I-Direct Democracy: Isikhathi esiphakeme sokukhululwa ngentando yeningi

Kuthiwani ngentuthuko yentando yeningi e-Austria? Yikuphi ongakhetha indoda noma umfazi okufanele abezwe? Ingabe kwenziwa ngokunikeza ukuvota njalo eminyakeni embalwa? Ngabe konke lokho intando yeningi kufanele ikunikeze? Ngabe ilifanele igama elithi intando yeningi - okungukuthi, "ukubusa kwabantu"?

Ngenkathi eminyakeni isuka ku-2011 iye kwi-2013 - khumbula ngezikhathi zangaphambi kokhetho - ochwepheshe, abezindaba, imizamo yezakhamizi kanye nabezepolitiki bahole inkulumo engajwayelekile yezithelo nesisekelo esihle ekwakhiweni nasekwandisweni kwentando yeningi eqondile, impikiswano yedemokhrasi kuleliya lizwe isivele yathula ngokufana nje. Ngakho-ke, ohlelweni lukahulumeni lwamanje, incwadi kuphela yenhloso ekuqaleni kwe-2014 ibiza ikhomishini yokucacisa emkhandlwini kaZwelonke. Ukuthi asisekho okwamanje, akufanele kusimangaze manje.

"Ngemuva kwesinqumo sikahulumeni, abavoti batshelwa ukuthi ukungazethembi abakutholile kuyintando yabo, ngoba banikeze amaqembu abo amavoti abo."
U-Erwin Mayer, okhulumela i- "mehr demokratie".

Ngabe yini impikiswano ngentando yeningi e-Austria? Siphila ngentando yeningi esebenza - angithi? Ngokungafani nezepolitiki, umthetho-sisekelo wase-Austrian unamazwi acacile. I-athikili 1 yoMthethosisekelo Wezezimali uthi: "I-Austria iyiphikisana ngentando yeningi. Ilungelo labo livela kubantu. ”Nokho, lapho usibhekisisa kahle, kukhona ukungabaza okusemthethweni. Impilo yezepolitiki imvamisa ibukeka ihluke kakhulu. Kuklanywa ezombusazwe zeqembu, lapho inhlala-kahle yenhlangano ibekwa kuqala ngaphezu kokujwayelekile. Nsuku zonke sibheka ukuthi ukuphoqelelwa kweklabhu, izinzalo zomuntu ngamunye nezikhethekile, ezombusazwe zamakhasimende kanye nabashisekeli bezinqobelo zifuna ukunqoba intando yangempela. Ngaphambi kokhetho umuntu uboniswa zonke izinhlobo zezinhlelo zeqembu, izitatimende ezingacacile zezepolitiki kanye neziqubulo zomkhankaso. Amaphrojekthi wezepolitiki angaqagelwa nhlobo. Ezimweni ezimbalwa kakhulu umuntu ufunda ngobuqili, yiziphi izikhundla amaqembu azothatha zona ngemuva kokhetho. Uhlelo lokugcina lukahulumeni luboshwe ngemuva kweminyango evaliwe. "Ngemuva kwesinqumo sohlelo lukahulumeni, abavoti batshelwa ukuthi ukungenami abathole kuyintando yabo, ngoba banikeze amavoti abo amaqembu athile," kusho u-Erwin Mayer, okhulumela "intando yeningi".
Kungumkhuba wentando yeningi ongaguquki futhi ongahambisani oholela ekukhuphukeni kokungaboni ngaso linye kwezepolitiki e-Austria. Noma ingabe kunobuhlakani bezepolitiki?

Intando yeningi eqondile: isifiso sokubamba iqhaza

Ngenkathi abavoti bejika ngezikhathi ezithile bewa futhi amaqembu ezepolitiki akakwazi ukuphatha amalungu amasha, ukubandakanyeka komphakathi kuyachuma. Noma ngabe kuyipolitiki, ezemidlalo, izindaba zomphakathi noma amasiko - abantu abaningi bayabandakanyeka esidlangalaleni futhi mahhala. Ucwaningo olusanda kwenziwa ezweni lonke lokuzithandela e2008 luveze ukuthi i-44 inikela ngamaphesenti omsebenzi wokuzithandela we15 Cishe ama-1,9 wezigidi zama-Austrian asekilabhini noma ezinhlanganweni - phela, lokho kungaphezu kwengxenye yesithathu yabantwana abaneminyaka engu-15.
Izinhlelo Zezakhamizi Zephalamende - ezivumela ukuqoqwa kwezakhamizi njengezabantu be-500 ukuthi ziphakamise uMkhandlu Kazwelonke ngemithetho ebumbene noma ukwenziwa kwemithetho ekhona - lenyuke ngamaphesenti ama-2000 kusukela ngonyaka we-250. Kukhuliswe kakhulu kusukela ngeminyaka ye-1980er kanye nenombolo yezithenjwa kanye nezithenjwa ezingeni lomhlaba kanye nomphakathi. Usosayensi wezepolitiki wase-Austrian Sieglinde Rosenberger noGilg Seeber bathi: "E-Austria, ukuxhumana kwesikhashana phakathi kokungahambi kahle kweqembu, ukunqatshelwa kwemali engenayo kanye nokusetshenziswa okuthuthukile kwezinsizakusebenza zedemokhrasi kungashiwo." Eminyakeni eyishumi eyedlule izinyathelo zezakhamizi eziyishumi zifikile esihlokweni sokuthuthukiswa kwentando yeningi. asebebhale iziphakamiso eziningi zokuguqula kabusha ukuze kuthuthukiswe intando yeningi yase-Austrian.

Nge ezombusazwe?

Ngenxa yalezi zibalo, umuntu akakwazi ukwenqaba inani labantu ukuthi linentshisekelo kwezepolitiki. Esikhundleni salokho, ukuzethemba kosopolitiki kuphansi ngokomlando. Isibonelo, ucwaningo olwenziwe yiSocial Science Study Society luveze ukuthi ukuthembela kwabantu ezikhungweni zomphakathi ezinjengezobulungiswa, amaphoyisa noma izinyunyana i-2012 inyuke kancane. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-46 iphesenti labaphenduli be-1.100 bebonke bathi osopolitiki balahlekelwe ukuxhumana nezakhamizi kanti nephesenti le-38 baqinisekile ukuthi bezenzela inzuzo yabo. Ucwaningo olufanayo lwenziwa yi-Austrian Society for Marketing (OGM) ngonyaka we-2013. Amaphesenti ama-78 aphendule we-500 athi azithembi okuncane noma akukho themba kwezepolitiki.

Ukuqondisa intando yeningi e-Austria?

Ngokwencazelo, ukubusa ngentando yeningi okuqondile yinqubo noma uhlelo lwezepolitiki lapho inani labantu abavotayo bavotela ngqo ezindabeni zezepolitiki. UGertraud Diendorfer, uMqondisi Ophethe we Isikhungo Sentando yeningi Vienna, uqonda iDemocracy Democracy ngokuthi "isengezo, isisetshenziswa sokulungisa noma sokulawula sohlelo lwentando yeningi esimele:" Izinsizakalo eziqondile zedemokhrasi, ezibekwe kuMthethosisekelo, zivumela izakhamuzi nokubamba iqhaza okhethweni, ngisho nasezindabeni ezithile zithinta ngqo inqubomgomo ukuthatha ".

Ukuphela kokudonswa kwamandla: Umphumela wezinto ezisezingeni eliphakeme zentando yeningi eziqondile - ezinjengamareferendamu noma ama-referendum - awubophele ngandlela-thile ngenxa yalokho abenzi bezinqumo kwezepolitiki eMkhandlwini Kazwelonke. Yireferendamu kuphela eholela esinqumweni esibopha ngokomthetho sabantu. Kodwa-ke, nguMkhandlu Kazwelonke kuphela onganquma ukuthi ubambe umhlangano wokuphendula noma cha. Izinyathelo noma izikhalazo zabahlali, njengoba kuhlinzekwe Emithethweni Yezinqubo Zomkhandlu Kazwelonke, zingasetshenziswa kuphela ukwethula izicelo zikakhonkolo zokwelashwa eMkhandlwini Kazwelonke.

Uma sekuhlolisiswa, izinsimbi zethu zentando yeningi eqondile ziphenduka zingenamazinyo uma kuqhathaniswa. KuGerhard Schuster, okhulumela uhlelo oluthi “Stop sham democracy!” Initiative, okwamanje ayikho indlela yokuthi izinhlolovo zenzeke uma iziphakamiso ezithunyelwe eMkhandlwini Kazwelonke ngama-referendum zingaphasiswa ephalamende.

Ngokubheka amathuba athuthukiswe kabi futhi anganakwa okubamba iqhaza komphakathi, okuthi esimweni esihle kakhulu esivumele ukuthi siveze intando yethu kwabenza izinqumo kwezepolitiki, akumangazi ukuthi amaphesenti angama-55 kuphela abantu base-Austrian abanelisekile ngendlela intando yeningi esebenza ngayo. Izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zithanda ukwenabela ekuqondiseni intando yeningi, njengoba kukhombisa i- “Democracy Report 2013” ​​ye-OGM.

I-Direct Democracy: Izinsimbi e-Austria

sicelosikhalo vumela isakhamuzi ukuthi sisungule inqubo yezomthetho ePhalamende, kodwa ngeshwa asikho isibopho. Akumangazi-ke ukuthi yizicelo ezinhlanu kuphela ze-37 ezenziwa kuze kube manje e-Austria ezaziphumelela ngomqondo wokuthi empeleni ziholele emthethweni.

referendums iyithuluzi ledemokhrasi elincane kunazo zonke e-Austria. Bakhonza umkhandlu kazwelonke ukuthola umbono wabantu. Akusekho lutho, ngoba ngisho nomphumela wamareferensi azibophezele kulalutho. Yize kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi uMkhandlu Kazwelonke awukaze weqe imiphumela eminingi yenhlolovo.

Okokugcina kodwa okuncane referendums okunqunywe okuvela ngaphezulu. Bavumela abantu ukuthi bavote ngokuqondile emithethweni ewuhlaka-mthetho nakwezombuso, futhi-ke isinqumo sabo siyabopha. Kodwa-ke, ireferendamu ingenziwa kuphela kumthethosivivinywa osalungiswa osuvele ubhaliwe. Kepha uma umthethosivivinywa olula usuthole iningi eMkhandlwini Kazwelonke, ngokwe-Vienna Democracy Center akunakwenzeka ukuthi kutholakale amavoti anele angadingeka ukuqala inhlolovo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho iMithetho Yenqubo Yomkhandlu Kazwelonke isabonakala Izikhalazo kanye nemizamo yezakhamizi ku. Ngosizo lwalezi zinsimbi, oPhalamende (abafakizicelo) kanye nezakhamizi (imizamo yezakhamizi) bangahambisa izicelo ezithile zokwelashwa.

Intando yeningi eqondile, kepha kanjani?

Umbuzo uhlala uthi, intando yeningi eqondile ingasebenza kanjani kangcono? Ingabe i-Austria ingaphila kanjani ngokulandela umthetho-sisekelo wayo ukuze umthetho uvele kubantu?
Izinhlelo eziningi zezakhamizi sezivele zinikele kulo mbuzo, zakha iziphakamiso zokwenza izinguquko futhi zenza kucace kosopolitiki. Empeleni, imiqondo yokuthuthuka kwentando yeningi igxile emaphuzwini amabili abalulekile: Okokuqala, izingqungquthela kufanele zihambisane nereferendamu ebopha ngokusemthethweni. Futhi okwesibili, izakhamizi kumele zikwazi ukufaka isandla ekwakhiweni nasekwakhiweni kwemithetho.

Enye indlela iDemocracy Democracy ebukeka ngayo isinyathelo sokuqala "Imithetho yabantu manje!". Cishe inqubo eyizigaba ezintathu, ehlanganisa uhlelo oludumile, inhlolovo kanye nereferendamu.
Ngokuphikisana nohlelo lwezomthetho lwamanje, izakhamizi empeleni zinenketho yokwamukela umthetho noma inkombandlela yezepolitiki.
Ngenkathi kugxilwe kuhlelo oludumile ekwwethulweni komqondo, inani labantu lisenkingeni yesithangami esilandelayo ekuhlobaneni komphakathi kwalolu hlelo.
Izingqinamba zobuningi ezihlinzekelwe le nqubo zifeza umsebenzi obalulekile wokuhlunga: Izindlela ezinganikwanga amandla iningi - okusho, ukuphishekela izintshisekelo zomuntu ngamunye noma okhethekile noma nje ezobuchwepheshe kakhulu, isithiyo sokusayina kwama-300.000 ngeke sidale bese "sihlungiwe" ,

Abezindaba baphinde babambe iqhaza elikhulu kulesi siphakamiso, ngoba kuzofanele baqinisekise ngomkhandlu wezindaba ukuthi ezinyangeni ezintathu eziholele lapho kuzoba nezingxoxo zamahhala nezilinganayo ngezimali ezinhlelweni nasezindabeni zabezindaba.

USchuster ubona inzuzo enkulu yalesi simiso esihambisana nezinsika ezimbili zomthetho, okuthi, yize besebenza ngokubambisana, kodwa bazimele bodwa. Intando yabantu ayiqhudelani neparamende, kepha iyayifaka nengxenye kuze kube manje: abantu.

Isiphakamiso somthetho onezigaba ezintathu e-Austria esivela ku- "Umthetho wabantu manje!" Initiative

isinyathelo ethandwa (I-1 Level) Izakhamizi ze-30.000 (ngokumelene ne-100.000, edinga ireferensi) yethula umthethosivivinywa noma inqubomgomo kuMkhandlu Kazwelonke. UMkhandlu Kazwelonke weluleka ngalolu hlelo futhi kufanele uqashe abantu abathathu abagunyazwe abaxhasi balelo hlelo. Uma kwenqatshwa nguMkhandlu Kazwelonke, kungaqale kuqalwe ku-referendum.

sicelosikhalo (Isiteji se-2) Ngaphambi kwesonto lokubhalisa, umkhaya ngamunye uzokwaziswa ngegama lesicelo. Ukusuka ku-300.000 kusekela ukunqotshwa ngempumelelo Okungenani izinyanga ezintathu ngaphambi kovoti, imininingwane elinganayo futhi ephelele futhi nengxoxo mayelana nokuhle nokubi kwenzeka emithonjeni yezindaba.

inhlolovo (Izinga le-3) Iningi linquma.

Direct Democracy - Isiphetho

Intando yeningi eqondile ayisona nje isihloko esishisayo e-Austria. Isibonelo, kwinqubo ebizwa ngokuthi yiVenice Commission yoMkhandlu waseYurophu, futhi ithi amazinga aphezulu wokubamba iqhaza nezinqubo ezikhiqiza imiphumela yokubonisana kuphela kufanele zigwenywe ngokomthetho. Ngokufana nezinqubo zokhetho, abavoti kumele bakwazi ukubona, ngamavoti angamaqiniso, ukuxhumana okucacile phakathi kokubamba iqhaza kwabo nomphumela.

Ngale ndlela, kufanele ukuthi inani labantu libe nokuningi futhi lisho ngenkuthalo futhi linqume ikusasa labo. Intando yeningi eqondile ngaleyo ndlela iholela ekuqinisekisweni okukhulu kwemiphumela yezinqubo zezepolitiki futhi inyuse noma idale ukuzimisela kokusekela izinqumo zezepolitiki.

Photo / Video: Isingoma se-Gernot, nun, Imidiya yenketho.