Veronika Janyrova
Kalmar ikon ba ta fuskantar mafi kyawun lokuta a yanzu. A matsayinka na mai mulki, iko yana da alaƙa da halin mutuntaka, halin ɗabi'a da son kai. Amma wannan shine rabin labarin. Hakanan za'a iya fahimtar iko azaman hanyar yin ko tasiri akan wani abu.
Gwajin Stanford
Gwajin ɗan adam daga shekarar 1971, wanda aka haɗa alaƙar ikon a kurkuku, yana nuna sha'awar ɗan adam ga iko akan wasu. Masu binciken sun yanke shawarar tsabar tsabar kudin idan mai gwajin ya kasance mai gadi ko fursuna. Yayin wasan kwaikwayon-rawar, mahalarta (an gwada su don amfanuwa da lafiyar kwakwalwa) sun haɓaka tare da ƙarancin ka'idodi a cikin masu gadi da ke fama da mulki da fursunoni masu biyayya. Bayan wasu zalunci, ya zama dole a dakatar da gwajin. A halin yanzu, an yin fim sau da yawa.
A kusa da bincike, iko - a bangare na masu iko da marasa karfi - a hakika suna iya samun ma'ana. A matsayinka na mai mulki, mutane da yardar rai suna mika wuya ga iko ne kawai idan suka sami wani abu mai mahimmanci a cikin su. Wannan na iya zama game da tsaro, kariya, samun kudin shiga na yau da kullun, amma kuma daidaituwa. A lokaci guda, yin iko na iya zama ingantacciyar gogewa. A cikin littafinsa mai suna "The Psychology of Power", masanin ilimin halayyar dan Adam kuma mai horar da 'yan wasa Michael Schmitz ya yi kokarin kai wa ga bukatar abokin harkarsa na neman mulki ya kuma takaita shi: "Ikon yana wadatar da kansa. Yana karfafa fa'ida da mutunta kai. Tana bada daraja, fitarwa, mabiya ".
Hatta sanannen masanin ilimin halin damuwa Susan Fiske na Jami'ar Princeton na iya ba da hujja ga bin iko da kyau: "Powerarfi yana ƙaruwa da 'yancin mutum na aiki, motsawa kuma ba ƙarancin zaman jama'a ba." Ya zuwa yanzu, yana da kyau.
Sauran gaskiyar ita ce cewa mutanen da ke cikin madafan iko sukan fi karfin ikonsu, su dauki hatsari sosai, kuma su yi watsi da wasu ra'ayi da sauran mutane. Kamar yadda daban-daban kamar yadda hanyoyin kwantar da hankalin masana ilimin zamantakewar al'umma suke, a wani bangare da alama sun yarda: iko yana canza yanayin mutum.
"Ina ganin dole ne masu mulki su ji cewa ba su da ikonsu, amma cewa wasu ne suka basu (ta hanyar zabe) kuma za a iya cire su (ta hanyar jefa kuri'a)."
Abin da ke rikicewa na iko
A cewar mashahurin masanin ilimin halayyar dan Adam Dacher Keltner na Jami'ar Berkeley, kwarewar iko za a iya bayyana shi azaman tsari wanda "wani ya buɗe kwanyar mutum kuma ya cire sashin da ke da muhimmanci musamman tausayawa da halayyar al'umma da ta dace." A cikin littafinsa "The Paradox na iko "sai ya juya Machiavellian dinmu, mummunan tasirin hoto a kansa kuma ya bayyana wani sabon abu wanda ya sami hanyarsa ta hanyar ilimin halin zamantakewa a matsayin" paradox of power ". A cewar Keltner, mutum ya sami iko da farko ta hanyar hankali na zamantakewa da kuma halin rashin tausayi. Amma yayin da karfi yake ƙaruwa da ƙarfi, mutum yakan rasa waɗancan halaye ta yadda ya sami ikonsa. A cewar Keltner, iko ba shine ikon aikata mugunta da mugunta ba, amma don kyautatawa wasu. Tunani mai ban sha'awa.
A kowane hali, iko karfi ne wanda yake iya jefa mutum zuwa hauka a cikin matsanancin yanayi. Toara ƙari ga wasu dalilai na halin rayuwa, kamar yaduwar rashin adalci, ƙasƙanci da bege, gami da al'umma gaba ɗaya. Misali, Hitler ko Stalin, tare da wasu masu cutar miliyoyin 50 ko 20, suna nuna mana cigaba sosai.
A zahiri, duniyarmu ta kasance koyaushe kuma tana da wadata a cikin dabarun siyasa. Kuma ba wai kawai a Afirka ba, Gabas ta Tsakiya ko Gabas ta Tsakiya. Tarihin Turai shima yana da abubuwa da yawa da za'a bayar anan. Duk muna farin ciki da manta cewa yanayin siyasar Turai a farkon rabin 20. A karni na 20, an yiwa masu mulkin kama karya ta zahiri ba tare da sadaukarwa ba don rayuwarsu da kuma masu cutar da juna a cikin zaluncinsu. Yi la'akari da Romania (Ceausescu), Spain (Franco), Girka (Ioannidis), Italiya (Mussolini), Estonia (Pats), Lithuania (Smetona) ko Portugal (Salazar). Gaskiyar cewa a yau dangane da Shugaban Belarus Lukashenko suna son yin magana game da "mai mulkin kama karya na ƙarshe na Turai", har ma yana haifar da ɗan bege a fuskar wannan.
Nauyi ko dama?
Amma ta yaya yawan ƙarfin, wanda sau da yawa ya gaza ɗan adam, za a magance yadda ya kamata? Wadanne abubuwa ne suka tantance shin ana hango iko a matsayin wani nauyi ko kuma damarmaki ne na wadatar kansa?
Annika Scholl masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam daga Jami'ar Tübingen ya yi bincike game da wannan tambayar a wani lokaci kuma ya ambaci abubuwa uku masu mahimmanci: "Ko an fahimci iko a matsayin alhakin ko dama ya dogara da yanayin al'adu, mutum da musamman mawuyacin halin da ake ciki". (duba akwatin bayanin) Wani cikakken bayani mai ban sha'awa shine "a al'adun kasashen yamma, mutane sun fahimci iko maimakon zarafi, maimakon daukar nauyin al'adun kasashen gabashin duniya," in ji Scholl.
Halaccin doka, iko & nuna gaskiya
Ko iko yana sa mutane suyi kyau (hakane mai yiwuwa ne!) Ko kuma ya canza lalacewa, amma ya dogara ne kawai da halayyarsa. Babu ƙarancin mahimmanci game da yanayin zamantakewa wanda shugaba ke aiwatarwa. Babban shahararren mai gabatar da kara game da wannan rubutun shine Philip Zimbardo, farfesa na ilimin halin dan Adam a Jami'ar Stanford ta Amurka. Tare da shahararren gwajinsa na Kurkuku na Stanford, ya ba da sha'awa da kuma ci gaba da nuna cewa mutane da alama ba za su iya tsayayya da jarabawar iko ba. A gare shi, kawai hanyar da ta dace don magance zina shine bayyananne dokoki, bayyananniyar ma'aikata, buɗewa da kuma amsa kullun a kowane matakai.
Masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam Joris Lammers na Jami'ar Cologne shima yana ganin mahimman abubuwan da ke faruwa akan matakan zamantakewar al'umma: "Ina ganin dole ne masu mulki su ji cewa basu da iko, amma cewa wasu ne suka basu (ta hanyar zaɓe) da kuma sake (ta hanyar zaɓi ) za a iya cire shi ”. A takaice dai, iko yana bukatar halal da iko domin kada ya fita daga hannun. Lammers ya ce "Ko masu mulki sun ga wannan ko a'a, ya dogara ne a kan wasu abubuwa, kan adawa mai karfi, 'yan jaridu mai mahimmanci, da kuma yarda da yawan jama'a don nuna adawa da rashin adalci," in ji Lammers.
Hanyar da ta fi dacewa da cin mutuncin iko da alama ita ce dimokiradiyya kanta. Yin hukunci (ta hanyar za ~ e), iko (ta hanyar rarrabe iko) da kuma nuna gaskiya (ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai) suna da amintuwa a ciki, aƙalla manufar. Kuma idan wannan ya ɓace a aikace, dole ne kuyi aiki.
Ikon kan waƙar
Za'a iya fahimtar matsayin iko a matsayin nauyi da / ko dama. Haƙiƙa a nan na nufin ma'anar sadaukar da ciki ga masu riƙe madafun iko. Damar ita ce ƙwarewar 'yanci ko dama. Bincike ya nuna cewa dalilai daban-daban suna tasiri kan yadda mutane suke fahimta da motsa matsayin iko:(1) Al'adu: A cikin al'adun kasashen yamma, mutane suna ganin iko a matsayin dama maimakon ɗaukar nauyi a al'adun Far Eastern. Mai yiwuwa, wannan ya rinjayi halayen da suka zama gama gari tsakanin al'ada.
(2) Abubuwan da suka shafi mutum: Ka'idodin mutum suma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa. Mutanen da ke da dabi'u na yau da kullun - alal misali, waɗanda ke ba da babbar mahimmanci ga kyautata rayuwar wasu - sun fahimci iko maimakon alhakin. Mutanen da ke da ƙimar mutum ɗaya - waɗanda, alal misali, sanya ƙima mai yawa ga yanayin lafiyar su - da alama suna fahimtar iko maimakon dama.
(3) Halin tabbatacce: Halin da zai tabbata zai iya zama mafi mahimmanci fiye da halin mutum. A nan, alal misali, mun sami damar nuna cewa mutane masu iko sun fahimci ikon su a cikin rukuni a matsayin alhakin idan sun bayyana kansu sosai tare da wannan rukunin. A takaice, idan ka yi tunanin “mu” maimakon “ni”.Dr. Annika Scholl, Mataimakin Shugaban Processungiyar Socialungiyar Workingwararrun Ma'aikata, Instituteungiyar Leibniz don Media Media (IWM), Tübingen - Jamus
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