Ithiyori zobuqhetseba: ukusuka ekungenangqondo ukuya kwingqinisiso

Ithiyori engekho ngqiqweni yelenqe iza njani kwaye kutheni ingezizo zonke ezingenantsingiselo. Amayelenqe amaninzi anokuvezwa-kodwa ubukhulu becala ahlala ngaphandle kweziphumo zokwenyani.

Imincili kwi-Austrian Ministry of Justice phakathi ku-Septemba: izoyikiso zokubulawa zifikelela kuMphathiswa u-Alma Zadić kunye nabanye abameli bakarhulumente. Emva kwexesha elincinci, ii-handcuffs zicofa umntu oneminyaka engama-68 ubudala. Kwakhawuleza kwacaca ukuba le ndoda, ehlelwe yingcali yengqondo njengesiqhelo ngokwasemphefumlweni nangokweemvakalelo, ithiyori yelenqe. Iinkqubo ziyaqhubeka kwintetho enentiyo, ngenxa yewebhusayithi enempikiswano ebitsala umdla ixesha elide kunye nomxholo wobuhlanga kunye nohlanga. Isibhengezo sendoda: "Inkqubo yenguqu" isondele.

Ithiyori zobuqhetseba: Imfundo kunye nezinto zokuKhutshwa

Ukukholelwa kwiithiyori zelenqe kuxhaphake- kwaye uninzi lwabantu lubonakala lusengozini. Iingcali zengqondo zixela ukuba UJan-Willem van Prooijen Ukusuka kwiYunivesithi yaseAmsterdam kwisifundo. "Uninzi lwabantu abambalwa ekuhlaleni balwa neengxaki zokwenyani ezinje ngokucalucalulwa, ukungabandakanywa okanye ubunzima bezezimali", kungqina oososayikholojisti. "Nangona kunjalo, ezi ngxaki zibonakala zivelisa inkolelo yeengcinga ezingeyonyani zelenqe." Imiyalezo ephambili kolu phando: Abantu abanemfundo ephakamileyo bakholelwa kancinci kunabantu abanemfundo ephantsi kwiingcamango zelenqe. Kwaye kukho izinto ezintathu ngokukodwa: inkolelo kwizisombululo ezilula kwiingxaki ezintsonkothileyo, imvakalelo yokungabi namandla kunye nodidi olusebenzayo lwentlalo. U-Prooijen uqukumbela ngelithi "ubudlelwane phakathi kwemfundo kunye neenkolelo zelenqe abunako ukuncitshiswa kube yindlela enye, kodwa sisiphumo sokudibana okunzima kwezinto ezininzi zengqondo ezinxulumene nemfundo."

Ukucinga ngeTeleological: Unobangela weNkcazo yeQhinga?

Olunye uphononongo olunamandla ngoochwephesha bengqondo USebastian Dieguez yeYunivesithi yaseFreiburg iphande ngale nto "yeendaba ezingezizo" Kutheni le nto bade bakholelwe? Impendulo yabaphandi “kukucinga ngeteleological”. Ngokuka-Dieguez, abantu abathanda iingcinga zobuqhetseba bacinga ukuba yonke into yenzeka ngesizathu kwaye inenjongo ephezulu. Oko kudala umhlaba oqhelekileyo wendalo, inkolelo kwindalo yehlabathi nguThixo.

Le yokugqibela, ngasendleleni, ixhaphakile, ngakumbi eMelika. Kuvavanyo olwenziwe ngu U-Elaine Howard Ecklund Ukusuka kwiYunivesithi yaseRice eTexas, malunga neepesenti ezingama-90 zabaphenduli abangaphezu kwe-10.000 9,5 bathi, ngokoluvo lwabo, uThixo okanye elinye igunya elongameleyo lalinoxanduva ngokupheleleyo okanye ubuncinci ekudaleni indawo, umhlaba nomntu. Kuphela ziipesenti ezingama-600 zabantu baseMelika abaqinisekileyo ukuba indawo kunye nomntu wabakho ngaphandle kongenelelo lothixo okanye nawaphi na amanye amandla aphezulu. Kwaye phakathi kwezazinzulu eziphantse zibe ngama-XNUMX phakathi kwabo kwenziwa uphando kubo, ngumntu omnye kwabahlanu kuphela oyithandabuzayo indalo.

Isifo sokunxibelelana nabantu (SNS) kunye nethiyori zelenqe

Kutheni le nto uluntu lwethu lusoyikisa ngokuntywila kwingxwabangxwaba kwaye nkqu needemokhrasi zehlabathi zisoyikiswa, amaxwebhu "ingxaki yentlalo"- kufanelekile ukubonwa kwaye okwangoku kwiNetflix- ukuya ezantsi. Kwaye banedinomineyitha efanayo: iinethiwekhi zentlalo ezinje ngeFacebook kunye "namaqamza" abo obuntu ayenziwe zii-algorithms. Kule yokugqibela, bonke abasebenzisi benethiwekhi zentlalo kunye neinjini zokukhangela eziphuhliswe kakhulu banokufumaneka: Unikwa ukhetho olukhethekileyo lwamanqaku anokuba lolobuqu. Ayinamsebenzi nokuba umxholo ocetywayo uyinyani okanye uhlelwe "njengeendaba ezingezizo". Ingozi apha yile: ukuba ungumthandi wethiyori zelenqe, umzekelo, uya kugcwaliswa yiyo ngenxa yomdla wakho. Utshintsho oluncinci kumlinganiswa lunokuqapheleka imihla ngemihla.

Le nto ayikabinalo igama, siyibiza ngokuba yi-"social network syndrome" (SNS). Kungenxa yokuba, kwaye oko kuthathwa njengokungqinwa: Ukusetyenziswa kweenethiwekhi zentlalo kuneziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ekudala zikho ezihambelana nomfanekiso weklinikhi: isimilo sokuziphatha, ukutshintsha isimilo, ukuzithemba, paranoia, kunye nabanye abaninzi. Izinga lokuzibulala elinyukayo linokubangelwa kukwandiswa kokunxibelelana kweenethiwekhi.

Abaqhubi banetyala kuphela, kuba bafuna kuphela ukusibonisa intengiso kangangoko kwaye bafumane imali. Nangona kunjalo, ingxaki kwiiwebhusayithi zabo zizigidigidi ezinje UMark Zuckerberg konke ukuqonda. Kodwa ukuba uyathanda, kungenxa yemodeli yeshishini kula maqonga. Kwimeko nayiphi na into, inyaniso kukuba ayilungele abantu abaninzi.

Kwaye apha siza kwenye into ebalulekileyo, ubume bezomthetho, obungekabikho. Apha kuthatha impindezelo yokuba abawisi-mthetho behlabathi bajongana ikakhulu nezopolitiko zemihla ngemihla kunye nomthetho womsitho kwaye ikakhulu ngenxa yobudala obudala abukukhulisi ukuqonda kwilizwe elitsha ledijithali. I-Intanethi iyonke kunye nenani eliphantse lalawulwa ngoku lokunxibelelana alilawulwanga kwaphela. Nokuba imveliso yeyeza ebangela iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezifanayo bekuya kuba kudala ivaliwe. Ukugxila ngabom kwindlela yokulutha kwicala labasebenzisi ukuze bahlale bebuya kwaye betya intengiso, nangona kunjalo, sele iwele kwindawo yolwaphulo mthetho.

Iyelenqe lokwenyani

Ngaphandle kombuzo wokuba ngubani otyekele ngakumbi ekukholelweni izinto ezingaqinisekiswanga- ezingenangqondo okanye ezingeyonyani- owona mbuzo uqinisekileyo ngowokuba kutheni bekhona, iingcinga zelenqe. Eyona mpendulo ichanekileyo koku mhlawumbi: Kungenxa yokuba iyelenqe lisoloko likho - kwaye lisekhona nanamhlanje. Yinyani leyo.
Ukusuka kwimbono yase-Austrian, i Umcimbi we-Ibiza weFPÖ Njengomzekelo wakutshanje, igunya elonyulwe ngentando yesininzi lanikezelwa ngokunikezela ngeekhontrakthi ezixabisa izigidi ngezigidi endaweni yokunikela ngeminikelo kwintlanganiso eyimfihlo. Ewe kunjalo, ukuqikelela ukuba umsulwa kuyasebenza.

Iyelenqe lemfazwe eIraq

Abahlobo bethu baphesheya bahluke ngokupheleleyo. I-USA ingachazwa njengegwiba lamayelenqe okwenyani. Okokuqala nokuphambili lelona iyelenqe likhulu lamazwe aphesheya okhe kwakho, ngeenxa zonke kwimfazwe yase-Iraq ukusuka ngo-2003 kunye nezixhobo ekucingelwa ukuba ziziintshabalalo. Ndiyabulela impimpi yase-Bhritane uKatharine Gun, amaxwebhu abonisa ukuba i-NSA efihlakeleyo ye-NSA iqokelele ulwazi ngokufaka i-wiretapping ngokungekho mthethweni ukuze ibambe amalungu amathandathu okuvota e-United Nations ukuba avumelane nemfazwe yase-US engekho mthethweni yokulwa i-Iraq. Kwaye: Esona sizathu semfazwe, izixhobo ekucingelwa ukuba zitshabalalise abantu, azikho. Iziphumo zala maqhinga angavezwanga: akukho. Amaxhoba emfazwe yase-Iraq, nangona kunjalo, aqikelelwa ukuya kuthi ga kwi-600.000 efileyo ukuphela komsebenzi ngo-2011.

Liyintoni iyelenqe?

Kodwa kuninzi kakhulu. Igama: ukubamba. Ngenxa yokugcinwa kwemfihlo ngokusesikweni, ukungabikho elubala nokungathethi, ngaba “iintlanganiso ezingekho sesikweni” phakathi kwezopolitiko nezamashishini nazo zisemthethweni? Kwenye indawo, ingxelo yoKhetho malunga nokuzama kwefuthe kwezinye iinkampani ngokuchasene nesicwangciso sezopolitiko sendlela enye yokufaka kwiibhotile zeplastikhi kwintengiso yase-Austrian. Ngaba sele sele kukho iyelenqe?

Ithiyori zobuqhetseba kunye ne "Anti-Mafia Paragraph"

Iyelenqe lentsebenziswano eliyimfihlo labantu abaliqela ekonakaleni kwabantu besithathu, ngokwenkcazo ngokubanzi. Igama elithi iyelenqe alibonisi khowudi yaseOstriya. Kodwa kusekho into ebizwa ngokuba "sisiqendu sokulwa ne-mafia" § 278 StGB malunga nemibutho yolwaphulo-mthetho, egxekwa amaxesha amaninzi: ukubandakanyeka ekunikezeleni ulwazi okanye iiasethi okanye ngenye indlela esazi ukuba ukhuthaza umbutho okanye izenzo zawo zolwaphulo-mthetho. "

Imisebenzi yemibutho yamalungelo ezilwanyana "esebenzayo" ibalwa njengesizathu salo mthetho uphikisanayo. Kunokubangwa ngokuqhula ukuba "umhlathi olwa ne-mafia" ukwasebenza nakweyiphi na iqela lezopolitiko. Kodwa nentshukumo echasene nenyukliya kunye nokuhlala kweHainburger Au ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yee-70 kuya kuba neengxaki zomthetho namhlanje. Ungayichazanga intshukumo yangoku yentshukumo yendalo esingqongileyo "imvukelo yokupheliswa“Ngokuqhankqalaza izihlalo ezingachazwanga kunye nokuphazamiseka kwezithuthi ngenjongo Inye into eqinisekileyo: Umgaqo "olwa ne-mafia" yindlela yokucinezela amaphulo oluntu. Iyelenqe lezopolitiko, ukuba uyafuna.

Amayelenqe aqinisekisiweyo embali
Bekusoloko kukho amayelenqe; zithathwa njengezingqinisiso ze-anthropological. Siqokelele ezona zivumelwano zibalulekileyo zembali:

Die Iyelenqe Catilinarian llilinge elaphumelela lokuzama ukubhukuqa nguSenator uLucius Sergius Catilina ngo-63 BC. BC, apho wayefuna ukuthatha amandla kwiRiphabhlikhi yaseRoma. Iyelenqe laziwa kakhulu ngentetho kaCicero ngokuchasene noCatilina kunye nembali kaSallust ethi "De coniuratione Catilinae".

UJulius Caesar Wazalwa ngo-Matshi 15, 44 BC. Babulawa liqela labasenethi ababejikeleze uMarcus Iunius Brutus kunye noGaius Cassius Longinus ngamanqatha angama-23 ngexesha leseshoni ye-senate kwindawo yemidlalo yasePompeius. Bamalunga nama-60 abantu ababebandakanyekile kwesi senzo.

Die Iyelenqe likaPazzi yayingu-aphoyintimenti kungekuphela kuka-Florentine patriciate wokubhukuqa usapho olulawulayo lukaMedici njengabalawuli baseTuscany ngokubulawa kwentloko yabo uLorenzo il Magnifico kunye nomntakwabo kunye no-Giuliano di Piero de 'Medici. Inzame yokubulala yaqhutywa ngo-Epreli 26, 1478, kodwa kuphela lixhoba layo nguGiuliano de 'Medici.

das Inzame yokubulala u-Abraham Lincoln ngokuhlwa kwango-Epreli 14, 1865 yayiyinxalenye yelenqe ngokuchasene namalungu aliqela orhulumente wase-US kunye nelinge lokuqala ukubulala uMongameli wase-US. Umbulali wayengumlingisi uJohn Wilkes Booth, umxhasi wempambano we-Confederation. Wadubula umongameli entloko ngevolovolo ngexesha lokusebenza kwiTheatre iFord eWashington, DC. UBooth wabulawa kwiintsuku ezimbalwa emva kokumelana nokubanjwa kwakhe. Ababesebenza kunye naye bagwetyelwa ukufa kwaye babulawa ngoJulayi ka-1865.

xa Inzame yokubulawa kwabantu eSarajevo NgoJuni 28, 1914, indlalifa yetrone yase-Austria-Hungary, u-Archduke Franz Ferdinand, kunye nenkosikazi yakhe u-Sophie Chotek, ii-Duchess zase-Hohenberg, babulawa ngu-Gavrilo Princip, olilungu lombutho wobuzwe wase-Serbia u-Mlada Bosna (i-Young Bosnia), xa babetyelele e-Sarajevo. Inzame yokubulala kwikomkhulu laseBosnia elalicwangciswe ngumbutho waseSerbia oyimfihlo "Isandla esiMnyama" yabangela ingxaki kaJulayi, eyakhokelela kwiMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala.

njengoko Ihlazo elikhulu letramu yaseMelika Eli ligama elinikezelwe kutshabalalo olucwangcisiweyo lwenkqubo yezothutho esekwe kwitramu kwizixeko ezingama-45 e-United States phantsi kolawulo lomenzi wemoto omkhulu eUnited States, uGeneral Motors (GM), ukusukela ngeminyaka yoo-1930 ukuya kowe-1960. Iinkampani zothutho zathengwa ukuze emva koko kufezekiswe ukuvalwa kweetram ngeendlela zokuhamba kweemoto ukuze izithuthi kunye nezinto ezivela kwimveliso yazo zithengiswe.

njengoko Umcimbi weWatergate enye ichaza, ngokwenkcazo yeCongress of the United States, isishwankathelo uthotho "lokuxhatshazwa kwegunya likarhulumente" olwenzeka phakathi konyaka we-1969 nowe-1974 ngexesha likaMongameli weRiphabhlikhi uRichard Nixon. Ukubhengezwa kwezi mpatho-mbi eMelika kwandisa uxinzelelo lwentlalo lokuzithemba kwezopolitiko ezakhokelwa yimfazwe yaseVietnam kwaye ekugqibeleni zakhokelela kwingxaki yomgaqo-siseko. Incopho yeziganeko ezothusayo ngamanye amaxesha yayikukuyeka kukaNixon nge-9 ka-Agasti ka-1974.

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