amajoni abaleke kukudubula komatshini ngo "Hurrah".

Imfazwe ibumba uluntu

Imfazwe ilungelelanisa uluntu kwiimfuno zalo. Imfazwe ikhokelela ekuphuhlisweni kwemikhosi emileyo, ibumba iinkqubo zemfundo - ukusuka kwi-Sparta ukuya kuLutsha lukaHitler -, ibumba inkcubeko eyaziwayo - iifilimu apho "abalungileyo" batshabalalisa "ababi", imidlalo yekhompyutha enezihloko ezifana nezi: " Ukufowunela iArms" , "Ihlabathi leTanki" okanye ngokulula: "Imfazwe epheleleyo" - imfazwe iqinisa imida, iguqula i-landscape ngokusebenzisa izakhiwo ezikhuselayo, ikhuthaza ukuphuhliswa kobuchwephesha obutsha, kunye nefuthe kuhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lukarhulumente kunye nenkqubo yerhafu. Xa uluntu luziqhelanisa ngaphakathi kwiimfuno zemfazwe, imfazwe iba lula. Ewe, iba yimfuneko ukuba amaziko akhoyo agcine ukuthetheleleka kwawo. Yintoni umkhosi, inkonzo yemfazwe, umzi-mveliso wetanki ngaphandle kotshaba?

Kungquzulwano, izichasi kunye nabachasi bayakhiwa

Emfazweni kufuneka kubekho umda ocacileyo wokwahlula phakathi kuka “thina” kunye “nabo,” kungenjalo ubungayi kuyazi ukuba mawubulawe bani na. Kunqabile ukuba imfazwe ibandakanye amaqela amabini asele ekho kakade. Iimanyano ziyenziwa, izivumelwano ziyenziwa. "Thina" kwiMfazwe yase-Iraq yayingafani no "thina" kwiMfazwe yase-Afghanistan. Iimbumba ziyaqhekeka kwaye kwakheka ezintsha. Utshaba lwayizolo lunokuba ngumhlobo wanamhlanje. UFerguson waqulunqa igama elithi "Identerest" ukuchaza ukudibana kwezazisi kunye nezinto ezinomdla. Iimbono zonqulo, zobuhlanga, zobuzwe ziyayilwa ngongquzulwano ngokuphathelele izilangazelelo: “Nabani na ongakuthi uchasene nathi!”

Iinkokeli zithanda imfazwe kuba imfazwe ithanda iinkokeli

Imfazwe yenza kube lula ukuba iinkokeli ziqokelele abantu “bazo” emva kwazo kwaye ke zikwazi ukubalawula ngcono. Oku kusebenza nakubanqolobi. Amaqela abanqolobi adla ngokulungelelaniswa ngokwemigangatho ephezulu kwaye izigqibo zenziwa phezulu. Iinkokeli aziziqhushumbisi azibulale, kodwa zizuza igunya nobutyebi obuziswa ligunya.

Uxolo lungaphezu kokungabikho kwemfazwe

So sizalwa singababulali? Hayi. Ngokwendalo siyakwazi ukuba seluxolweni kanye njengokuba sinamandla akhohlakeleyo. Iminyaka engama-300.000 awayiphila uHomo Sapiens kwesi sijikelezi-langa ngaphandle kweemfazwe ingqina oku. Ubungqina bezinto zakudala bubonisa ukuba iimfazwe ziye zaba yinto esisigxina ukusukela oko kwavela amazwe okuqala. Uluntu, ngaphandle kwentsingiselo, ludale iinkqubo ezisekelwe kukhuphiswano kunye nokutyhalela ukwanda. Inkampani engakhuliyo iya kuhamba kungekudala okanye kamva. Amandla amakhulu angandisiyo iimarike zawo akahlali enamandla amakhulu ixesha elide.

Uxolo lungaphezu kokungabikho kwemfazwe. Uxolo lunezinto zalo. Uxolo lufuna iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuziphatha kunye namanye amaziko ezentlalo nezopolitiko. Uxolo lufuna iinkqubo zexabiso ezikhuthaza ukulingana kwaye zigatye ubundlobongela njengendlela yokufikelela kwisiphelo. Iinkqubo ezifuna uxolo kuwo onke amanqanaba oluntu ezingasekelwanga kukhuphiswano. Kuya kwandula ke kube nokwenzeka ngathi thina bantu ukuba siphile ubomi bethu boxolo endaweni yokuthanda imfazwe. (UMartin Auer, ngoNovemba 10.11.2023, XNUMX)

Umbhalo osemazantsi

1 Lorenz, Konrad (1983): Into ebizwa ngokuba bububi, iMunich, umshicileli wephepha waseJamani

2 uGoodall, uJane (1986): IiChimpanzi zaseGombe: iiPatters of Behaviour. Boston, iBelknap Press yeHarvard University Press.

3 Chagnon, Napoleon (1968): Yanomamö: Abantu abanoBukhosi (Izifundo zeCase kwi-anthropology yenkcubeko). ENew York: Holt.

I-4 Ferguson, uBrian R. (1995): Imfazwe yaseYanomami: Imbali yezoPolitiko. I-Santa Fe, iNew Mexico: Isikolo saseMelika soPhando lweendaba,.

5 Ferguson, Brian R. (2023): IiChimpanzi, iMfazwe kunye neMbali. Ngaba Amadoda Azalelwa Ukubulala? Oxford: Oxford University Press.

6 Ferguson, Brian R. (2008): Amanqaku alishumi kwiMfazwe. Ku: Uhlalutyo lweNtlalo 52 (2). I-DOI: 10.3167/sa.2008.520203.

7 Fry, Douglas P, (2012): Ubomi obungenamfazwe. Kwi: Inzululwazi 336, 6083: 879-884.