Hatsari ga rayuwa da lafiya: Aiki a lokutan bala'in yanayi

By Martin Auer

A ranar 28 ga Afrilu, kwanaki uku gabanin ranar ma'aikata ta duniya, kasashe da dama sun yi bikin Ranar Tunawa da Ma'aikata tunawa da ma'aikatan albashin da aka kashe, aka raunata, ko suka ji rauni a wurin aiki. A bana kungiyar kwadago ta kasa da kasa ITUC ta kebe wannan rana ga taken "Hadarin yanayi ga ma'aikata" sanya.

Matsanancin yanayi na barazana ga amincin wuraren aiki da lafiyar ma'aikata a aikin gona, gine-gine da sauran sana'o'in da suke aiki a waje. Yawan mace-mace da cututtuka masu nasaba da zafi sun karu sosai. Yin aiki a cikin matsanancin yanayi yana sa ku gajiya musamman don haka kuna fuskantar haɗari da rauni. Cututtuka masu alaƙa da damuwa suna ƙaruwa. A lokacin tsananin zafi na shekarar 2023, ma’aikatan gidan waya da direbobin kai da sauransu, an ba da rahoton sun mutu sakamakon shanyewar jiki yayin da suke aiki. Akwai ainihin dalilai na damuwa cewa babu masu daukan ma'aikata ko masu mulki ba su kula da batun tare da muhimmancin da ya cancanta.

Rahoton1 Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya (ILO) ta Satumba 2023 ta ce: “Cinjin yanayi yana da tasirin kiwon lafiya da yawa ga ma’aikata, gami da raunin da ya faru, ciwon daji, cututtukan zuciya, cututtukan numfashi da tasirin su akan lafiyar kwakwalwarsu. "Kimanin adadin mace-mace a tsakanin yawan mutanen duniya da suka yi aiki saboda yanayin zafi ya karu."

Don haka ne kungiyar kwadago ta kasa da kasa ke yin kira da a samar da ingantattun manufofi da ayyuka don kare ma'aikata daga illolin sauyin yanayi. Kima hadarin yanayi da shirye-shiryen gaggawa dole ne a haɗa su cikin amincin aiki da ka'idojin lafiya. Wannan ya haɗa da tuntuɓar ƙungiyoyi, gudanar da cikakken horo na tsaro da aiwatar da tsauraran matakan tsaro don rage haɗarin da ke tattare da matsanancin yanayi. "Dimokradiyya ita ce tushen wannan, saboda dimokuradiyya a wuraren aiki yana nufin ana sauraron ma'aikata kuma za su iya ba da gudummawa ga lafiyar kansu," in ji Sakatare Janar na ITUC Luc Triangle.

Ba kawai canjin yanayi ne ke haifar da ƙarin haɗari ga ma'aikata ba, har ma da daidaiton iko na duniya. A cikin 2024 a cikin Annals of the American Association of Geographers2 A cikin wani binciken da aka buga kan Brick Belt na Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, masu bincike daga Burtaniya da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya sun yi nazari kan yadda raguwar karfin samar da bulo a Burtaniya bayan rikicin kudi na 2008 ya haifar da karuwar bulo daga kasashen Turai. Ana yin tubali a Indiya a lokacin mafi zafi na shekara. A wannan lokacin, ana tilasta wa ma'aikata yin aiki a cikin tsananin hasken rana kai tsaye kuma ba su da damar samun inuwa kaɗan. Yawancin ma'aikatan masana'antar suna cikin bautar bashi, tilastawa - sau da yawa tare da iyalansu - yin aiki a cikin rashin lafiya da kuma wasu lokuta masu mutuwa don biyan riba a kan bashi na dogon lokaci ga masu gidan kiln.3.

Shekaru miliyan biyu da suka yi hasarar rayuka sakamakon hadurran da suka shafi zafi

Yayin da zafin jiki ya tashi, haɗarin haɗari a wurin aiki kuma yana ƙaruwa. Kungiyar Kwadago ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (ILO) ta yi kiyasin cewa zafi a wurin aiki ya yi sanadin jikkatar mutane miliyan 2020 a wurin aiki da kuma mutuwar mutane 23 a duniya a cikin shekarar 19.000, wanda ya janyo asarar jimillar nakasassu miliyan 2 shekaru masu daidaita rayuwa (DALYs).

Nazarin UCLA4 daga shekarar 2021 an gano cewa ko da karamin karuwar yanayin zafi a wurin aiki a California ya haifar da karin raunuka 20.000 a kowace shekara, a farashin al'umma na dala biliyan 1.

Binciken ya gano cewa ma'aikata suna da kashi 32 zuwa 6 cikin dari mafi girman haɗarin rauni a kwanakin da yanayin zafi sama da 9 ° C fiye da kwanakin da yanayin zafi. Idan ma'aunin zafi da sanyio ya wuce 38°C, haɗarin rauni yana ƙaruwa da kashi 10 zuwa 15.

Wani talifi na 2019 a cikin Jarida na American Journal of Industrial Medicine ya ce: “A cikin ma’aikatan gine-gine, waɗanda ke da kashi 6 cikin ɗari na yawan ma’aikata, kashi 1992 cikin ɗari na dukan mutuwar sana’a da ke da nasaba da zafin rana a Amurka tsakanin 2016 da 36 ta faru. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi daga Yuni zuwa Agusta ya karu a hankali a lokacin binciken. Haɓakar yanayin zafi daga 1997 zuwa 2016 yana da alaƙa da yawan mutuwar da ke da alaƙa da zafi."

Yin aiki a aikin noma kuma babban haɗari ne. Labari a cikin Jarida ta Amurka na Magungunan Masana'antu5 a cikin 2015 ya kammala cewa ma'aikatan gona sun fi mutuwa sau 35 fiye da mutuwar masu alaka da zafi fiye da ma'aikata a wasu sana'o'i.

Nauyin aiki a cikin yanayi mara kyau yana kan ma'aikata, iyalansu da kuma al'ummominsu. Amma tasirin riba kuma yana da mahimmanci: lokacin da yanayin zafi ya yi girma, yawan aikin ma'aikaci yana raguwa saboda ko dai yana da zafi sosai don yin aiki ko kuma ma'aikata suyi aiki a hankali. A cikin 2019, ILO ya annabta6, cewa nan da shekarar 2030, kashi 2,2 na jimlar lokacin aiki a duniya za su yi hasarar saboda yanayin zafi - asarar yawan aiki daidai da miliyan 80 ayyukan yi na cikakken lokaci. Nan da shekara ta 2030, wannan na iya rage yawan fitar da tattalin arzikin duniya da dala biliyan 2,4.

Cututtuka masu nasaba da zafi

Wani bincike na ILO na duniya game da yanayin yanayi, hasashen yanayin zafi na duniya, bayanan ma'aikata da bayanan kiwon lafiyar ma'aikata daga 2024 ya gano cewa aƙalla ma'aikata biliyan 2020 na cikakken lokaci sun kamu da zafi a wurin aiki a cikin 2,41. Ga mutane da yawa, wannan na iya yin illa sosai ga lafiyarsu.

Cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da zafi suna daɗaɗawa daga matsanancin zafi mai zafi da kumburi zuwa zafi mai zafi da gajiyawar zafi zuwa yanayi mai tsanani da yuwuwar mutuwa kamar rhabdomyolysis (lalacewar tsoka), raunin koda mai rauni, bugun zafi, da tsananin zafi da ke haifar da kamawar zuciya. Ma'aikatan da suka riga sun kasance kamar ciwon sukari, huhu ko cututtukan zuciya na iya kasancewa cikin haɗari musamman7.

An ga wata cuta mai tsanani ta koda (CKDu) kwanan nan a cikin ma'aikatan ayaba da sauran waɗanda ke yin aikin hannu a cikin yanayin zafi. Wannan cuta tana kashe dubbai a kowace shekara. Wani labarin 2016 a cikin Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology8 ya ba da shawarar cewa CKDu na iya wakiltar ɗayan annoba ta farko da canjin yanayi ya haifar.

Ƙididdigar haɗin gwiwar WHO da ILO da aka buga a cikin 2023 a cikin mujallar Environment International9 An buga, ɗauka cewa ma'aikata biliyan 2019 a duk duniya sun fallasa hasken UV daga rana a wurin aiki a cikin 1,6, "daidai da kashi 28,4 na yawan shekarun aiki". Shi ne mafi yawan haɗarin ciwon daji na sana'a lokacin da ma'aikata ke fuskantar kullun sama da iyakokin yau da kullun.

UV radiation kuma zai iya haifar da lalacewar idanu da ba za a iya jurewa ba, ko dai ta hanyar lalacewa daga bayyanar dogon lokaci mai tsawo ko kuma daga dogon lokaci mai tsawo, wanda zai haifar da macular degeneration, ciwace-ciwacen ido da cataracts.

Sakamakon binciken da aka buga a watan Afrilu 2024 a cikin International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology10 Rahoton da aka buga cewa yin aiki cikin matsanancin zafi na iya ninka haɗarin haihuwa da zubar da ciki a cikin mata masu juna biyu. Binciken ya shafi mata masu juna biyu 800 a jihar Tamil Nadu da ke kudancin Indiya, kuma dukkansu sun yi aiki matsakaita zuwa nauyi.

Hakanan ma'aikata a wuraren da aka rufe suna iya fuskantar haɗari. Matsanancin yanayin zafi, musamman inda matakai ke haifar da zafi kamar gidajen burodi, wuraren da ake ganowa, wanki da kayan aikin gilashi, na iya cutar da hankali kuma yana iya haifar da matsananciyar damuwa ta jiki da ta hankali.

Tsananin yanayi

A Kentucky, ma'aikata takwas sun mutu a cikin 2021 lokacin da wata mahaukaciyar guguwa ta lalata masana'antar kyandir ta Mayfield Products. An gaya musu cewa idan sun bar aikin za a kore su. Hukumar kiyaye lafiyar Amurka OSHA ta ci kamfanin tarar dala 40.000 saboda “mummunan” keta haddin tsaro guda bakwai da suka shafi mace-mace.

A wannan rana, ma'aikata shida sun mutu a lokacin da wata mahaukaciyar guguwa ta Amazon ta rushe a Edwardsville, Illinois. A cikin wata sanarwa daga Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Union (RWDSU)11 An soki Amazon saboda buƙatar ma'aikatansa su ci gaba da aiki yayin wata babbar guguwa.

Gobarar daji - wacce ke zama ruwan dare a sakamakon sauyin yanayi - na iya zama mai kisa, tare da ma'aikatan gaggawa musamman cikin hadari. Ba kawai zafi da harshen wuta ba - hayaƙin kuma shine ainihin kisa. A cikin 2023, ƙungiyoyin Mutanen Espanya da ke wakiltar masu kashe gobara daga Hukumar Kula da Muhalli da Ruwa ta Andalusian sun sami amincewa cewa hayaƙin cutar kansa ne.

A cewar hukumar binciken lafiya ta gwamnatin Amurka NIOSH12 Wasu daga cikin hadurran da masu kashe gobara ke fuskanta yayin da suke aiki a kan layin wuta sun haɗa da "kasancewar wuta, cututtuka da raunin da ya shafi zafi, shakar hayaki, raunin da ya shafi abin hawa (ciki har da jirgin sama), zamewa, tafiye-tafiye da faɗuwa." they are due to Tsawaita matsanancin motsa jiki na iya haifar da "hadarin mutuwar zuciya ta gaggawa da rhabdomyolysis."

Ambaliyar ruwa na iya yin haɗari ga duk ma'aikata kuma yana kawo haɗarin kamuwa da cuta tare da su. Dangane da inda suke a duniya, wannan na iya zama komai daga mura zuwa kwalara. A lokacin ambaliyar ruwa, ma'aikatan aikin gona na iya samun aiki mai haɗari ko kuma ba su da wani aiki kwata-kwata.

Ambaliyar ruwa na iya haifar da haɗari daga cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da koma bayan najasa. Hatsari daga tarkace irin su faɗuwar bishiyoyi ko kutsawar ruwa da ke yin barazana ga lafiyar lantarki ko lafiyar wuta na iya sa aikin ya yi haɗari ko kuma ba zai yiwu ba.

iska

Gurbacewar iska da abubuwan hayaki na iya haifar da haɗari mai haɗari da lafiya na dogon lokaci. A cikin labarin 2023 a cikin Jaridar Tsaftar Ma'aikata da Muhalli13 An lura cewa karuwar tasirin sauyin yanayi a kan matakan gurɓataccen iska zai yi tasiri daidai gwargwado ga ma'aikatan da ke aiki a waje saboda ƙarar da suke yi ga ƙwayoyin cuta, ozone da allergens. "Wannan binciken ya nuna cewa ma'aikata suna fuskantar karuwar cututtuka da mace-mace da ke hade da sauyin yanayi."

Kuma sauyin yanayi na iya dagula hadurran wuraren aiki na yau da kullun. Jagoran ILO na 2023 akan haɗarin da sinadarai ke haifarwa sakamakon sauyin yanayi14, yayi kashedin cewa haɗarin da ba a zata ba na iya haɗawa da ƙara yawan amfani da magungunan kashe qwari don sarrafa sauyin tasirin kwari akan amfanin gona da dabbobi. Yawancin matakai, kamar wuraren ganowa, tanderun fashewa ko samar da sinadarai, an tsara su don ci gaba da aiki. Matsanancin yanayi na iya tarwatsa waɗannan matakai ko matakan tsaro masu mahimmanci, tare da sakamako mai lahani.

Ma'aikatan da ke da hannu wajen ceto, tsaftacewa da kuma sake dawowa bayan matsanancin yanayi na yanayi na iya zama cikin haɗari mai girma kamar yadda ake buƙatar su yi aiki a cikin mafi haɗari kuma sau da yawa na tsawon sa'o'i, wani lokacin ba tare da tallafin da ya dace da kayan kariya ba.

Ma'aikata masu mahimmanci - waɗanda ke ba da kulawar lafiyar mu, sufuri, abinci mai gina jiki da sauran ayyukan rayuwa da zamantakewar al'umma - suna cikin haɗari saboda ana buƙatar su yi aiki a cikin matsanancin yanayi amma ba za a yi la'akari da su musamman masu rauni a cikin yanayi na al'ada ba don haka ba zai yiwu ba. suna da horon da suka dace, tufafin kariya ko kayan aiki.

Kamuwa da cuta

Har ila yau, kamuwa da cuta yana haifar da ƙarin barazana a wuraren aiki "Rikicin yanayi, ƙauyuka da kuma canza yanayin amfani da ƙasa suna yin tasiri ga lafiya da aminci a wuraren aiki kuma sun haifar da haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta suna gabatar da sabbin haɗari ko haɗari a cikin sabbin wurare," in ji shi a cikin wani taƙaitaccen bayani.15 na ITUC na Disamba 2023 akan haɗarin halittu.

Takaitaccen manufofin ILO daga Satumba 2023 "Tsarin Sana'a da Kariyar Lafiya a cikin madaidaiciyar canji"16 yayi kashedin: “Haɗarin cututtuka kamar zazzabin cizon sauro ko zazzabin dengue za su ƙaru da yanayin zafi, gami da yuwuwar sauye-sauye a rarraba waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta a sakamakon sauyin yanayi.”

"Wannan ci gaban ya shafi dukkan ma'aikata, musamman ma'aikatan waje, waɗanda ke cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cututtuka da ƙwayoyin cuta kamar sauro, ƙuma da kaska."

Haƙƙin ƙin ƙi aiki mara lafiya da haɗari

Yayin da rikicin yanayi ke kara ta'azzara, ma'aikata za su kara fuskantar hadurran yanayi a wuraren aiki, wani rahoto daga hukumar samar da aikin yi na Amurka ya yi gargadin.17. Yana ba da hujjar cewa ma'aikata suna ƙara buƙatar yin amfani da haƙƙinsu na ƙin yin aiki mai haɗari - kuma suna buƙatar ƙarin sabbin haƙƙoƙi. "Dole ne su sami haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin ƙin aiki mai haɗari yayin fuskantar bala'o'i, kuma dole ne a goyi bayan wannan ta hanyar tanadin ɗaukar fansa da fa'idodin inshorar rashin aikin yi."

Mataki na 13 na Yarjejeniyar ILO na 155 akan Tsaro da Lafiya a Aiki ya bayyana cewa duk ma'aikatan da suka yi imani cewa aikinsu "yana haifar da hatsarin gaggawa" ga rayuwa "za a kiyaye shi daga sakamakon da bai dace ba daidai da yanayin kasa da ayyuka." Mataki na 19 ya kara da cewa : "Ma'aikaci zai yi gaggawar kai rahoto ga na kusa da shi duk wani yanayi wanda yake da dalilai masu ma'ana da zai iya zama hatsarin gaggawa ga rayuwarsa ko lafiyarsa. Har sai ma'aikaci ya dauki matakin gyara inda ya cancanta, mai aiki ba zai iya buƙatar ma'aikata su koma wurin aiki ba inda ake ci gaba da fuskantar babbar barazana ga rayuwa ko lafiya."

source: Mujallar Hazards
Hoton murfin: Kai Funk via Flickr, CC BY

1https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—ed_emp/—emp_ent/documents/publication/wcms_895605.pdf

2https://www-tandfonline-com.uaccess.univie.ac.at/doi/full/10.1080/24694452.2023.2280666

3https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKCN0WO0CZ/

4https://luskin.ucla.edu/high-temperatures-increase-workers-injury-risk-whether-theyre-outdoors-or-inside

5https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.22381

6https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—dgreports/—dcomm/—publ/documents/publication/wcms_711919.pdf

7https://www.hazards.org/heat/

8https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.13841215

9https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2023.108226

10https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37814395/

11https://www.rwdsu.org/news/statement-on-amazon-warehouse-collapse

12https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/firefighting/default.html

13https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10443088/

14https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—ed_dialogue/—lab_admin/documents/publication/wcms_887111.pdf

15https://www.ituc-csi.org/biological-hazards-briefing-en

16https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—ed_emp/—emp_ent/documents/publication/wcms_895605.pdf

17https://www.nelp.org/publication/the-right-to-refuse-unsafe-work-in-an-era-of-climate-change/