Uguqulo olukhulu lwe-2: Ukusuka kwiMarike ukuya kwimbono yoMbutho S4F AT

Lungenziwa njani utshintsho kubomi obunobuhlobo bemozulu eOstriya? Yile nto ingxelo ye-APCC yangoku "Izakhiwo zobomi obulungele imozulu" malunga nayo. Akajongi utshintsho lwemozulu kwimbono yesayensi, kodwa ushwankathela iziphumo zenzululwazi yezentlalo kulo mbuzo. UDkt Margret Haderer ungomnye wababhali bengxelo kwaye wayenoxanduva, phakathi kwezinye izinto, kwisahluko esinesihloko esithi: "Amathuba okuhlalutya kunye noyilo lwezakhiwo zokuphila ezinobungane bemozulu". UMartin Auer uthetha naye ngeembono ezahlukeneyo zenzululwazi kumbuzo wezakhiwo ezilungele imozulu, ezikhokelela kuxilongo lweengxaki ezahlukeneyo kunye neendlela ezahlukeneyo zokusombulula.

UMartin Auer: UMargret othandekayo, umbuzo wokuqala: yeyiphi indawo yakho yobuchwephesha, yintoni osebenza kuyo kwaye yayiyintoni indima yakho kule ngxelo ye-APCC?

UMargaret Haderer: Ndiyingcali yezopolitiko ngoqeqesho kwaye kumxholo wenkcazo yam andikhange ndijongane nokutshintsha kwemozulu, kodwa ngumba wezindlu. Ekubeni ndabuyela eVienna - ndenza i-PhD yam kwiYunivesithi yaseToronto - emva koko ndenza isigaba sam se-postdoc ngesihloko semozulu, iprojekthi yophando ekhangele indlela izixeko ezisabela ngayo ekutshintsheni kwemozulu, ngakumbi ukuba zeziphi izixeko ezilawulayo. Kwaye kwakulo mongo apho ndacelwa ukuba ndibhale iNgxelo ye-APCC ngokuchasene nemvelaphi yokuzibandakanya kwam nemiba yokusingqongileyo. Leyo yayiyintsebenziswano emalunga neminyaka emibini. Umsebenzi wesi sahluko esinegama elingaqhelekanga yayikukuchaza ukuba zeziphi iimbono eziphambili kwinzululwazi yezentlalo malunga nokubunjwa kokutshintsha kwemozulu. Umbuzo wendlela izakhiwo ezinokuyilwa ngayo ngendlela yokuba zibe nobuhlobo bemozulu ngumbuzo wenzululwazi yezentlalo. Oosonzululwazi banokunika impendulo elinganiselweyo kule nto. Ngoko: Uzisa njani utshintsho lwentlalo ukuze ufezekise injongo ethile.

UMartin Auer: Emva koko wahlulahlulwe ngokwamaqela amane aphambili, ezi mbono zahlukeneyo. Yayiza kuba yintoni loo nto?

UMargaret Haderer: Ekuqaleni siye sajonga kwimithombo emininzi yenzululwazi yezentlalo saza safikelela kwisigqibo sokuba iimbono ezine zezona zibalaseleyo: imbono yemarike, emva koko imbono yolutsha, imbono yolungiselelo kunye nembono yoluntu. Le mibono nganye ithetha izifo ezahlukeneyo - Yeyiphi imingeni yoluntu enxulumene nokutshintsha kwemozulu? - Kwaye kwakhona izisombululo ezahlukeneyo.

Imbono yemarike

UMartin Auer:: Luluphi ugxininiso lwezi mbono zahlukeneyo zethiyori ezahlula enye kwenye?

UMargaret Haderer: Imarike kunye neembono ezintsha zezona zibalaseleyo.

UMartin Auer:  Ukulawula ngoku kuthetha kwezopolitiko, kwintetho yoluntu?

UMargaret Haderer: Ewe, kwintetho yesidlangalala, kwezopolitiko, kwezoshishino. Umbono weemarike uthatha ukuba ingxaki ngezakhiwo ezingenabubele zemozulu kukuba iindleko zokwenene, oko kukuthi iindleko zendalo kunye nentlalontle, yokuphila kwemozulu-okungenabubele akubonakali: kwiimveliso, indlela esiphila ngayo, into esiyidlayo, indlela ukuhamba kuyilwe ngayo.

UMartin Auer: Ke yonke le nto ayinaxabiso, ayibonakali kwixabiso? Oko kuthetha ukuba uluntu luhlawula kakhulu.

UMargaret Haderer: Ngokuchanekileyo. Uluntu luhlawula kakhulu, kodwa okuninzi kukwakhutshwa ngaphandle kwizizukulwana ezizayo okanye kuMzantsi weGlobal. Ngubani othwala iindleko zokusingqongileyo? Ngokuqhelekileyo ayisithi, kodwa abantu abahlala kwenye indawo.

UMartin Auer: Kwaye imbono yemarike ifuna ukungenelela njani ngoku?

UMargaret Haderer: Imbono yemarike iphakamisa ukudala ixabiso lenyaniso ngokubeka amaxabiso kwiindleko zangaphandle. Amaxabiso e-CO2 aya kuba ngumzekelo obambekayo wale nto. Kwaye ke kukho umngeni wokuphunyezwa: Ubala njani ukukhutshwa kwe-CO2, ngaba uyanciphisa kwi-CO2 nje okanye ngaba ixabiso kwimiphumo yentlalontle. Kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo kulo mbono, kodwa imbono yemarike imalunga nokudala iindleko eziyinyani. Oku kusebenza ngcono kwezinye iindawo kunezinye. Oku kunokusebenza ngcono ngokutya kuneendawo apho ingqiqo yokubeka amaxabiso iyingxaki ngokwendalo. Ke ukuba ngoku uthatha umsebenzi ongajonganga nzuzo, umzekelo ukhathalelo, uzenza njani iindleko zokwenyani? Ixabiso lendalo liya kuba ngumzekelo, ngaba kulungile ukubeka ixabiso ekuphumleni?

UMartin Auer: Ngoko ngaba sele sigxeka imbono yemarike?

UMargaret Haderer: Ewe. Sijonga yonke imbono: yintoni uxilongo, zithini izisombululo ezinokwenzeka, kwaye yeyiphi imida. Kodwa akukho malunga nokudlala ngaphandle kweembono ngokuchasene nomnye, ifuna indibaniselwano yazo zone iimbono.

UMartin Auer: Into elandelayo iya kuba yimbono yokuvelisa izinto ezintsha?

Imbono entsha

UMargaret Haderer: Ngokuchanekileyo. Siye saxoxa kakhulu malunga nokuba ayiyonxalenye yembono yemarike. Kananjalo ezi mbono azinakwahlulwa kabukhali. Umntu uzama ukucinga into engachazwanga ngokucacileyo ngokwenyani.

UMartin Auer: Kodwa ayisiyonto nje malunga nezinto ezintsha zobugcisa?

UMargaret Haderer: Ukwenziwa kwezinto ezitsha kuncitshiswe kakhulu kubuchule obutsha. Xa sixelelwa ngabanye abezopolitiko ukuba indlela yokwenyani yokujongana nengxaki yemozulu ilele kubuchule obutsha betekhnoloji, lo ngumbono obanzi. Ikwaluncedo kakhulu kuba ithembisa ukuba kufuneka utshintshe kancinci kangangoko. Ukuhamba: Kude ne-injini yokutsha (ngoku ukuba "kude" kuphinda kushukume kwakhona) ukuya kwindlela yokuhamba kwe-e, ewe, kufuneka utshintshe amaziko, kufuneka utshintshe kakhulu ukuba ufuna ukwenza amanye amandla afumaneke. , kodwa ukuhamba kuhlala kumthengi wokugqibela, umthengi wokugqibela njengoko wayenjalo.

UMartin Auer: Yonke intsapho ineemoto ezinesiqingatha, kuphela ngoku zisebenza ngombane.

UMargaret Haderer: Ewe. Kwaye kulapho umbono wentengiso usondele kakhulu, kuba uxhomekeke kwisithembiso sokuba izinto ezintsha zetekhnoloji ziya kubakho kwimarike, zithengise kakuhle, kwaye into efana nokukhula kohlaza inokuveliswa apho. Loo nto ayisebenzi kakuhle kuba kukho iziphumo eziphindiweyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba izinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe zihlala zineziphumo ezilandelayo ezihlala ziyingozi kwimozulu. Ukuhlala neemoto ze-e-moto: Zifuna ubutyebi obunzulu kwimveliso, kwaye oko kuthetha ukuba izinto ezikhutshwayo ozifumana ezantsi phaya aziyi kukhululwa. Ngoku, kwingxoxo-mpikiswano yokuqalisa, kukho nabo bathi: kufuneka sisuke kule ngcamango imxinwa yokwenziwa kwezinto ezintsha kwezobuchwepheshe siye kumbono obanzi, oko kukuthi, ukusungulwa kwezinto ezintsha zentlalo-ntle. Yintoni umahluko? Ngobuchule obutsha bobugcisa, obusondeleyo kumbono wemarike, ingcamango ilawula ukuba imveliso eluhlaza iya kuphumelela - ngokufanelekileyo - kwaye ke siya kuba nokukhula okuluhlaza, akufuneki sitshintshe nantoni na malunga nokukhula ngokwako. Abantu abakhuthaza ukusungulwa kwentlalo-ntle okanye intlalo-ekholoji bathi kufuneka sithathele ingqalelo kakhulu iziphumo zentlalo esifuna ukuzivelisa. Ukuba sifuna ukuba nezakhiwo ezihambelana nemozulu, ngoko asikwazi ukujonga nje into engena kwimarike, kuba ingqiqo yemarike yingqiqo yokukhula. Sidinga ingqikelelo eyandisiweyo yokusungula izinto ezithathela ingqalelo iziphumo zendalo nentlalontle ngakumbi.

UMartin Auer: Ngokomzekelo, kungekhona nje ukusebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo zokwakha, kodwa kunye nokuhlala ngokuhlukileyo, izakhiwo zokuhlala ezahlukeneyo, amagumbi aqhelekileyo kwizindlu ukuze ukwazi ukufumana izinto ezincinci, i-drill yendlu yonke endaweni yentsapho nganye.

UMargaret Haderer: Ngokuchanekileyo, ngumzekelo omhle kakhulu wendlela ezinye izenzo zemihla ngemihla ezikwenza ukuba uphile, udle kwaye ube neselula ngakumbi ngobutyebi. Kwaye lo mzekelo ophilayo ngumzekelo omkhulu. Kwangexesha elide kwakucingelwa ukuba indlu ye-passive kwintsimi eluhlaza yayiyikamva lokuzinza. Yinto entsha yezobuchwepheshe, kodwa izinto ezininzi azizange ziqwalaselwe: intsimi eluhlaza ayizange ithathelwe ingqalelo ixesha elide, okanye yintoni ukuhamba oku kuthetha - oko ngokuqhelekileyo kunokwenzeka kuphela ngemoto okanye iimoto ezimbini. I-Social innovation ibeka iinjongo eziqhelekileyo, ezifana nezakhiwo ezihambelana nemozulu, kwaye emva koko izama ukugxila kwiiteknoloji ngokudibanisa nezenzo ezithembisa ukufezekisa le njongo eqhelekileyo. Ukwanela kuhlala kunendima. Ngoko musa ukwakha entsha, kodwa hlaziya ekhoyo. Ukwahlula amagumbi aqhelekileyo kunye nokwenza amagumbi amancinci kuya kuba yinto entsha yentlalontle.

Imbono yokuthunyelwa

Emva koko kukho imbono elandelayo, imbono yokuthunyelwa. Kwakungekho lula ukuvuma. Umbono wobonelelo unqamla kutshintsho lwentlalo, oluzibophelele kwiinjongo zesiqhelo. Ubumelwane bubandakanya into yokuba imbono yelungiselelo iphinda ibuze into enhle okanye intlalontle yento ethile kwaye ayicingeli ngokuzenzekelayo ukuba into ekhoyo kwimarike ilungile nentlalontle.

UMartin Auer: Ukusasazwa ngoku kukwangumbono onjalo ongabonakaliyo. Ngubani olungiselela ntoni?

UMargaret Haderer: Xa uzibonelela, umntu uzibuza umbuzo osisiseko: zifika njani iimpahla kunye neenkonzo kuthi? Yintoni enye ekhoyo ngaphaya kweemarike? Xa sisebenzisa iimpahla kunye neenkonzo, ayisiyiyo intengiso nje, kusekho uninzi lweziseko zoluntu ezisemva kwayo. Umzekelo, iindlela ezakhiwe esidlangalaleni zisizisela iimpahla ezivela kwi-XYZ, ezithi emva koko sizisebenzise. Le mbono ithatha ukuba uqoqosho lukhulu kunemarike. Kukwakho nomsebenzi omninzi ongahlawulwayo, ubukhulu becala owenziwe ngabasetyhini, kwaye intengiso ibingayi kusebenza kwaphela ukuba bekungekho mimandla igxile kakhulu emarikeni, efana neyunivesithi. Awunakufane uziqhube zijolise kwinzuzo, nokuba kukho utyekelo olunjalo.

UMartin Auer: Ke iindlela, igridi yombane, ugutyulo, ukuqokelelwa kwenkunkuma...

UMargaret Haderer: …iinkulisa, amakhaya abantu abadla umhlala-phantsi, izithuthi zikawonke-wonke, ukhathalelo lwezonyango njalo njalo. Kwaye ngokwale mvelaphi, umbuzo osisiseko wezopolitiko uyaphakama: Silulungiselela njani ubonelelo loluntu? Yiyiphi indima edlalwa yimarike, yiyiphi indima ekufuneka idlalwe, yeyiphi indima engafanele iyidlale? Inokuba yintoni inzuzo kunye nokungalunganga kobonelelo loluntu oluninzi? Lo mbono ugxile kurhulumente okanye nakwisixeko, kungekuphela nje njengomntu odala iimeko zentengiso, kodwa osoloko ebumba okulungileyo ngendlela enye okanye enye. Xa uyila imozulu-engenabubele okanye izakhiwo ezinobungane bemozulu, uyilo lwezopolitiko luhlala lubandakanyeka. Ingxaki yokuxilongwa yile: Ziqondwa njani iinkonzo zomdla jikelele? Kukho iindlela zokusebenza ezihambelana ngokupheleleyo nentlalontle, njengenkathalo, kwaye eneneni ifuna kakhulu izibonelelo, kodwa ukonwabela ukuqatshelwa okuncinci.

UMartin Auer: Iindlela ezibanzi zezibonelelo: ufuna izixhobo ezimbalwa? Ke isichasi sobutyebi-nzulu?

UMargaret Haderer: Ngokuchanekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, xa ingqwalasela ikwimbono yemarike, ezi ntlobo zemisebenzi zihlala zihlelwa kakubi. Ufumana umvuzo ombi kwezi ndawo, ufumana ukuqatshelwa kwentlalo kancinane. Ubunesi ngumzekelo obalaseleyo. Umbono wobonelelo ugxininisa ukuba imisebenzi efana nomgcini-mali wevenkile enkulu okanye umntu ogcina imali ibaluleke kakhulu ekuveliseni uluntu. Kwaye ngokuchasene nale mvelaphi, umbuzo uvela: Ngaba oku akufanele kuhlaziywe kwakhona ukuba izakhiwo ezihambelana nemozulu ziyinjongo? Ngaba bekungayi kubaluleka ukuphinda ucinge ngomsebenzi ngokuchasene nemvelaphi: Iyenzela ntoni loo nto uluntu?

UMartin Auer: Iimfuno ezininzi esizithengayo ukuze sanelise zinokwaneliswa nangezinye iindlela. Ndingathenga loo massager yasekhaya okanye ndingaya kwi-massage therapist. Obona bunewunewu bokwenene yimasseur. Kwaye ngombono wolungiselelo, umntu unokukhokelela uqoqosho ngakumbi kwicala lokuba sitshintshe iimfuno kancinci ngezinto eziphathekayo kwaye ngakumbi ngeenkonzo zomntu.

UMargaret Haderer: Ewe, kanye. Okanye sinokujonga kumadama okuqubha. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje bekukho umkhwa, ingakumbi ezilalini, wokuba wonke umntu abe neyakhe indawo yokuqubha emva kwendlu. Ukuba ufuna ukwenza izakhiwo ezilungele imozulu, ufuna ngokwenene umasipala, isixeko okanye urhulumente owumisayo kuba utsala amanzi amaninzi aphantsi komhlaba kwaye ubonelela ngedama lokuqubha likawonke-wonke.

UMartin Auer: Ngoko eyoluntu.

UMargaret Haderer: Abanye bathetha ngobunewunewu boluntu njengenye indlela endaweni yobunewunewu babucala.

UMartin Auer: Kuhlala kucingelwa ukuba intshukumo yobulungisa bemozulu ithande ukuncama. Ndicinga ukuba ngenene kufuneka sigxininise ukuba sifuna ubunewunewu, kodwa uhlobo olwahlukileyo lobunewunewu. Ke ngoko ubunewunewu boluntu ligama elimnandi kakhulu.

UMargaret Haderer: E-Vienna, ininzi yenziwa ifumaneke esidlangalaleni, iinkulisa, amachibi okuqubha, izibonelelo zemidlalo, ukuhamba koluntu. I-Vienna isoloko ithandwa kakhulu ngaphandle.

UMartin Auer: Ewe, iVienna yayisele ingumzekelo ngexesha lemfazwe, kwaye yayiyilwe ngokwezopolitiko ngaloo ndlela. Ngezakhiwo zoluntu, iipaki, amachibi asimahla angaphandle kubantwana, kwaye kwakukho umgaqo-nkqubo oqaphele kakhulu emva kwayo.

UMargaret Haderer: Kwaye kwakhona kwaba yimpumelelo kakhulu. IVienna iyaqhubeka ifumana amabhaso njengesixeko esinomgangatho wobomi obuphezulu, kwaye ayiwafumani la mabhaso kuba yonke into inikezelwa bucala. Ubonelelo loluntu lunempembelelo enkulu kumgangatho ophezulu wobomi kwesi sixeko. Kwaye ihlala inexabiso eliphantsi, ijongwa ixesha elide, kunokuba ushiye yonke into uye emarikeni kwaye emva koko kufuneka uchole amaqhekeza, ngokuthetha. Umzekelo oqhelekileyo: i-USA inenkqubo yokhathalelo lwempilo yabucala, kwaye alikho elinye ilizwe ehlabathini elichitha imali eninzi kwezempilo njenge-USA. Banenkcitho ephezulu kuluntu nangona abadlali babucala bekhonya. Ayiyonkcitho nje inenjongo kakhulu leyo.

UMartin Auer: Ngoko ke imbono yolungiselelo iya kuthetha ukuba iindawo ezinobonelelo lukawonke-wonke nazo ziyakwandiswa ngakumbi. Ngoko urhulumente okanye umasipala unempembelelo ngokwenene kwindlela eyilwe ngayo. Enye ingxaki yeyokuba iindlela zenziwa uluntu, kodwa asithathi isigqibo sokuba zakhiwe phi iindlela. Jonga itonela yaseLobau umzekelo.

UMargaret Haderer: Ewe, kodwa ukuba ubunokuvota kwitonela laseLobau, inxalenye enkulu ibiya kuvumelana nokwakhiwa kwetonela laseLobau.

UMartin Auer: Kunokwenzeka, kukho izinto ezininzi ezinomdla ezibandakanyekayo. Nangona kunjalo, ndiyakholelwa ukuba abantu banokufikelela kwiziphumo ezifanelekileyo kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi ukuba iinkqubo aziphenjelelwa yiminqweno ethi, umzekelo, ityale imali eninzi kwimikhankaso yentengiso.

UMargaret Haderer: Andiyi kuvuma. Ulawulo lwentando yesininzi, nokuba lumele okanye luthatha inxaxheba, alusoloko lusebenza ngokuthanda izakhiwo ezilungele imozulu. Kwaye kuya kufuneka uvumelane naloo nto. Idemokhrasi ayisosiqinisekiso sezakhiwo ezilungele imozulu. Ukuba unokuvota ngoku kwi-injini yomlilo yangaphakathi - bekukho uphando eJamani - i-76 yepesenti iya kuba ngokuchasene nokuvalwa. Ulawulo lwentando yesininzi lunokukhuthaza izakhiwo ezilungele imozulu, kodwa zisenokuwajongela phantsi. Urhulumente, icandelo likarhulumente, nalo lingakhuthaza izakhiwo ezilungele imozulu, kodwa icandelo likarhulumente linakho ukukhuthaza okanye ukusamente izakhiwo ezingenabubele kwimozulu. Imbali yombuso yenye ebisoloko ikhuthaza amafutha efosili kwiinkulungwane ezimbalwa ezidlulileyo. Ke, zombini idemokhrasi kunye norhulumente njengeziko linokuba zombini i-lever kunye ne-brake. Ngokombono wokubonelela, kubalulekile ukuchasana nenkolelo yokuba nanini na xa urhulumente ebandakanyeka, kulungile ngokwembono yemozulu. Ngokwembali kwakungenjalo, kwaye yiyo loo nto abanye abantu beqonda ngokukhawuleza ukuba sifuna idemokhrasi ethe ngqo, kodwa ayizenzekeli ukuba ikhokelele kulwakhiwo olulungele imozulu.

UMartin Auer: Ngokuqinisekileyo oku akuzenzekeli. Ndicinga ukuba kuxhomekeke kakhulu kulwazi onalo. Kuyothusa ukuba sibe noluntu olumbalwa e-Austria olunobuhlobo kakhulu nemozulu kunorhulumente xa ewonke. Okukhona usiya ezantsi, kokukhona abantu benokuqonda ngakumbi, ukuze bakwazi ukuvavanya ngcono iziphumo zesinye okanye esinye isigqibo. Okanye iCalifornia ilunge ngakumbi kwimozulu kune-US iyonke.

UMargaret Haderer: Kuyinyani e-USA ukuba izixeko kunye neendawo ezinje ngeCalifornia zihlala zidlala indima yobuvulindlela. Kodwa ukuba ujonga umgaqo-nkqubo wendalo eYurophu, i-supranational state, oko kukuthi i-EU, ngokwenene intlangano ebeka eyona migangatho.

UMartin Auer: Kodwa ukuba ngoku ndijonge kwiBhunga leMozulu yeNzululwazi, umzekelo, beza nemiphumo emihle kakhulu kwaye benza iingcebiso ezintle kakhulu. Leyo yayiyinkqubo nje apho ungakhange uvote nje, kodwa apho ufikelele kwizigqibo ngeengcebiso zenzululwazi.

UMargaret Haderer: Andifuni kuxoxa ngokuchasene neenkqubo zokuthatha inxaxheba, kodwa kufuneka kwenziwe izigqibo. Kwimeko ye-injini yokutsha, bekuya kuba kuhle ukuba bekugqitywe kwinqanaba le-EU kwaye kufuneka iphunyezwe. Ndicinga ukuba kuthatha zombini kunye. Izigqibo zezopolitiko ziyafuneka, ezinjengomthetho wokhuseleko lwemozulu, ezithi ke ziphunyezwe, kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo nenxaxheba iyafuneka.

Imbono yoluntu

UMartin Auer: Oku kusizisa kwimbono yentlalo kunye neyendalo.

UMargaret Haderer: Ewe, yayiluxanduva lwam ngokuyintloko, kwaye imalunga nohlalutyo olunzulu. Ezi zakhiwo, iindawo zentlalo esihamba kuzo, zaba yile nto ziyiyo, singene njani kwingxaki yemozulu? Ke oku ngoku kungena nzulu kune "gases eninzi ye-greenhouse emoyeni". Imbono yentlalontle ikwabuza ngokwembali ukuba sifike njani na apho. Apha silapha kanye embindini wembali yanamhlanje, eyayiyi-Europe-centric kakhulu, imbali yoshishino, i-capitalism njalo njalo. Oku kusizisa kwingxoxo "yeAnthropocene". Ingxaki yemozulu inembali ende, kodwa kwabakho isantya esikhulu emva kweMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi kunye nokuqhelaniswa kwamafutha efosili, ukuhamba ngemoto, ukugcwala ezidolophini, njl. Libali elifutshane ngokwenene elo. Kwavela ulwakhiwo olunabileyo, olusebenzisa kakhulu izibonelelo kunye nolungekho sikweni ngokwentlalo, nakwihlabathi jikelele. Oko kunento yokwenza nokwakhiwa ngokutsha emva kweMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi, ngeFordism1, ukusekwa kwemibutho yabathengi, eqhutywa ngamandla efosili. Olu phuhliso luphinde lwahamba kunye nekholoni kunye nokukhutshwa2 kwezinye iindawo. Ngoko ke ayizange isasazwe ngokulinganayo. Oko kwakusenziwa apha njengomgangatho olungileyo wokuphila kwakungenakuze kuxhatshazwe ngokubanzi ngokwezinto eziphathekayo. kakuhle, kwaye kananjalo inembono yesini. “I-Anthropocene” ayingomntu ngokweemeko. “Umntu” [onoxanduva lwe-Anthropocene] uhlala kwiGlobal North kwaye ubukhulu becala yindoda. I-Anthropocene isekwe kukungalingani ngokwesini kunye nokungalingani kwehlabathi. Iziphumo zobunzima bemozulu azisasazwa ngokulinganayo, kodwa kunjalo nonobangela wobunzima bemozulu. Yayingengo "ndoda enjalo" eyayibandakanyekile. Kufuneka ujonge ngokusondeleyo ukuba zeziphi izakhiwo ezinoxanduva lokuba sibe kule ndawo sikuyo. Ayikokuziphatha. Nangona kunjalo, umntu uyaqonda ukuba imiba yobulungisa ihlala inesigqibo sokuphelisa ingxaki yemozulu. Ubulungisa phakathi kwezizukulwana, ubulungisa phakathi kwamadoda nabasetyhini kunye nobulungisa behlabathi.

UMartin Auer: Sikwanayo nokungalingani okukhulu kuMzantsi weHlabathi nakuMntla weHlabathi. Kukho abantu abathi ukutshintsha kwemozulu akuyongxaki kangako kubo kuba bayakwazi ukuzikhusela kuyo.

UMargaret Haderer: Umzekelo nge-air conditioning. Ayinguye wonke umntu onokuzifikelela, kwaye ziyayandisa imeko yemozulu. Ndingayenza ipholile, kodwa ndisebenzisa amandla amaninzi kwaye omnye umntu uthwala iindleko.

UMartin Auer: Kwaye ndiza kutshisa isixeko ngoko nangoko. Okanye ndiyakwazi ukuqhuba ukuya ezintabeni xa kushushu kakhulu okanye ndibhabhe kwenye indawo ngokupheleleyo.

UMargaret Haderer: Ikhaya lesibini kunye nezinto, ewe.

UMartin Auer: Ngaba umntu angatsho ukuba imifanekiso eyahlukeneyo yoluntu idlala indima kwezi mbono zahlukeneyo?

UMargaret Haderer: Bendiya kuthetha ngeembono ezahlukeneyo ngoluntu notshintsho lwentlalo.

UMartin Auer: Ngoko kukho, umzekelo, umfanekiso we "Homo oeconomicus".

UMargaret Haderer: Ewe, siyixubushile loo nto nathi. Ke "homo oeconomicus" iya kuba yinto eqhelekileyo kumbono wentengiso. Umntu onemeko yentlalo kunye noxhomekeke kuluntu, kwimisebenzi yabanye, uya kuba ngumfanekiso wembono yokubonelela. Ngokwembono yoluntu, mininzi imifanekiso yabantu, kwaye kulapho kuba nzima khona. "I-Homo socialis" inokutshiwo kwimbono yentlalo kunye nembono yolungiselelo.

UMartin Auer: Ngaba umbuzo "weemfuno zokwenyani" zabantu uphakanyiswa kwiimbono ezahlukeneyo? Yintoni ngokwenene abayifunayo abantu? Andifuni heater yegesi, kufuneka ndifudumale, ndifuna ubushushu. Ndifuna ukutya, kodwa inokuba nangayiphi na indlela, ndingatya inyama okanye nditye imifuno. Kwindawo yezempilo, isayensi yezondlo iyavumelana malunga noko abantu bakufunayo, kodwa ngaba lo mbuzo ukhona nangendlela ebanzi?

UMargaret Haderer: Umbono ngamnye uthetha iimpendulo kulo mbuzo. Imbono yemarike ithatha ukuba senza izigqibo ezinengqiqo, ukuba iimfuno zethu zichazwa yinto esiyithengayo. Kubonelelo kunye neembono zoluntu, kucingelwa ukuba into esiyicinga njengeemfuno zihlala zakhiwe ngokwentlalo. Iimfuno nazo ziveliswa, ngokuthengisa njalo njalo. Kodwa ukuba izakhiwo ezinobungane bemozulu ziyinjongo, ngoko kunokubakho imfuno enye okanye ezimbini esingenakukwazi ukuzihlawulela. NgesiNgesi kukho ulwahlulo oluhle phakathi "kweemfuno" kunye "nokufuna" - oko kukuthi iimfuno kunye neminqweno. Umzekelo, kukho uphononongo lokuba ubungakanani obuqhelekileyo bendlu yosapho olunye kwangoko emva kweMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi, ebisele ijongwa njengobunewunewu ngelo xesha, bubukhulu obunokuthi bubekho kwihlabathi liphela. Kodwa kwenzeka ntoni kwicandelo lendlu yosapho olunye ukusukela ngeminyaka yoo-1990 ukuya phambili – izindlu ziye zaba nkulu ngokukhula – into elolo hlobo ayinakubonakaliswa jikelele.

UMartin Auer: Ndicinga ukuba igama jikelele lilungile. Ubomi obuhle kumntu wonke kufuneka bube bomntu wonke, kwaye okokuqala zonke iimfuno ezisisiseko kufuneka zaneliswe.

UMargaret Haderer: Ewe, sele kukho izifundo malunga noku, kodwa kukwakho nengxoxo-mpikiswano enzima malunga nokuba inokumiselwa ngokwenene ngale ndlela. Kukho izifundo zentlalo kunye nezengqondo kule nto, kodwa kunzima kwezopolitiko ukungenelela, kuba ubuncinci ngokwembono yemarike iya kuba kukungenelwa kwinkululeko yomntu. Kodwa ayinguye wonke umntu onokukwazi ukuthenga i-pool yakhe.

UMartin Auer: Ndiyakholelwa ukuba ukukhula kukwajongwa ngokwahlukileyo kakhulu kwiimbono zomntu ngamnye. Ngokwembono yemarike yi-axiom yokuba uqoqosho kufuneka lukhule, kwelinye icala kukho ukwanela kunye neembono zokuwohloka koqoqosho ezithi makubekho ukutsho kwinqanaba elithile: Ewe, ngoku sinokwaneleyo, kwanele, akufuneki ukuba ngaphezulu.

UMargaret Haderer: Ukunyuka okuyimfuneko kunye nokubaluleka kokukhula kubhaliwe kwimbono yemarike. Kodwa nakwimbono entsha kunye nokubonelela, umntu akacingi ukuba ukukhula kuya kuyeka ngokupheleleyo. Ingongoma apha yile: Simele sikhule phi kwaye singakhuli phi, okanye kufuneka sicuthe kwaye “sihlaziye”, oko kukuthi, silungise izinto ezintsha. Ngokwembono yoluntu, unokubona ukuba kwelinye icala umgangatho wethu wokuphila usekelwe ekukhuleni, kodwa kwangaxeshanye utshabalalisa kakhulu, ngokwembali. Umbuso wentlalontle, njengoko yakhiwe, isekelwe ekukhuleni, umzekelo iinkqubo zokhuseleko lomhlalaphantsi. Izihlwele ezibanzi nazo ziyaxhamla ekukhuleni, kwaye loo nto yenza ukuyilwa kwezakhiwo ezilungele imozulu kube ngumngeni kakhulu. Abantu baye boyike xa besiva malunga nokukhula emva kokukhula. Unikezelo olulolunye luyafuneka.

UMartin Auer: Enkosi kakhulu, Margret othandekayo, ngolu dliwano-ndlebe.

Olu dliwano ndlebe luyingxenye yesi-2 yethu Uthotho kwiNgxelo eKhethekileyo ye-APCC "Ulwakhiwo lokuphila olunobuhlobo bemozulu".
Udliwano-ndlebe lunokuviwa kwipodcast yethu I-ALpine GLOW.
Ingxelo iya kupapashwa njengencwadi yokufikelela evulekileyo nguSpringer Spectrum. Kude kube ngoko, izahluko ezihambelanayo zikwi Iphepha lasekhaya leCCCA iyafumaneka.

Iifoto:
Ifoto yeqweqwe: Igadi yaseDolophini kwiCanal yaseDanube (wien.info)
Amaxabiso kwisikhululo segesi eCzech Republic (umbhali: akaziwa)
I-Monorail. LM07 nge pixabay
Ichibi labantwana langaphandle iMargaretengurtel, eVienna, emva kowe-1926. Friz Sauer
Abasebenzi basezimayini eNigeria.  Iatlasi yoBulungisa bokuSingqongileyo,  Inkqubo ye-CC-BY 2.0

1 I-Fordism, eyaphuhliswa emva kweMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala, yayisekelwe kwimveliso yobuninzi ekumgangatho ophezulu ukuze isetyenziswe ngobuninzi, umsebenzi wendibano yendibano kunye namanyathelo omsebenzi ahlulwe ngokwezona yunithi zincinci, uqeqesho olungqongqo lomsebenzi kunye nentsebenziswano enqwenelekayo yentlalo phakathi kwabasebenzi kunye noosomashishini.

2 ukusetyenziswa kwemathiriyeli ekrwada