USusanne Wolf
"Ukuthi abapolitiki baqamba amanga noma baqonde iqiniso akuyona into entsha, kepha akukaze kwenzeke kuze kube manje."
Isombusazwe esikhohlisayo siqamba amanga
"Ngizohlala ngikutshela iqiniso," Donald Trump emcimbini obuseCharlotte, eSouth Carolina, Agasti Agasti
"Azange kube nokuhlaselwa okukhulu kwamaphekula emhlabathini waseMelika ngaphambi kukaMongameli Obama." URudy Giuliani, umeluleki wezomthetho kaDonald Trump, wayenguMeya yaseNew York ngesikhathi sokuhlasela kukaSepthemba 11, 2001.
"Izinkulungwane zamasosha ayegqoke umfaniswano owathunyelwa eCrimea akuwona amasosha aseRussia," kusho uVladimir Putin ngoMashi 2014.
"Umbuso wase-Iraq usenazo futhi ufihla ezinye zezikhali ezibulala kakhulu ezake zenziwa." Inkulumo kaGeorge W. Bush yokuqinisekisa ukungenelela kwe-Iraq (Mashi 2003)
"Uma i-EU ishiya i-EU, kuzoba ngaphezulu kuka- $ 350m njalo ngeviki esikhwameni somshuwalense wezempilo wombuso." Abaxhasi beBrexit ngaphambi kwengqungquthela ngoJuni 2016.
"Abantu abahambisani nokushisa komhlaba." UHeinz-Christian Strache engxoxweni abe nayo neStandard, ngoDisemba 2018
NgoJanuwari 2019: UHeinz Christian Strache wamangalela uRudolf Fußi, osebenzelana nokuxhumana nabantu abangobunikazi bamaphiko aqukethe okuthunyelwe nge-Twitter ngoStrache. Ngenkathi uStrache esalokhu emangalela ukuthi lesi sithombe asimkhombisile sinamazisi asiwumbumbulu, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi uyayihoxisa le nsolo.
"Amanga aqoqiwe we-Heinz-Christian Strache" uhlu lwezinto ezingenakuphikwa ze-Deputy Chancellor kusukela ngo-Agasti 2015 kuwebhusayithi.com.com. Sekuqoshwe amanga angama-165, kufaka phakathi inqubo yokufuduka noma udlame olungazange lwenzeka kumademoni. Uzakwabo weqembu uHerbert Kickl uyakwazi nokwazi iqiniso. Ngesikhathi kuqhubeka umkhonyovu we-BAT, ungqongqoshe wezangaphakathi uthe "ukuseshwa kwendlu bekuhlale kunamathelwa ngumthetho futhi nophiko lwamaphoyisa luqinisile." Esikhundleni salokho, iqiniso ukuthi ukuseshwa kwendlu bekungekho emthethweni.
Ukuhoxiswa kungokuzithandela
Akuyona into entsha ukuthi osopolitiki baqamba amanga noma bagobe iqiniso, kepha akukaze kwenzeke kuze kube manje. Futhi usopoliti akakaze ashiye phansi isikhundla ngemuva kokuqamba amanga ngesikhathi seRiphabhliki Yesibili. "Emthethweni-sisekelo, asikho isibopho sokuthi osopolitiki bahlukane namanga afakazelwe," kuchaza ummeli womthethosisekelo uBernd Wieser, IBhodi Labaqondisi Isikhungo Somthetho Wezomphakathi Nesayensi Yezepolitiki eNyuvesi yaseGraz. "Ukwesula okungenzeka kususelwa kuphela esenzweni sokuzithandela." NgokukaWieser, kunezibonelo ezanele zokushiya phansi okungakaze kwenzeke emlandweni wase-Austria, ngaphezu kwakho konke uBruno Kreisky.
I-Chancellor uSebastian Kurz akayithathi iqiniso ngokunembile noma ngabe: Mayelana namakhadi ama-e, ukhuluma "ngokuhlukumezeka okumangalisayo" kumshuwalense wezempilo futhi uphoqa ukuthi ngokuzayo kuzoba nama-e-amakhadi anezithombe kuphela. Esikhundleni sokugcina, noma kunjalo, lokhu kuholela ekulahlekelweni kwama-euro ayizigidi eziyi-18 ngokuya ngokubalwa kwenhlangano enkulu yezikhungo zomshuwalense wezenhlalo. Umonakalo odalwe nguKurz wezigidi ezingama-200 zama-euro awubizi ngisho nama-euro ayi-15.000.
I-Chancellor nayo ivelele ngokuthula nangamanga kwezinye izindaba. Kubandakanya isimangalo sokuthi ama-Austrian bekungeke esabe ukulahleka kwezinzuzo uma kuziwa ekutholeni imali encane. Iqiniso nokho, ukuthi imindeni emikhulu ikakhulukazi iyathinteka ngokuncishiswa kwempesheni encane.
Izindaba ezingamanga futhi disinformation
Osopolitiki abanamaphiko we-right wing like Heinz Christian Strache noma uDonald Trump bathanda ukuguqula amatafula bese bechaza izintatheli njengabaqambimanga. NgoFebhuwari 2019, uStrache uzothumela isithombe somethuli we-ORF u-Armin Wolf ngombhalo othi “Kukhona indawo lapho izindaba ziba khona izindaba. Yiyo leyo i-ORF. ”UMongameli wase-US uTrump ulwa nabezindaba zenkululeko futhi, neFox News, kulula ukuthi abe nomlwi eceleni kwakhe osakaza izindaba emoyeni wakhe.
Fake News - UMongameli waseMelika uDonald Trump usehlanganise leli gama ngokungafani nelinye. Uyazi ukuthi angaphambuka kanjani kulokhu okungamanga akhe ngezinsolo ezibhekene nabezindaba ezibucayi. Futhi ziningi zazo, njengoba i-Washington Post yasho lapho kugubha iminyaka engu-700 uMongameli wase-United States ngoDisemba 2018: Ngokwaleli phephandaba, izitatimende zikaTrump ezingama-7.546 bezingalungile noma okungenani zidukisa ngaleso sikhathi.
Kuba nzima kakhulu uma kungezona ezepolitiki uqobo, kepha ngabazweli abasabalalisa imibiko engamanga ngezinsizakalo ezinjenge-whatsapp noma i-facebook. Esigabeni sokugcina somkhankaso wokhetho wase-US wase-2016, ngokwesibonelo, imibiko yamanga ephumelele kakhulu yabiwa, yathandwa futhi yaphawulwa kaningi kunemibiko ephumelela kakhulu evela kwabezindaba elihle. Abezindaba abaningi babike ngalokhu okusolwa ukuthi izinkampani zaseBrazil ezinomthelela omkhulu bezisebenzisa i-whatsapp ukusabalalisa imibiko yamanga zivumela lowo owayengumengameli wephiko langakwesobunxele uJair Bolsonaro.
Ipolitiki ilele ngesiko
Enkulumweni emcimbini wokugubha iminyaka eyikhulu yokuzalwa kukaNelson Mandela ngoJulayi 100, owayenguMongameli wase-US uBarack Obama wethule inkulumo yezepolitiki yanamuhla ngokuqonda iqiniso: “Abezombusazwe babeqamba amanga zonke izikhathi. Ngaleso sikhathi, babenamahloni okubanjwa, ”kusho u-Obama. "Manje baqhubeka baqamba amanga."
Okomlobi nefilosofi Niccolò Machiavelli amanga, inkohliso nobuzenzisi kwakuyizindlela ezizwakalayo emzabalazweni wezepolitiki, umbuso onamandla wanquma ngokumelene nababuthakathaka ukuthi yini futhi kwakungewona amanga. Kuyi-eseyi yakhe ethi "Iqiniso Nezepolitiki", uHanna Arendt ubhala ukuthi ezepolitiki azikwazi ukubona ukuthi yini iqiniso. "Umsebenzi wezepolitiki akuwona ukuchaza okungokoqobo, kodwa ukuguqula." Ukuthola iqiniso kuwumsebenzi wezazi zefilosofi, ososayensi, amajaji nezintatheli.
Futhi eqinisweni, ukushintshana ngezikhulu phakathi kwezikhulu kunesiko: Kakade kumaNkathi Ephakathi, iqiniso lalivame ukufakwa emibhalweni eyakhiwe. Isibonelo, inkohliso eyamiswa nguDuke Rudolf IV ngekhulu le-14 yasungula isisekelo sokuqhamuka kwamaHabsburgs: ku-Privilegium maius deed, abakwaHabsburgs bathi babenamalungelo ayekhona amakhulu eminyaka. Omashiqela njengalabo abangaphansi kweNational Socialism noma ubuKhomanisi babusekela wonke amanga abo emangeni. Kodwa-ke, kwakuyi-Intanethi kuphela kanye nokwanda kwabezindaba zenhlalo lapho amanga ezepolitiki asaba khona. EsiNgisini kukhona igama elithi post-iqiniso kwezombusazwe. Isibonelo: Kubavoti be-FPÖ (futhi futhi aba ÖVP) ngokweqiniso kuyiqiniso ukuthi ubugebengu bukhuphukile selokhu kwahamba umbaleki omkhulu ngo-2015 - noma ngabe izibalo zidweba isithombe esehlukile. Abezombusazwe basebenzisa lokhu ukuthi badlale kukhibhodi yokwesaba.
Noma: Yize amaphesenti angama-99 ezifundo ekhombisa ukuthi ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kwabangelwa ngabantu, kukhona ukungabaza ngaso sonke isikhathi. Lokhu kwenzeka njalo lapho amaqiniso esongela ukubukwa kwakho komhlaba. Ngakho-ke uma bekungakhululeki ukubhekana namaqiniso, abaningi bebengaphephela emcabangweni osiza ukubacindezela. Ngalo mqondo, akumangazi ukuthi osopolitiki abaqamba amanga basathola imvume kubasekeli babo. Iqiniso lokuthi amanga kaTrumps noma amaStrache adalulwa njalo akulimazi ukuthandwa kwabo - kunalokho.
Ingxoxo nososayensi wezepolitiki UKathrin Stainer-Hämmerle
Kungani kulungile ukuthi osopolitiki baqambe amanga?
UKathrin Stainer-Hämmerle: Kufanele uqale ngenkululeko yokukhuluma, okuyinto esebenza kubo bonke abantu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi osopolitiki bangenza konke ezinye izakhamizi ezivunyelwe ukukwenza inqobo nje uma kungenacala.
Futhi kungani amaqembu evikela amalungu aqamba amanga?
I-Stainer-Hämmerle: Amaqembu ayimisuka, enza lokho kufanelana nomqondo wawo bese ewina ngamavoti.
Kukuphi kokuziphatha?
I-Stainer-Hämmerle: Vele, osopolitiki kufanele babe nokuqonda okuthile nangokuziphatha, ngeshwa lokhu akuvamile njalo.
Ngabe abavoti badlala yiphi indima?
I-Stainer-Hämmerle: Abasekeli bezombusazwe bavame ukuwela izethembiso zokhetho ukuthi, ngemibuzo ebucayi, bazobonwa njengabangenakuhlengeka. Lapha abavoti kufanele bathathe umthwalo wemfanelo owengeziwe, bagxeke kakhulu, futhi bafake ingcindezi enkulu ekuziphatheni okungafanele.
Ungabaqeqesha kanjani abavoti ukwenza lokhu?
I-Stainer-Hämmerle: Lokho empeleni kungaba ngumsebenzi wemfundo yezepolitiki, kodwa imfundo eyisisekelo nayo iyimfuneko yemibuzo ebucayi.
Photo / Video: Ugogo.
