Sonja Bettel
Bincike ya nuna cewa sanin muhalli yana da mahimmanci ga kashi goma cikin ɗari na canji zuwa halayyar abokantaka.
A wannan bazara, kowa yana ta nishi game da zafi kuma wasu sun sha wahala sosai. A yanzu, yawancin mutane sun fahimci cewa hauhawar yanayin zafi yana da alaƙa da canjin yanayi. Duk da haka, suna tuki don aiki kowace rana kuma suna tashi cikin jirgin sama ta jirgin sama holiday, Shin saboda ƙarancin ilimi ne, ko rashin ƙarfafawa ko kuma ka’idojin shari’a? Shin mutum zai iya sauya tunanin muhalli?
Fannin ilimin ilimin muhalli yana da ra'ayoyi daban-daban game da abin da ake ɗauka don mutane su canza halayensu kuma su kunna al'umma don halayyar muhalli a cikin shekarun 45 da suka gabata, in ji shi Sebastian Bamberg, Masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam a Fachhochschule Bielefeld a Jamus. Ya kasance yana bincike da koyarwa a kan batun tun daga shekarun 1990 kuma ya riga ya sami matakai biyu na ilimin halayyar muhalli.
Kashi na farko, yana bincika, yana farawa a cikin shekarun 1970. A wancan lokacin, sakamakon gurbacewar muhalli tare da haifar da lalacewar gandun daji, tattaunawar ruwan acid, zubar murjani da kuma motsin kawar da makaman nukiliya cikin wayar da kan jama'a.
Canja wayar da kan muhalli: Gane-waye cikin hali
A wancan lokacin, an yi imani cewa rikicin muhalli ya samo asali ne sakamakon karancin ilimi da kuma rashin wayewar muhalli. Sebastian Bamberg: "Tunanin shine cewa idan mutane sun san menene matsalar, to suna yin abubuwa daban." Yaƙin neman zaɓe har ila yau shahararren saƙo ne a cikin ma'aikatun na Jamus, in ji masanin ilimin halayyar. Yawancin bincike a cikin shekarun 1980 da 1990 sun nuna, duk da haka, cewa sanin muhalli yana da mahimmanci ga 10% na canjin halayyar.
Sebastian Bamberg ya ce: "A gare mu masana ilimin halayyar dan adam, wannan ba abin mamaki bane da gaske, saboda an yanke hukunci ne da halayen kai tsaye. Matsalar tare da lalata lalacewar yanayi shine cewa ba ku lura da tasirin ayyukan ku kai tsaye ba kai tsaye. Idan ya yi tsawa kuma ya fashe kusa da ni, da zaran na kalli motata, wannan zai zama wani abu kuma.
Sebastian Bamberg ya fada a cikin binciken nasa, duk da haka, cewa kasancewar wayewar kai mai girma na iya zama "ingantacciyar tabarau", ta hanyar wanda mutum yake ganin duniya: Ga mutumin da ke da wayewar kai game da muhalli kilomita biyar ta hanyar keke don yin aiki ba mai tsawo bane, ga wanda ke low ƙwarewar muhalli riga.
Canza fahimtar muhalli - farashi da fa'idodi
Amma idan ilimi bai isa ba don canjin halayyar, to menene? A cikin shekarun 1990, an kammala cewa mutane suna buƙatar ingantattun abubuwan ƙarfafawa don canza halayensu. Tsarin amfani ya koma tsakiyar jawaban manufofin muhalli kuma saboda haka tambaya ce ko amfani da keɓaɓɓen yanayi ya dogara ne akan binciken fa'idodin tsadar mutum ko kuma dalilin kyawawan halaye. Sebastian Bamberg yayi nazarin wannan tare tare da abokan aiki don gabatar da tikiti (watau farashi a cikin karatun) tikiti na semester na jigilar jama'a a Giessen.
A sakamakon haka, yawan ɗaliban da ke amfani da jigilar jama'a ya ƙaru daga 15 zuwa kashi 36, yayin amfani da motar motar fasinja ya faɗi daga kashi 46 zuwa kashi 31. A cikin binciken, daliban sun bayyana cewa sun canza jigilar jama'a ne saboda yana da rahusa. Wannan zai yi magana ne don hukuncin fa'idodi na tsada. A zahiri, tsarin zamantakewa ya kuma yi aiki, wanda ke nufin cewa ɗaliban fellowalibai na tsammanin ni tafiya da mota maimakon mota.
Halayyar kungiya
Abin ban sha'awa ne, in ji Bamberg masanin ilimin halayyar, cewa an tambayi ɗalibai kafin gabatar da tikiti na semester ta AStA, kwamitin ɗaliban, ko ya kamata a gabatar da tikiti. An yi muhawara mai zafi game da ita tsawon makonni, kuma a ƙarshe kusan kashi biyu cikin uku na ɗaliban sun zaɓe shi. "Burina shi ne cewa wannan muhawarar ta haifar da goyan baya ko kin amincewa da tikiti ya zama alamar asalin ɗalibi," in ji masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam. Masu hagu, ƙungiyoyin da ke kula da muhalli sun kasance cikin goyon baya, masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, masu sassaucin ra'ayi na kasuwa game da shi. Wannan yana nuna cewa a gare mu mu 'yan adam masu zaman kansu ba kawai mahimmanci abin da muke amfana da shi ba ne, har ma da abin da wasu ke faɗi da aikatawa.
Bangaren kyawawan dabi'u
Canza wani ka'idar game da wayar da kan jama'a ya ce halin muhalli zabi ne na ɗabi'a. Da kyau, Ina da lamiri mara kyau lokacin da na tuka mota, kuma na ji daɗi idan na zaga, tafiya ko amfani da jigilar jama'a.
Mene ne mafi mahimmanci, son kai ko ɗabi’a? Yawancin karatu sun nuna cewa duka suna da aiki daban: halin ɗabi'a yana motsa canji, son kai yana hana hakan daga faruwa. Hakikanin dalilin halayen muhalli ba ɗayan bane ko ɗayan, amma halayen mutum ne, don haka wane irin mutum nake so in zama, in ji Bamberg.
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ilimin halayyar muhalli ya zo ga ƙarshe, bisa ga dukkan waɗannan nazarin, cewa haɗakar motsi yana da mahimmanci ga halayyar abokantaka:
Mutane suna son babbar fa'ida ta sirri tare da mafi ƙarancin farashi, amma kuma ba ma son zama alade.
Koyaya, samfuran da suka gabata zasuyi watsi da wani muhimmin al'amari: yana da matukar wahala a gare mu mu canza dabi'un al'ada, al'adunmu na al'ada. Lokacin da na shiga mota kowace rana da safe kuma in tafi aiki, ban ma yi tunanin hakan ba. Idan babu matsala, misali idan ban tsaya cikin matsewar zirga-zirga a kowace rana ba ko kuma farashin mai ya hauhawa, to ban ga wani dalili na canza halaye na ba. Wannan shine, na farko, don canza halaye na, Ina buƙatar dalili don hakan, na biyu, Ina buƙatar dabarun yadda zan canza halina, na uku, Dole ne in ɗauki matakan farko, na huɗu, sanya sabon halin zama al'ada.
Tattaunawa kafin bayani
Da alama duk mun san cewa, idan muna son dakatar da shan sigari, rasa nauyi ko yin motsa jiki. Masu ba da shawara galibi suna ba da shawarar kawo wasu cikin jirgi, don haka zuwa yau tare da aboki ko aboki don wasanni. Labaran bayanai, kamar kan canjin yanayi ko kuma guje wa filastik, saboda haka suna da tasirin komai akan halayyar muhalli, don haka Bamberg. Tattaunawar ta fi tasiri.
Wani batun maimaituwa shi ne abin da mutum zai iya yi da kuma yadda ya kamata a canza ginin. Ilimin halin dan Adam na halin yanzu yana da damuwa game da yadda aiki tare zai iya ƙirƙirar tsarin zamantakewa don samarwa mai ɗorewa da tsarin amfani. Ma'ana:
Dole ne mu canza tsarin kanmu maimakon jiran siyasa - amma ba kadai ba.
Kyakkyawan misali game da wannan sune ake kira biranen ƙaura, wanda mazauna tare ke canza yanayin halayensu da na zamantakewa akan matakan da yawa don haka suna aiki da siyasa na cikin gida.
Canza baya ga ilimin muhalli da rawar sufuri wajen yin hakan. Don haka ta yaya za ku iya motsa mutane su canza daga mota zuwa bike don tafiya ta yau da kullun zuwa aiki? Alec Hager da "radvokaten" sun nuna shi. Tun daga shekara ta 2011 yana jagorantar kamfen "Austria tana hawan keke zuwa aiki", inda a yanzu kamfanonin 3.241 tare da kungiyoyin 6.258 da mutanen 18.237 suke halarta. Fiye da kilomita miliyan 4,6 an riga an rufe wannan shekara, yana adana kilogram na 734.143 na CO2.
Alec Hager ya zo da tunanin yin kamfen Denmark, Jamus da Switzerland kuma sun dace don Austria. Misali, an gabatar da Radel Lotto, inda zaku iya cin nasara wani abu a kowace ranar aiki a watan Mayu, lokacin da kuna kan hanya. Menene girke-girke na nasarar "Radelt zum Arbeit"? Alec Hager: "Akwai abubuwa guda uku: raffle, sannan wasa, wanda ya kawo mafi girman kilomita da kwanaki, da kuma masu karɓar abubuwa a kamfanonin da suka shawo kan abokan aikin su don shiga."
Photo / Video: Shutterstock.
