Ukhuseleko lwemozulu mbumbulu e-Austria

nguMartin Auer

Wonke umntu uyayikhusela imozulu – kodwa ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo akwehlanga. Ngomhla wama-27.4.2022 ku-Epreli, ngo-XNUMX, iingcali ezintathu zathetha ngale nto ingaqondakaliyo kwinkomfa yabezindaba yeSayensi yeKamva kunye neNgxoxo yenethiwekhi yesayensi. Isiphelo sabo: Kukho ukhuseleko lwemozulu olungeyonyani e-Austria kunokwenyani.

Renate Christ: Imilinganiselo yomntu ngamnye ayonelanga

U-Renate Christ, uNobhala Jikelele we-Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), wachaza iimeko zesikhokelo sokukhusela imozulu esebenzayo: Okokuqala: Ukuze uzinzise umlinganiselo wokushisa wehlabathi kwinqanaba elithile, ukukhutshwa kwe-CO2 kufuneka kuncitshiswe kwi-net. unothi. Ngaphandle koko, ukushisa kuya kuqhubeka nokunyuka. Kwithagethi ye-1,5°C, u-zero kufuneka afike ekuqaleni koo-50, kwithagethi ye-2°C ekuqaleni koo-70. Ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa okuncinci, izilungiso zezifundo ezincinci azanelanga, into efunekayo yi-decarbonization engqongqo kwaye engaguqukiyo kuzo zonke iindawo, singasathethi ke ngokuncipha kwezinye iigesi ze-greenhouse. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukunciphisa amandla kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezinto eziphathekayo kuyadingeka, kwaye kungekhona nje ukwanda kokusebenza. Ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kunye nokwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla kufuneka kwenzeke ngaxeshanye. Isishwankathelo, oku kuthetha: ukwanela, ukusebenza kakuhle kunye namandla avuselelekayo, le yimigaqo emithathu ekhokelayo.

Iingozi zifihlakala "kwi-investment investments", umzekelo iitheminali ezinkulu zegesi engamanzi okanye kwibhoyila yegesi entsha. Enye ingozi yi "rebound effect", umzekelo: ukuba imoto idla amafutha amancinci, abantu baqhuba rhoqo nangaphezulu.

Ingxelo yokugqibela ye-IPCC igxininisa ukuba iinjongo zemozulu azinakufezekiswa ngamanyathelo omntu ngamnye, indlela yenkqubo efunekayo, inguqu kuyo yonke imimandla: iziseko, ukusetyenziswa komhlaba, ukwakhiwa, ukuveliswa, ukuthutha, ukusetyenziswa, ukulungiswa kwezakhiwo kunye nokunye.

UKristu ubiza izigqibo ezicacileyo zezopolitiko kunye nezicwangciso ezilungelelanisiweyo, zombini imilinganiselo yokulawula kunye nezoqoqosho. Ifuna zombini imithetho kunye neerhafu. Ingcamango kufuneka ibe: "Kuphephe, tshintsha, phucula". Ucacisa ukuba kuthetha ukuthini oku esebenzisa umzekelo wokuhamba kwezithuthi: Okokuqala, zithintele izithuthi ngendlela yocwangciso olufanelekileyo lwesithuba kunye nedolophu. Okwesibini: Shift kwizithuthi zikawonke-wonke okanye ukwabelana ngezibonelelo kwaye okokugqibela kuphela, njengento yesithathu, kuza ukuphuculwa kobugcisa. Kulo mxholo, i-e-moto, xa inikwe amandla ngumbane we-CO2-neutral, ineyona ndlela ingcono ye-decarbonization yezothutho ezihamba emhlabeni. Kodwa akufuneki sibe nenkohliso yokuba yonke into izakulunga ukuba sitshintshela kwi-e-authoring. Enye ingxaki yindlela ekhoyo ngoku kwicandelo leemoto ekudidi oluphezulu kunye neeSUVs, nto leyo iqiniswa zizibonelelo zethu. Iimoto ezinkulu ze-e-imoto zidinga amandla amaninzi ukuze zisebenze kwaye zivelise, zifuna neendawo zokupaka ezinkulu, ngoko zisebenzisa umhlaba omningi, kwaye ngokubanzi zime endleleni yokutshintsha okufunekayo kwindlela yokuziphatha.

Ukhuseleko lwemozulu yobuxoki: ii-fuels

I-E-fuels, oko kukuthi i-fuel synthetic, idla ngokubhengezwa njenge-substitute ye-fuel fuels, kunye nengxabano yokuba ingasetyenziselwa kwiinjini eziqhelekileyo kunye neenkqubo zokufudumeza. Nangona kunjalo, ukuveliswa kwe-e-fuels, kodwa kunye ne-hydrogen, kufuna amandla amaninzi xa kuthelekiswa nokusetyenziswa ngokuthe ngqo kombane ukuze kuqhutywe imoto okanye impompo yokufudumala, oko kukuthi, kunye nee-multiple of wind turbines, iipaneli ze-PV, izityalo zamandla ombane. , njl njl Oku kuya kumkhupha umtyholi ngoBhelezebhule.

Ukhuseleko lwemozulu yobuxoki: I-Bio-Fuels

Amafutha e-bio ahlala echazwa njengenye indlela. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo apha yimveliso ezinzileyo, okt ingaba kukho ukungqubana nemveliso yokutya okanye, umzekelo, ngamalungelo omhlaba abantu bomthonyama. Kuya kufuneka uzibuze ukuba ngaba, ngamaxesha okunqongophala kweenkozo okubangelwa yimfazwe yaseUkraine, kuyathetheleleka ukuba i-biofuel eyenziwe ngeenkozo ingene kwiitanki zethu. I-E-fuels kunye ne-bio-fuels zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiindawo apho kungekho ndlela yimbi, oko kukuthi amashishini athile kunye nokuthutha kunye nokuhamba ngeenqwelomoya.

Ukhuseleko lwemozulu olungeyonyani: Imbuyekezo yeCO2

Njengomzekelo wokugqibela, u-Renate Christ ukhankanya imbuyekezo ye-CO2, eyaziwa kakhulu kwi-traffic traffic kodwa nakwezinye iindawo ezifana ne-e-commerce okanye i-CO2-neutral parcels. Ngeeuro ezimbalwa ezongezelelweyo unokuxhasa ngemali iprojekthi yokukhusela imozulu - ngakumbi kumazwe asakhasayo - kwaye emva koko ucinge ukuba ngale ndlela inqwelomoya ayinakubangela nawuphi na umonakalo wokusingqongileyo. Kodwa bubuxoki obukhulu obo. Imbuyekezo iyimfuneko kwithagethi enguziro eshiyekileyo, kodwa amandla okugawulwa kwamahlathi kunye nezisombululo zobugcisa zilinganiselwe kakhulu. Oku “kukhutshiweyo kubi” kufunwa kakhulu ukuphelisa ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo ekunzima ukukunqanda kwiindawo ezibaluleke kakhulu kwaye akukwazi kumelana nezinto ezikhutshwayo zodidi oluphezulu.

UReinhard Steurer: Siyazikhohlisa

UReinhard Steurer, uNjingalwazi woMgaqo-nkqubo weMozulu e-BOKU Vienna, uchaze ukuba siyazikhohlisa ukuba sikholelwa ukuba sithatha ukhuseleko lwemozulu njengento ebalulekileyo, umntu ngamnye, ezopolitiko nakushishino. Amanyathelo amaninzi awabhekiseli ekusombululeni ingxaki ngokufanelekileyo, kodwa amalunga nokusenza sibonakale okanye sizive sibhetele. Owona mbuzo uphambili wokuqonda ukukhuselwa kwemozulu ngomgunyathi untlu-mbini: Ngaba ngokwenene umlinganiselo unokukunciphisa kangakanani ukungcoliswa kweegesi zegreenhouse yaye unceda ukusa kuwuphi umkhamo ukuthomalalisa isazela sikabani?

Ukhuseleko lwemozulu olungeyonyani: Iholide yeCaribbean engenamoto kwiSustainable-Lifestyle_Resort

Njengomzekelo, uSteurer ukhankanya “iholide yeCaribbean engenamoto kwindawo yokuphumla ezinzileyo”. Sihlala sikhetha ukhuseleko lwemozulu olungeyonyani kwivenkile enkulu, njengakwibhunga lesizwe okanye kunyulo lukarhulumente. Kwintsimi yezopolitiko, kuninzi malunga nomboniso kunye nesimboli. Kwinqanaba lamazwe ngamazwe, sibona imbali yeminyaka engamashumi amathathu yomgaqo-nkqubo wemozulu eneneni yimbali yokunyuka kobunzima bemozulu. Isivumelwano saseParis, utsho uSteurer, sisivumelwano esisingise kwi-2,7C ukuya kwi-3C eneleyibhile eyi-1,5C. Ngaphandle kwazo zonke iinkomfa kunye nezivumelwano, ijika lokuxinana kwe-CO2 kwi-atmosfera liye lanyuka kwaye linyuka. Bekuya kuthatha ngaphezulu ukuthambisa ijika, umzekelo iWorld Climate Organisation efana neWorld Trade Organisation, bekungafanele kubekho urhwebo lwasimahla ngaphandle kokukhuselwa kwemozulu kwaye kufanele ukuba sazise imirhumo yemozulu kwakudala.

Ixesha elide, inkqubo yokurhweba ngokukhutshwa kwe-EU yayikukhuseleko lwemozulu ye-sham kuphela kuba ixabiso le-CO2 le-euro ezili-10 laliphantsi kakhulu. Okwangoku, ukukhuselwa kwemozulu ye-sham kuye kwajika kwaba ngukhuseleko lwangempela lwemozulu. Omnye umzekelo ngowokuba kwi-EU, ukutshiswa kwenkunkuma yeplastiki kunye nokutshiswa kwe-biomass kuthathwa njengeqanda elingenawo amandla ahlaziyekayo. Namhlanje, izityalo zamandla ezitshiswa ngamalahle zitshisa iinkuni ezivela e-USA ezivela ekugawuleni ngokucacileyo.

USteurer ubongoza iintatheli ukuba zingaze zamkele intetho yezopolitiko ngaphandle kokuyijonga. Ngokomzekelo, uMerkel noKurz bahlala bencoma imisebenzi yabo yokukhusela imozulu, kodwa inyaniso kukuba iminyaka yokusebenza kukarhulumente yi-CDU kunye ne-ÖVP ayizange izise naziphi na iziphumo ezinokuthenjwa. Nokuba uyayikhanyela ingxaki yemozulu okanye uzama ukuyisombulula ngokhuseleko lwemozulu mbumbulu, iziphumo ziyafana: izinto ezikhutshwayo azihli. Njengezinye iipalamente zaseYurophu, ipalamente yase-Austrian ibhengeze imeko kaxakeka yemozulu. Kodwa uphi umgaqo-nkqubo wonxunguphalo lwemozulu? Nkqu nomthetho wokhuselo lwemozulu eOstriya enawo kwiminyaka yakutshanje awukhange uphumelele.

Ukukhuselwa kwemozulu yenkohliso: ukungathathi hlangothi kwemozulu ngo-2040

I-banter yokugqibela yokukhusela imozulu yintetho malunga ne-1,5 ° C ekujoliswe kuyo kunye nentetho malunga nokungathathi hlangothi kwemozulu ngo-2040. Oku kuzwakala kukuhle, kodwa kumbono wanamhlanje le njongo ayinakufumaneka. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku zonke iithagethi zokucutha ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo ziye zaphoswa, emva kokuba ukukhutshwa kobhubhane kubuyele kumanqanaba angaphambili, azikancitshiswa ukusukela ngo-1990. Ukungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni kuthetha ukuba izinto ezikhutshwayo kufuneka ziye kwiqanda ngo-2030. Oko akunakwenzeka ngezopolitiko esizibonayo. Ngenene kufuneka uvale amehlo kunye neendlebe zakho ukuze ugcine le ntsomi iphila.

Ukukhuselwa kwemozulu yenkohliso: igesi eluhlaza

Okokugqibela, uSteurer ukhankanya ukhuseleko lwemozulu olungeyonyani kuqoqosho: “Nanini na umntu ovela kwiGunya lezoRhwebo ekuxelela into ‘ngegesi eluhlaza’, ihydrogen kwiinkqubo zokufudumeza igesi, ezindlini, bubuxoki nje obo.” Siya kufuna ihydrogen exabisekileyo. kunye ne-biogas apho ingekho enye indlela, umzekelo kuhambo lomoya.

Ukukhuselwa kwemozulu yobuxoki yi-buzzwords efana "nokukhusela imozulu ngengqondo eqhelekileyo" okanye ibango le-Chamber of Commerce ukwenza ukhuseleko lwemozulu kuphela ngokuzithandela, ngaphandle kokuvinjelwa kunye neendlela zerhafu. I-Chamber of Commerce ide izingce ngokuba iye yathethathethana ngokubhangiswa kwelungelo le-diesel.

Abantu abadala babedla ngokubalisa abantwana iintsomi, utsho uSteurer. Namhlanje abantwana be Fridays for Future bachaza ingxaki yemozulu ebantwini abadala kwaye abantu abadala babaliselana iintsomi.

I-Greens iphinda isebenzise ukhuseleko lwemozulu ye-sham, umzekelo xa i-Ofisi yoBumemo beNdawo iqhayisa ukuba iimpawu ze-ASFINAG ezibekwe ecaleni kweendlela zeenqwelo zenziwa ngamaplanga, kwaye xa kungabonakali ngokucacileyo kwaye kubonakaliswe ngokucacileyo ukuba umgaqo-nkqubo wangoku awuhlangabezani neenjongo. kuba 2030 yaye 2040 azifumaneki.

Phantse yonke imilinganiselo iqulethe amandla okutshintsha okukhulu, kodwa kunye nokubanakho ukukhuselwa kwemozulu. Kumalunga nokuqaphela kunye nokutyhila ukukhuselwa kwemozulu yobuxoki, kuba ke ayisasebenzi.

Ulrich Leth: Ukukhutshwa kwezithuthi kuyanda endaweni yokuncipha

Ingcaphephe yezendlela u-Ulrich Leth yabonisa ukuba i-traffic eyona nto ibangela ukudodobala kokukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo. I-30 pesenti yezinto ezikhutshwayo eOstriya zivela kule ndawo. Ngelixa ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo kwehlile kwamanye amacandelo, kunyuke ngama-30 epesenti kwezothutho kule minyaka ingama-75 idlulileyo.

Ukhuseleko lwemozulu yomgunyathi: iindawo zokupaka ezihambelana nemozulu

Apha, sidibana nokhuseleko lwemozulu mbumbulu ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, "iendawo zokupaka ezilungele imozulu" zaye zamiselwa kwisikim sokunyuswa kwezindlu zaseOstriya esezantsi. Ukukhutshwa kweendawo zokupaka kujoliswe ekuchaseni ukushisa kwehlobo. Kuvakala kulungile, kodwa ingxaki kukuba indawo yokupaka ngokwayo ngowona mthombo ubalulekileyo wetrafikhi kuba iindawo zokupaka zingumthombo kunye nendawo ekuya kuyo ukugcwala kweemoto. Logama nje inani elincinci leendawo zokupaka zibekiwe-kwaye le yintsalela yomgaqo weReichsgaragen kwi "Third Reich", apho ukuhanjiswa kweemoto ngobuninzi bekuyinjongo ebhengeziweyo - okoko nje ukutywinwa kweendawo zokupaka kuyidyasi eluhlaza kuphela. ipeyinti yesiseko esikhuthaza ngakumbi ukusetyenziswa kweemoto . Kwaye oko kuzimeleyo kuhlobo lwe-drive yemoto, kuba i-urban sprawl ye-traffic traffic kunye nayo yonke imiphumo emibi efana nokusetyenziswa komhlaba kunye nokwahlulwa kokusetyenziswa kuhlala kunjalo.

Ukhuseleko lwemozulu yomgunyathi: Ukhuseleko lwemozulu ngokwakhiwa kweendlela

Umzekelo olandelayo uthi "Ukhuseleko lwemozulu ngokwakhiwa kwemoto". Apha umntu uva ukuba iiprojekthi ezifana neTunnel yaseLobau ziya kwenza uphuhliso lwedolophu olulungele imozulu. Kodwa iingxelo zantlandlolo zibonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba le projekthi iza kunika amandla edolophini kwaye idale enye idolophu yamaziko okuthenga kunye neemarike zeengcali ezingaphandle. Uthungelwano lwendlela yeradial ingalayishwa kakhulu kwaye imbonakalo yomhlaba kaMarchfeld iya kunqunyulwa. Akukho nto itshintshileyo kwiziphumo ezibonakalayo, kuphela i-rhetoric etshintshileyo.

Ewe kunjalo, ikwalukhuselo lwemozulu olungeyonyani ukuba uzama ukwenza iiprojekthi zokukhuthaza ukukhutshwa kwemveliso zibonakale zilungele imozulu: ukuthiya ngokutsha indlela yemoto isitalato sedolophu ayinanto yakwenza nokhuseleko lwemozulu.

Ukhuseleko lwemozulu olungeyonyani: ukugcwala kwemoto

Udla ngokuva ukuba iimoto kufuneka zihambe ukuze kuphume igesi encinci yokuphuma. I-Inner-city "amaza aluhlaza" ayafuneka okanye ukwandiswa kweendlela ze-interurban. Kuthiwa ukuhamba kakuhle kweemoto, kungcono kwimozulu. Kodwa naleyo yingxoxo mbumbulu yokhuseleko lwemozulu. Kuba ukuba ukugcwala kwemoto kuba kumanzi ngakumbi, kuya kuba nomtsalane ngakumbi, kwaye abantu baya kutshintshela kwezinye iindlela zothutho ukuya emotweni. Kukho imizekelo eyaneleyo yoku: "iTangente" eVienna yayijoliswe ekukhululeni izitrato ezingaphakathi kwesixeko, isagcwele kakhulu nangona isanda ngokulandelelana. I-S1, indlela yoncedo yendlela yokunceda, igcwele ngoku kwaye ivelise amawaka ohambo olongezelelweyo ngosuku.

Ukhuseleko lwemozulu olungeyonyani: "Umjikelo weMega uyakhubekisa"

Ikwalukhuseleko lwemozulu ngobunyani ukwenza into encinci kakhulu. Xa ujongisisa, "indlela ye-mega cycle ekhubekisayo" yeSixeko saseVienna ijika ibe lileyibhile yobuqhophololo. Iikhilomitha ezili-17 zeendlela ezintsha zeebhayisikile ziza. Kodwa ngokuyinxenye kungenxa yokungonelanga kweziseko ezingundoqo zokukhwela ibhayisekile, umzekelo ukuba ukukhwela ibhayisekile kukhokelwa kwindlela yebhasi. Kwiikhilomitha ezili-17 ezibhengeziweyo, zingaphezulu nje kwesihlanu iindlela ezintsha zebhayisikile. Izikhewu kuthungelwano lwendlela yomjikelo weVienna ziikhilomitha ezingama-250. Ngeekhilomitha ezintlanu ngonyaka, kuya kuthatha amashumi ambalwa eminyaka de kubekho uthungelwano oluqhubekayo, oluhambelanayo lweendlela zomjikelo.

Yintoni eneneni enokuba lukhuseleko lwemozulu kwicandelo lezothutho? Ukuhamba kweemoto kuya kufuneka kuthintelwe kakhulu, ukuze imigama kuphela igutyungelwe yimoto apho kungenakwenzeka ngenye indlela. Oku kusebenza, umzekelo, kuthutho lwempahla enzima okanye izithuthi zikaxakeka.

Ulawulo lwendawo yokupaka ngumzekelo omhle wendlela ukhuseleko lokwenyani lwemozulu lungasebenza, kuba luqala ngenene kumthombo weendlela.

Iindlela ezizezinye zemoto kufuneka zandiswe kakhulu. Izithuthi zikawonke-wonke kufuneka zibe lula, zingabizi mali kwaye zithembeke ngakumbi. Ukuhamba nokukhwela ibhayisekile kufuneka kukhuthazwe. Iipavumente ezibanzi ngaphandle kwemiqobo ziyafuneka, iindawo zokuwela kufuneka zenziwe zikhuseleke kubahambi ngeenyawo, iindlela zokuhamba ngeebhayisikile ziyafuneka kuzo zonke izitalato ezinkulu. Isalathisi somgangatho olungileyo ingaba intombazana eneminyaka eli-XNUMX ubudala ingakwazi ukuya esikolweni ngokwayo.

Ifoto yeqweqwe: Montage nguMartin Auer