Ukukhutshwa komkhosi - ubuninzi obungaziwa

nguMartin Auer

Imikhosi yehlabathi ikhupha isixa esikhulu seegesi zegreenhouse. Kodwa akukho mntu waziyo ukuba yimalini na. Oku kuyingxaki kuba iinyani kunye namanani athembekileyo ayafuneka ukulwa nokutshintsha kwemozulu. Nye uphando des Ungquzulwano kunye nokuJongwa kweNdalo esingqongileyo ngentsebenziswano neDyunivesithi yaseLancaster kunye neDurham eGreat Britain ifumanisa ukuba iimfuno zokunika ingxelo ezichazwe kwizivumelwano zemozulu zaseKyoto naseParis azanelanga ngokupheleleyo. Izinto ezikhutshwa ngumkhosi azifakwanga ngokucacileyo kwiProtocol yaseKyoto yowe-1997 ngokubongozwa yi-USA. Kususela kwiSivumelwano saseParis sika-2015 apho kuye kwafuneka ukuba ukukhutshwa komkhosi kufakwe kwiingxelo zamazwe kwi-UN, kodwa kuxhomekeke kumazwe ukuba - ngokuzithandela - baxela ngokwahlukeneyo. Le meko yenziwa nzima ngakumbi yinto yokuba i-UNFCCC (iNgqungquthela yeNkqubo-sikhokelo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo ngoTshintsho lweMozulu) ibeka izibophelelo ezahlukeneyo zokunika ingxelo kumazwe ahlukeneyo ngokuxhomekeke kwinqanaba lawo lophuhliso loqoqosho. Ama-43 kwisiHlomelo I (Isihlomelo I) amazwe ahlelwa "njengaphuhlileyo" (kuquka amazwe e-EU kunye ne-EU ngokwayo) anyanzelekile ukuba anike ingxelo ngokukhutshwa kwawo kwelizwe rhoqo ngonyaka. Amazwe angaphantsi “aphuhlileyo” (Ayi-Annex I) kufuneka anike ingxelo kuphela emva kweminyaka emine. Oku kuquka nenani lamazwe anenkcitho ephezulu kwezomkhosi njengeTshayina, iIndiya, iSaudi Arabia kunye noSirayeli.

Uphononongo luvavanye ingxelo yokukhutshwa kwerhasi ye-greenhouse yomkhosi phantsi kwe-UNFCCC ngo-2021. Ngokwezikhokelo ze-IPCC, ukusetyenziswa komkhosi kwamafutha kufuneka kuxelwe phantsi kodidi 1.A.5. Olu didi luquka zonke izinto ezikhutshwa kumafutha ezingachazwanga kwenye indawo. Izinto ezikhutshwayo ezivela kwimithombo emileyo kufuneka zixelwe phantsi kwe-1.A.5.a kunye nezinto ezikhutshwayo ezivela kwimithombo yeselula ephantsi kwe-1.A.5.b, yahlulwe kwi-traffic yomoya (1.A.5.bi), i-traffic yokuthutha (1.A. .5. b.ii) kunye no-"Okunye" (1.A.5.b.iii). Ukukhutshwa kwerhasi yeGreenhouse kufuneka kuxelwe ngokwahlulwe kangangoko kunokwenzeka, kodwa ukuhlanganiswa kuvunyelwe ukukhusela ulwazi lomkhosi.

Ngokubanzi, ngokutsho kophononongo, iingxelo ze-UNFCCC zihlala zingaphelelanga, zihlala zingacacanga kwaye azinakuthelekiswa nomnye ngenxa yokuba akukho migangatho efanayo.

Kumazwe angama-41 ase-Annex I ahlolwe (i-Liechtenstein ne-Iceland ayinayo nayiphi na inkcitho yempi kwaye ngoko ayizange ibandakanywe), iingxelo ze-31 zihlelwa njengezona ziphantsi kakhulu, i-10 eseleyo ayinakuvavanywa. Ukufikeleleka kwedatha kuchazwa "njengobulungisa" kumazwe amahlanu: eJamani, eNorway, eHungary, eLuxembourg naseCyprus. Kwamanye amazwe, ichazwa njengamahlwempu (“ihlwempu”) okanye ihlwempu kakhulu (“ihlwempuzeke kakhulu”) (Tables).

I-Austria ibike ukuba akukho kukhutshwa okumileyo kunye neetoni ezingama-52.000 ze-CO2e zokukhutshwa kweselula. Oku kuchazwa “njengokungaxelwanga ngokwaneleyo okubalulekileyo”. Ukufikeleleka kwedatha esisiseko kunikwe ireyithingi "njengembi" ngenxa yokuba akukho datha yahluliwe ichaziweyo.

IJamani iye yabika i-411.000 yeetoni ze-CO2e kwizinto ezikhutshwayo ezimileyo kunye ne-512.000 yeetoni ze-CO2e kwi-mobile emissions. Oku kukwachazwa "njengengxelo engaphantsi ebaluleke kakhulu".

Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kwizinto zomkhosi kunye nokusetyenziswa kwepetroli ekusebenzeni kweenqwelo-moya, iinqanawa kunye nezithuthi zomhlaba zihlala zibonwa njengezona zizathu eziphambili zokukhutshwa kwemikhosi. Kodwa uphononongo olwenziwe yi-EU kunye nemikhosi exhobileyo yase-UK lubonisa ukuba ukuthengwa kwezixhobo zasemkhosini kunye nolunye unxibelelwano lwezobonelelo lunoxanduva lobuninzi bezinto ezikhutshwayo. Kumazwe e-EU, izinto ezikhutshwayo ezingathanga ngqo zingaphezulu kokuphindwe kabini ukukhutshwa ngokuthe ngqo uqikelelo, kuba Great Britain 2,6 amaxesha7. Ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo kubangelwa kukutsalwa kwezixhobo, ukuveliswa kwezixhobo, ukusetyenziswa kwazo emkhosini yaye ekugqibeleni ukulahlwa kwazo. Kwaye umkhosi awusebenzisi izixhobo kuphela, kodwa uluhlu olubanzi lwezinye iimveliso. Ukongezelela, luncinane kakhulu uphando olwenziweyo ngemiphumo yongquzulwano lwasemkhosini. Iingxwabangxwaba zomkhosi zinokuguqula kakhulu iimeko zentlalo nezoqoqosho, zenze umonakalo othe ngqo wokusingqongileyo, ukulibaziseka okanye ukuthintela amanyathelo okukhusela okusingqongileyo, kwaye kukhokelele amazwe ukuba andise ixesha lokusetyenziswa kobuchwephesha obungcolisayo. Ukwakhiwa ngokutsha kwezixeko ezitshatyalalisiwe kunokuvelisa izigidi zeetoni zokukhutshwa komsi, ukusuka ekususeni inkunkuma ukuya ekwenzeni ikhonkile yezakhiwo ezitsha. Ungquzulwano luhlala lukhokelela ekunyukeni ngokukhawuleza kokugawulwa kwamahlathi ngenxa yokuba abantu abanayo eminye imithombo yamandla, oko kukuthi ilahleko yee-sinks ze-CO2.

Ababhali bophononongo bagxininisa ukuba akunakwenzeka ukufezekisa iinjongo zemozulu yaseParis ukuba umkhosi uyaqhubeka njengangaphambili. Nokuba i-NATO iye yaqaphela ukuba kufuneka inciphise ukukhutshwa kwayo. Ke ngoko, ukukhutshwa komkhosi kufuneka kuxoxwe kwi-COP27 ngoNovemba. Njengenyathelo lokuqala, amazwe eSihlomelo I kufuneka anikwe ingxelo ngokukhutshwa kwawo emkhosini. Idatha kufuneka icace, ifikeleleke, yahlulwe ngokupheleleyo kwaye iqinisekiswe ngokuzimeleyo. Amazwe angeyo-Annex I anenkcitho ephezulu emkhosini kufuneka anike ingxelo ngokuzithandela ngokukhutshwa kwawo emkhosini ngonyaka.

Ukukhutshwa kwerhasi yeGreenhouse kubalwa ngesona sixhobo sokubala sisetyenziswa kakhulu kumazwe ngamazwe, i INkqubo yoMgaqo-nkqubo weGesi yoKuchasa (GHG)., yahlulwe yangamacandelo amathathu okanye "scopes". Ingxelo yasemkhosini kufuneka kwakhona ihambelane: I-Scope 1 iya kuba yinto ekhutshwayo evela kwimithombo elawulwa ngokuthe ngqo ngumkhosi, i-Scope 2 iya kuba kukukhutshwa okungathanga ngqo kumbane othengiweyo ngumkhosi, ukufudumeza kunye nokupholisa, i-Scope 3 iya kubandakanya zonke ezinye izinto ezikhutshwayo ezingathanga ngqo njengoko zikhutshwa ngamatyathanga obonelelo okanye. okubangelwa yimisebenzi yomkhosi emva kweengxabano. Ukulinganisa ibala lokudlala, i-IPCC kufuneka ihlaziye iindlela zokunika ingxelo ngokukhutshwa komkhosi.

Uphononongo lucebisa ukuba oorhulumente kufuneka bazibophelele ngokucacileyo ekunciphiseni izinto ezikhutshwa ngumkhosi. Ukuthembeka, izibophelelo ezinjalo kufuneka zibeke iithagethi ezicacileyo zomkhosi ezihambelana ne-1,5 ° C ekujoliswe kuyo; kufuneka baseke iindlela zokunika ingxelo ezomeleleyo, ezinokuthelekiseka, ezingafihlisiyo nezingqiniswe ngokuzimeleyo; umkhosi kufuneka unikwe iithagethi ezicacileyo zokonga amandla, ukunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kumafutha efosili kunye nokutshintshela kumandla avuselelekayo; ushishino lwezixhobo kufuneka lumiselwe ekujoliswe kuko ekuncitshisweni. Oku kufuneka kube ziithagethi zokwenyani zokunciphisa ingabi kujoliso olusekelwe kwimbuyekezo. Amanyathelo acwangcisiweyo kufuneka enziwe esidlangalaleni kwaye iziphumo kufuneka zixelwe ngonyaka. Ekugqibeleni, umbuzo kufuneka ujongwe malunga nendlela ukunciphisa inkcitho yomkhosi kunye nokuthunyelwa kwemikhosi kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wokhuseleko ohlukeneyo ngokubanzi unokufaka isandla ekunciphiseni ukukhutshwa. Ukuze kuphunyezwe ngokupheleleyo imozulu efunekayo kunye namanyathelo okukhusela okusingqongileyo, izibonelelo eziyimfuneko kufuneka zenziwe zifumaneke.