Ka'idojin makirci: daga wauta zuwa tabbatacce

Ta yaya maganganun makirci marasa ma'ana ke faruwa kuma me yasa duk ba su zama maganganun banza ba. Za a iya gano wasu ƙididdiga masu yawa - amma galibi sun kasance ba tare da sakamako na ainihi ba.

Farin ciki a Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Austriya a tsakiyar watan Satumba: Minista Alma Zadić da sauran wakilan gwamnati sun sami barazanar kisan kai. Nan gaba kaɗan, ɗaurin ya danna don ɗan shekara 68. Ba da daɗewa ba ya bayyana cewa mutumin, wanda ƙwararren masanin hauka ya bayyana a matsayin mai rauni a cikin hankali da motsin rai, maƙarƙashiya ne. Har ila yau ana ci gaba da gabatar da kara don kalaman nuna kiyayya, saboda wani shafin yanar gizo mai cike da cece-kuce da ya dade yana jan hankali tare da abubuwan da ke nuna wariyar launin fata da kyamar baki. Sanarwar mutumin: "Canjin tsarin" ya gabato.

Ka'idojin Makirci: Abubuwan Ilimi da Rashin Haɓakawa

Imani da ra'ayoyin maƙarƙashiya ya yadu - kuma 'yan tsiraru suna da rauni musamman. Masana halayyar dan adam sun bayar da rahoton hakan Jan Willem van Prooijen daga Jami'ar Amsterdam a cikin binciken. "Yawancin tsirarun zamantakewar al'umma suna kokawa da ainihin matsaloli kamar wariya, wariya ko matsalolin kuɗi", sun tabbatar da masana halayyar ɗan adam. "Duk da haka, waɗannan matsalolin suna da alama suna haifar da imani a cikin ra'ayoyin makircin da ba na gaskiya ba." Babban saƙo na binciken: Mutanen da ke da ilimi mafi girma ba su yarda da sau da yawa fiye da mutanen da ke da ƙarancin ilimi a cikin ra'ayoyin maƙarƙashiya. Kuma akwai dalilai guda uku musamman: imani da sauƙaƙan mafita ga matsaloli masu rikitarwa, jin gazawar ƙarfi da tsarin zamantakewar al'umma. Prooijen ya ƙarasa da cewa "alaƙar da ke tsakanin ilimi da imani da makirci ba za a iya rage shi zuwa naúrar guda ba, amma sakamakon rikitarwa da ke tattare da wasu dalilai na hankali da ke tattare da ilimi."

Tunanin Teleological: Dalilin Rikicin Makirci?

Wani bincike mai fa'ida da masana ilimin halayyar dan adam ke yi Sebastian Dieguez ne adam wata na Jami'ar Freiburg sun binciki lamarin "labaran karya". Me yasa aka yarda da wadannan? Amsar masu binciken ita ce “tunanin tauhidi”. A cewar Dieguez, mutanen da suke da saurin makircin makirci suna daukar cewa komai na faruwa ne saboda dalili kuma yana da manufa mafi girma. Wannan shine ya samar da wata manufa ta bai daya ga halittar, imani da halittar duniya da Allah.

Na karshen, ta hanyar, ya yadu, musamman a cikin Amurka. A cikin binciken da Elaine Howard Ecklund daga Jami'ar Rice da ke Texas, kusan kashi 90 cikin 10.000 na sama da mutane 9,5 da suka amsa sun ce, a ra'ayinsu, Allah ko wani iko mafi girma yana da cikakken iko ko kuma aƙalla wani ɓangare na halittar sarari, ƙasa da mutum. Kusan kusan kashi 600 cikin ɗari na Amurkawa suna da tabbaci sosai cewa sarari da mutum sun wanzu ba tare da sa hannun allah ko wani iko mafi girma ba. Kuma koda a cikin kusan masana kimiyya XNUMX daga cikin wadanda aka yi binciken, kusan daya cikin biyar ne ke shakkar ka'idar halitta.

Ciwon sadarwar zamantakewar jama'a (SNS) & ra'ayoyin makirci

Dalilin da ya sa al'ummarmu ke barazanar nitsewa cikin hargitsi har ma da kasashen duniya masu dimokiradiyya suna fuskantar barazana, takardunmatsalar zamantakewar“- ya cancanci gani kuma a halin yanzu akan Netflix - zuwa ƙasa. Kuma tana da mahimmin abu guda ɗaya: cibiyoyin sadarwar jama'a kamar Facebook da "kumfa" na kansu waɗanda aka kirkira ta hanyar algorithms. A karshen, duk masu amfani da hanyoyin sadarwar zamantakewa da kuma injunan bincike masu matukar ci gaba ana iya samun su: Ana gabatar muku da zabin mutum gaba daya na kasidu wadanda zasu iya zama na sirri ne. Babu matsala ko abun da aka gabatar na gaskiya ne ko kuma an sanya shi a matsayin "labaran karya". Haɗarin anan shi ne: idan kai masoyin maƙarƙashiya ne, misali, za ka tarar da kai saboda abubuwan da kake so. Changesananan canje-canje a cikin halayyar ana iya lura da su kowace rana.

Wannan lamarin ba shi da suna, har yanzu muna kiransa "cututtukan hanyoyin sadarwar jama'a" (SNS). Saboda, kuma ana ɗaukar wannan a matsayin tabbatacce: Amfani da cibiyoyin sadarwar jama'a yana da tasirin da ba'a so waɗanda suka daɗe da dacewa da hoto na asibiti: halayyar jaraba, canjin hali, faɗuwa da girman kai, rashin nutsuwa, da sauransu. Hakanan za'a iya danganta karuwar yawan kashe kansa da karuwar yaduwar hanyoyin sadarwar jama'a.

Masu aiki kawai suna da zargi kawai, saboda kawai suna son su nuna mana yawan talla yadda ya kamata kuma su sami kudi. Duk da haka, matsalar gidajen yanar gizon su biloniya ce Mark Zuckerberg duk ma sane. Amma idan kuna so, saboda tsarin kasuwancin waɗannan dandamali ne. Ala kulli hal, gaskiyar ita ce ba alheri ga mutane da yawa ba.

Kuma a nan mun zo wani bangare mai mahimmanci, tsarin doka, wanda kawai bai wanzu ba. Anan yana ɗaukar fansa cewa latorsan majalisun duniya suna magance siyasa ta yau da kullun da dokokin taron kuma mafi yawa saboda tsufa baya haɓaka fahimta ga sabuwar duniyar dijital. Dukkanin Intanet da kuma kusan kusan hanyoyin da ba'a iya sarrafa su ba na cibiyoyin sadarwar jama'a ba su da tsari. Ko da magungunan magani da ke haifar da irin wannan illa da an dakatar da shi da daɗewa. Da gangan ake mai da hankali kan halayen haɗari daga ɓangaren masu amfani don ci gaba da dawowa da cinye tallace-tallace, duk da haka, ya riga ya faɗi a yankin keta doka.

Haƙiƙanin gaske

Baya ga tambayar wanene ya fi karkata ga gaskata zaton da ba a tabbatar ba - wauta ko haƙiƙa - tambaya mafi mahimmanci ita ce ta dalilin dalilin da ya sa suke wanzu kwata-kwata, ra'ayoyin makircin. Amsar mafi sauki itace mai yiwuwa wannan: Saboda ƙulla makirci koyaushe ya kasance - kuma har yanzu suna nan. Wannan gaskiyane.
Daga ra'ayin Austrian, da Al'amarin Ibiza na FPÖ A matsayin misali na baya-bayan nan, zababbun dimokiradiyya wadanda aka zaba sun bayar da bayar da kwangiloli na miliyoyin miliyoyin don samun gudummawa daga bangarori a wani taron sirri. Tabbas, zato na rashin laifi yana aiki.

Makircin yakin Iraki

Abokanmu na ƙasashen ƙetare suna da bambanci daban-daban. Amurka za a iya bayyana ta a matsayin babbar karuwar maƙarƙashiya. Na farko kuma mafi girman ɗayan manyan ƙulle-ƙulle na duniya har abada, a duk lokacin yaƙin Iraki daga 2003 da makaman da ake zargi da lalata mutane. Godiya ga mai tona asirin Biritaniya Katharine Gun, takardu sun tabbatar da cewa hukumar leken asirin Amurka NSA ta tattara bayanai ta hanyar aiyukan satar bayanai ta haramtacciyar hanya domin sanya baki ga mambobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya su shida da za su amince da yakin haramcin Amurka na afkawa Iraki. Kuma: Ainihin dalilin yakin, wadanda ake zaton makaman kare dangi, babu su ma. Sakamakon wadannan rikice-rikicen da ba a gano ba: babu. Wadanda yakin Iraki ya rutsa da su, a daya hannun, an kiyasta sun kai kusan 600.000 a karshen mamayar a shekarar 2011.

Menene makirci?

Amma akwai abubuwa da yawa. Mahimmanci: yin kira. Dangane da ɓoye sirri na hukuma, rashin nuna gaskiya da yin shuru, shin “tarurrukan tarurruka” tsakanin siyasa da kasuwanci ma halal ne? A wani wuri, Zaɓin zaɓi game da yunƙurin tasirin da wasu kamfanoni suka yi game da tsarin siyasa don ɗora hanya ɗaya a kan kwalabe na filastik a cikin shagon Austriya. Shin hakan ya riga ya zama makirci?

Ka'idojin Makirci & "Sakin Laifin Mafia"

Makirci shine haɗin gwiwar sirri na mutane da yawa don ɓata ɓangare na uku, bisa ga mahimman ma'anar. Kalmar maƙarƙashiya ba ta bayyana a cikin dokar hukunce-hukuncen Austrian. Amma har yanzu akwai abin da ake kira "sakin layi na anti-mafia" § 278 StGB game da kungiyoyin aikata laifuka, wanda aka soki sau da yawa: “A matsayin memba, duk wanda ya aikata laifin laifi ko kuma ya shiga cikin ayyukanta a zaman wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar masu aikata laifi. shiga ta hanyar bayar da bayanai ko kadarori ko kuma in ba haka ba sanin cewa yana inganta kungiyar ko kuma aikata laifukanta. "

Ayyukan kungiyoyin "kare hakkin musamman" na kungiyoyin kare hakkin dabbobi sun kirga a matsayin dalilin wannan dokar mai kawo takaddama. Da izgili ana iya da'awar cewa “sakin layi na anti-mafia” ya shafi kowane ɓangaren siyasa. Amma har ma da batun adawa da makaman nukiliya tare da mamayar Hainburger Au a ƙarshen 70s zai sami matsalolin doka a yau. Ba tare da ambaton ayyukan yanzu na motsi na muhalli ba "tawaye“Tare da baje kolin wuraren zama da ganganci da kuma toshe hanyoyin da gangan. Abu daya tabbatacce ne: “sakin layi na yaki da mafia” hanya ce ta danniya ga yunkurin kungiyoyin farar hula. Makircin siyasa, idan kuna so.

Tabbatar da rikice-rikicen tarihi
A koyaushe akwai makirce-makirce; ana daukar su ne masu bin ka'idar nazarin halittu. Mun tattara wasu mahimman mahimman bayanai game da makircin tarihi:

Die Catilinarian makirci ya kasance yunƙurin juyin mulkin da Sanata Lucius Sergius Catilina bai yi nasara ba a shekara ta 63 BC. BC, wanda ya so ya kwace mulki a Jamhuriyar Roman. Makircin an fi saninsa da maganganun Cicero akan Catilina da kundin tarihin tarihi na Sallust "De coniuratione Catilinae".

Julius Kaisar an haifeshi ne a 15 ga Maris, 44 BC. Wanda wasu gungun sanatoci suka kashe a kusa da Marcus Junius Brutus da Gaius Cassius Longinus tare da daba da wuƙa 23 a yayin zaman majalisar dattijai a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Pompeius. Kimanin mutane 60 ne suka aikata wannan aika-aika.

Die Pazzi makirci nadin ne ba wai kawai a cikin ikon mallakar Florentine don kifar da dangin Medici mai mulki a matsayin hakikanin masu mulkin Tuscany ta hanyar kisan shugabansu Lorenzo il Magnifico da dan uwansa kuma mai rikon mulki Giuliano di Piero de 'Medici. An aiwatar da yunƙurin kisan gillar a ranar 26 ga Afrilu, 1478, amma Giuliano de 'Medici ne kawai ya faɗi.

Das Yunkurin kisan gilla kan Abraham Lincoln a yammacin 14 ga Afrilu, 1865 na daga cikin wata makarkashiya da aka yiwa wasu mambobin gwamnatin Amurka kuma yunƙurin farko na kashe Shugaban Amurka. Wanda ya kashe shi dan wasan kwaikwayo ne John Wilkes Booth, mai goyon bayan kungiyar ta Confederation. Ya harbi shugaban ne da bindiga a lokacin da ake wasan kwaikwayo a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ford da ke Washington, DC. An kashe Booth kwanaki kadan bayan ya nuna turjiya ga kamun nasa. Daga baya aka yanke masa hukuncin kisa tare da kashe shi a watan Yulin 1865.

lokacin da Yunkurin kisan kai a Sarajevo A ranar 28 ga Yuni, 1914, magajin gadon sarautar Austria-Hungary, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, da matarsa ​​Sophie Chotek, Duchess na Hohenberg, sun kashe Gavrilo Princip, memba na ƙungiyar masu kishin ƙasa ta Sabiya Mlada Bosna (Young Bosnia), yayin ziyarar da suka kai Sarajevo. Yunkurin kisan gilla a cikin babban birnin Bosniya da kungiyar sirrin Sabiya ta “Black Hand” suka shirya ya haifar da rikicin watan Yuli, wanda a karshe ya haifar da yakin duniya na farko.

als Babban abin kunya irin na Amurka shine sunan da aka bayar don lalata tsarin jigilar fasinjoji a cikin birane 45 a Amurka a ƙarƙashin jagorancin babban kamfanin kera motoci a Amurka, General Motors (GM), daga 1930 zuwa 1960. An sayi kamfanonin jigilar kayayyaki ne don cimma nasarar rufe hanyoyin tarago don tallafawa zirga-zirgar motoci ta yadda za a iya siyar da motoci da kayayyaki daga abubuwan da suke samarwa.

als Al'amarin Watergate describesaya yana bayanin, bisa ga ma'anar Majalisar Dokokin Amurka, a taƙaice duka jerin munanan "cin zarafin ikon gwamnati" waɗanda suka faru a lokacin mulkin shugaban Republican Richard Nixon tsakanin 1969 da 1974. Bayyana waɗannan cin zarafin a cikin Amurka ya haifar da rikicin zamantakewar amincewa da 'yan siyasa wanda yaƙin Vietnam ya haifar kuma a ƙarshe ya haifar da mummunan rikicin tsarin mulki. Arshen abubuwan da ke faruwa a wasu lokuta shine murabus ɗin Nixon a watan Agusta 9, 1974.

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