Impi: Sizalwa singababulali?

Umbono wokuthi izimpi zisuka kubudlova obuzalwa nabantu - noma okungenani amadoda - wandile. Sithi “kuqubuka impi,” njengokuthi “kuqhume intaba-mlilo” noma “kuqubuka isifo.” Ngakho ingabe impi ingamandla emvelo?

USigmund Freud uthi ubudlova bomuntu bubangelwa umuzwa wemvelo wokufa. Wakusho lokhu, phakathi kwezinye izinto, encwadini yakhe edumile ayibhalela u-Albert Einstein: “Kungani impi?“kuchaza. Wabhala: “Ukungqubuzana kwesithakazelo phakathi kwabantu, ngokomthetho, kuxazululwa ngokusebenzisa amandla. Kunjalo ezilwaneni, lapho umuntu angafanele azikhiphe khona;’ isimo sengqondo esingokwesiko nokwesaba okufanele ngemiphumela yempi ezayo, ezoqeda impi esikhathini esizayo esibonakalayo.

Umnqobi wase-Austrian Nobel Prize u-Konrad Lorenz ubeke inkolelo-mbono efanayo kwethi “The So-Called Evil”1, kuphela wayisekela embonweni wokuziphendukela kwemvelo: Ngokwemodeli yakhe “yemodeli yamandla e-psychohydraulic”, uma umzwelo wolaka unganeliseki. kwakheka kakhulu, kuze kube yilapho kuvela ukuqubuka kodlame. Ngemuva kwalokhu kuqubuka, idrayivu iyaneliseka okwesikhashana, kodwa iqala ukwakha futhi kuze kube yilapho kuvela ukuqubuka okusha. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abantu banesifiso esingokwemvelo sokuvikela indawo yabo. U-Lorenz uncome imicimbi yezemidlalo eminingi njengendlela yokugwema izimpi. Lokhu kunganciphisa ulaka ngendlela ezuzisa umphakathi.

UJane Goodall, owachitha iminyaka engu-15 efunda ngezimfene endaweni yazo yemvelo eMfuleni iGombe eTanzania, wabona iqembu “lakhe” lihlukana ngemva kokushona komholi wawo ngawo-1970. Phakathi neminyaka emine, amadoda “eQembu Elisenyakatho” abulala wonke amadoda “eQembu LaseNingizimu.” UJane Goodall owayeshaqekile wayibiza le mpi.(2) Lokhu kwanikeza uphethiloli omusha ekubukeni komzwelo wemvelo wombulali kanye nendawo engokwemvelo.

Ngo-1963, isazi sesayensi yezinto eziphilayo uNapoleon Chagnon sashicilela incwadi ethengisa kakhulu: "Yanomamö, abantu abanolaka"(3) mayelana nomsebenzi wakhe wasensimini phakathi kwalaba bantu basehlathini lemvula lase-Amazon. Elithi “Fierce” lingahunyushwa ngokuthi “linodlame”, “njengempi” noma “elisendle”. Inkolelo-mbono yakhe eyinhloko yayiwukuthi amadoda abulala izitha eziningi ayenabafazi abaningi ngakho-ke inzalo eyengeziwe kunabanye, okungukuthi inzuzo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo.

Izincazelo ezingaphelele

Yonke imibono ephathelene nokuthambekela kwabantu ezimpini inamaphutha. Abakwazi ukuchaza ukuthi kungani iqembu elithile labantu lihlasela elinye iqembu ngesikhathi esithile nokuthi kungani lingakwenzi ngezinye izikhathi. Ngokwesibonelo, namuhla abantu abaningi abakhulela e-Austria abakaze babhekane nempi.

Lona kanye umbuzo i-anthropologist okufanele ibhekane nawo URichard Brian Ferguson waseRutgers University usechithe yonke impilo yakhe yokufunda. Njengomfundi wasekolishi phakathi neMpi YaseVietnam, waba nesithakazelo ezimpandeni zempi.

Phakathi kokunye, wahlaziya umbiko kaChagnon owawunethonya elikhulu futhi wabonisa, ngokusekelwe ezibalweni zikaChagnon siqu, ukuthi amadoda ayebulale izitha, ngokwesilinganiso, ayeneminyaka eyishumi ubudala futhi ayemane enesikhathi esengeziwe sokukhiqiza inzalo. Ngokomlando, wakwazi ukukhombisa ukuthi izimpi zaseYanomamö zazihlobene nokufinyelela okuhlukene kwamaqembu ahlukene ezimpahleni zaseNtshonalanga, ikakhulukazi ama-machete njengendlela yokukhiqiza nezibhamu njengezikhali. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lokhu kwaholela ekuthuthukisweni kokuhwebelana kuzo, kodwa futhi kwaholela ekuhlaselweni kwamaqembu aphethe lezi zimpahla ezifunwayo. Ekuhlaziyweni komlando wezimpi ezithile, uFerguson wathola ukuthi izimpi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiziphi izindinganiso noma izinkolelo ezazizithethelela, zaziliwa lapho abenzi bezinqumo belindele izinzuzo zabo siqu kuzo.(4)

Eminyakeni engu-20 edlule, uye wahlanganisa ukwaziswa ngawo wonke amacala abikwayo obudlova obubulalayo phakathi kwezimfene. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, wabuye wahlaziya amanothi asensimini kaJane Goodall. Lena kwaba incwadi ethi: “Izimfene, Impi, Nomlando: Are Men Born To Kill?” (5) Kuyo ubonisa ukuthi amacala ezimpi ezibulalayo phakathi kwamaqembu ahlukahlukene ahlobene nokungenela kwabantu. endaweni ezihlala izimfene, kuyilapho ukubulalana emaqenjini kubangelwa izingxabano zezikhundla. 

Impi iwumphumela wezinhlelo ezenziwe umuntu, hhayi imvelo yomuntu

Esahlukweni sokugcina ubhekise esihlokweni sakhe esashicilelwa ngo-2008 “Amaphuzu Ayishumi NgeMpi".(6) Lokhu kufingqa iminyaka yakhe engamashumi amabili yocwaningo mayelana nezimpi zemiphakathi yezizwe, izimpi zezifunda zakuqala kanye neMpi yase-Iraq. Nansi imibhalo ebaluleke kakhulu:

Izinhlobo zethu zemvelo aziklanyelwe ukulwa impi

Nokho, abantu banekhono lokufunda futhi bajabulele nendlela yokulwa.

Impi ayiyona ingxenye engenakugwemeka yokuphila kwethu komphakathi

Akulona iqiniso ukuthi abantu bebelokhu belwa. Okutholwe ngemivubukulo ezinkulungwaneni eziningi zeminyaka kubonisa ukuthi isiphi isikhathi lapho impi ivela khona endaweni: amadolobhana noma amadolobha anezivikelo eziqinile, izikhali ezilungele impi ngokukhethekile, ukunqwabelana kwezinsalela zamathambo ezibonisa ukufa okunobudlova, iminonjana yokushiswa kwempahla. Ezifundeni eziningi zomhlaba kukhona idatha ebonisa amakhulu eminyaka noma izinkulungwane zeminyaka ngaphandle kwempi. Iminonjana yempi ibonakala kanye nempilo yokunganyakazi, nokwanda kokuminyana kwabantu (awukwazi nje ukugwemana), ngohwebo ngezimpahla ezibalulekile, ngamaqembu ahlukene omphakathi kanye neziyaluyalu ezinkulu zemvelo. Endaweni yakwa-Israyeli wanamuhla ISiriya, kwakukhona iminyaka engu-15.000 edlule, ngasekupheleni kwePaleolithic, "amaNatufians" ahlala phansi. Kodwa izimpawu zokuqala zempi zavela lapho kuphela eminyakeni engu-5.000 edlule, ekuqaleni kweBronze Age.

Isinqumo sokuqala impi senziwa lapho abenzi bezinqumo belindele inzuzo yomuntu siqu kuso

Impi iwukuqhubeka kwepolitiki yasekhaya ngezinye izindlela. Ukuthi isinqumo sokuya empini senziwa noma cha kuncike emphumeleni wezingxabano zezombangazwe zasekhaya phakathi kwamaqembu ahlomulayo empini - noma akholelwa ukuthi azozuza kuyo - kanye nabanye abalindele ukuthi impi ibe yingozi. Inkulumo-nkulumo esetshenziselwa ukuthethelela isidingo sempi cishe ayilokothi ikhange izithakazelo zezinto ezibonakalayo kodwa izindinganiso zokuziphatha eziphakeme: imibono mayelana nokuthi yini ehlanganisa ubuntu, imisebenzi yenkolo, ukunxusa ubuqhawe, njalonjalo. Ngakho izifiso nezidingo ezingokoqobo ziguqulwa zibe amalungelo okuziphatha nezibopho. Lokhu kuyadingeka ukuze kugqugquzelwe amaqhawe, amasosha noma amalungu ezempi ukuthi abulale. Futhi kuyadingeka ukwenza abantu bamukele impi. Kodwa ngokuvamile ukubiza amanani aphezulu akwanele. Ososayensi bezempi babonise ukuthi ukuthola amasosha ukuthi abulale kunzima kakhulu kunalokho okuvame ukucatshangwa (7). Khona-ke amasosha kufanele aqeqeshwe ngokusebenzisa izivivinyo ezinonya ukuze abe imishini yokulwa, kungenjalo azofika izidakamizwa ejwayele ukubangela ukuthi amasosha ahlangane nokudubula kwemishini ethi “Hurrah”.

Impi ibumba umphakathi

Impi ivumelanisa umphakathi nezidingo zawo. Impi iholela ekuthuthukisweni kwamabutho amile, ibumba izinhlelo zemfundo - kusukela eSparta kuya kuHitler Youth -, ibumba isiko elidumile - amafilimu lapho "abantu abalungile" bebhubhisa "ababi", imidlalo yekhompiyutha enezihloko ezinjengokuthi: " Call to Arms" , "Umhlaba Wamathangi" noma kalula: "Impi Ephelele" - impi iqinisa imingcele, ishintsha indawo ngezakhiwo ezivikelayo, ikhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe obusha, futhi ithonya isabelomali sombuso kanye nesistimu yentela. Lapho umphakathi ujwayelana nezidingo zempi, impi iba lula. Yebo, kuba yisidingo uma izikhungo ezikhona zizogcina ukuthethelelwa kwazo. Liyini ibutho, inkonzo yempi, imboni yamathangi engenasitha?

Lapho kungqubuzana, kwakhiwa abaphikisanayo nabamelene nabo

Empini kufanele kube nomugqa ocacile ohlukanisayo phakathi kuka “thina” kanye “nabo,” kungenjalo ubungeke wazi ukuthi ubani ozombulala. Akuvamile ukuthi impi ihlanganise amaqembu amabili kuphela asuke ekhona. Kwenziwa imifelandawonye, ​​kwenziwa imifelandawonye. I-"thina" eMpini yase-Iraq yayingafani nethi "thina" eMpini yase-Afghanistan. Imifelandawonye iyahlukana bese kwakheka emisha. Isitha sayizolo singaba umsizi wanamuhla. UFerguson uqambe igama elithi “Identerest” ukuchaza ukusebenzisana kobunikazi nezithakazelo. Izinkolo, ubuzwe, ubuzwe bakheka ngokungqubuzana ngezithakazelo: “Ongekho phakathi kwethu umelene nathi!”

Abaholi bathanda impi ngoba impi ivuna abaholi

Impi yenza kube lula kubaholi ukuthi baqoqe abantu “babo” ngemuva kwabo futhi ngaleyo ndlela bakwazi ukubalawula kangcono. Lokhu kuyasebenza nakubashokobezi. Amaqembu amaphekula ajwayele ukuhleleka ngokwezigaba futhi izinqumo zenziwa phezulu. Abaholi abaziqhumisi bazibulale, bazuza amandla kanye nezinzuzo ezilethwa amandla.

Ukuthula kungaphezu kokungabikho kwempi

Pho sizalwa singababulali? Cha. Ngokwemvelo siyakwazi ukuthula njengoba sinamandla anonya. Iminyaka engu-300.000 uHomo Sapiens ayiphila kule planethi ngaphandle kwezimpi ifakazela lokhu. Ubufakazi bemivubukulo bubonisa ukuthi izimpi seziphenduke into engapheli selokhu kwavela izifundazwe zokuqala. Isintu, ngaphandle kwencazelo, sidale amasistimu asekelwe ekuqhudelaneni nasekuphusheleni ukwanda. Inkampani engakhuli izongena ngaphansi kwayo maduze noma kamuva. Amandla amakhulu angandisi izimakethe zawo awahlali engamandla amakhulu isikhathi eside.

Ukuthula kungaphezu kokungabikho kwempi. Ukuthula kunezimo zako. Ukuthula kudinga izindlela ezahlukene zokuziphatha nezinye izikhungo zenhlalo nezombusazwe. Ukuthula kudinga izimiso zenani ezikhuthaza ukulingana futhi zenqabe ubudlova njengendlela yokufinyelela esiphethweni. Ukuthula kudinga izinhlelo kuwo wonke amazinga omphakathi ezingasekelwe phezu kokuncintisana. Khona-ke kuyoba nokwenzeka ngathi futhi thina bantu ukuba siphile ngokuvumelana nemvelo yethu enokuthula esikhundleni sokuphila kwethu okunjengempi. (UMartin Auer, Novemba 10.11.2023, XNUMX)

Imibhalo yaphansi

1 Lorenz, Konrad (1983): Okubizwa ngobubi, iMunich, umshicileli wephepha waseJalimane

2 Goodall, Jane (1986): Izimfene ZaseGombe: Amaphethini Okuziphatha. Boston, Belknap Press we-Harvard University Press.

3 Chagnon, Napoleon (1968): Yanomamö: The Fierce People (Case Studies in Culture anthropology). ENew York: Holt.

4 Ferguson, Brian R. (1995): Yanomami Warfare: A Political History. I-Santa Fe, i-New Mexico: Isikole se-American Research Press,.

5 Ferguson, Brian R. (2023): Izimfene, Impi Nomlando. Ingabe Amadoda Azalelwa Ukubulala? I-Oxford: I-Oxford University Press.

6 Ferguson, Brian R. (2008): Amaphuzu Ayishumi ngeMpi. Ku: Ukuhlaziywa Komphakathi 52 (2). I-DOI: 10.3167/sa.2008.520203.

7 Fry, Douglas P, (2012): Ukuphila ngaphandle Kwempi. Ku: Isayensi 336, 6083: 879-884.