Intsomi "yokukhula okuluhlaza"

NguMartin Auer

Kwiminyaka engamashumi amahlanu edlulileyo, kwapapashwa incwadi ethi The Limits to Growth, eyamiselwa yiClub of Rome kwaye yaveliswa kwiMassachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Ababhali abaphambili yayinguDonella noDennis Meadows. Uphononongo lwabo lwalusekwe kulinganiso lwekhompyuter olwaphinda lwadibanisa ubudlelwane phakathi kweendlela ezintlanu zehlabathi: ushishino, ukukhula kwabemi, ukungondleki, ukuphela kobutyebi bendalo, kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kwendawo yokuhlala. Umphumo waba ngulo: “Ukuba ukwanda okukhoyo ngoku kwabemi behlabathi, ukukhuliswa kwemizi-mveliso, ungcoliso, ukuveliswa kokutya nokusetyenziswa kobuncwane bendalo kuqhubeka kungaguquki, imida epheleleyo yolwando emhlabeni iya kufikelelwa ebudeni beminyaka elikhulu ezayo.1

Le ncwadi, ngokutsho kukaDonella Meadows, "ayibhalwanga ukuba iprofete ngentshabalalo, kodwa icela umngeni kubantu ukuba bafumane iindlela zokuphila ezivisisana nemithetho yesi sijikelezi-langa."2

Nangona namhlanje kukho imvisiswano eqinileyo yokuba izinto ezenziwa ngabantu zinemiphumo engenakubuyiselwa kwimekobume, njengoko iphephancwadi iNature libhala kwinkupho yalo yakutshanje.3, abaphandi bahlula kwiisombululo ezinokwenzeka, ngakumbi ukuba kuyimfuneko ukunciphisa ukukhula koqoqosho okanye ukuba "ukukhula okuluhlaza" kunokwenzeka.

“Ukukhula kohlaza” kuthetha ukuba imveliso yoqoqosho iyenyuka ngelixa ukusetyenziswa kobutyebi kuncipha. Ukusetyenziswa kobutyebi kungathetha ukusetyenziswa kwamafutha efosili okanye ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ngokubanzi okanye ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezithile ezikrwada. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukusetyenziswa kohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwekhabhoni eseleyo, ukusetyenziswa komhlaba, ukulahleka kweentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo, ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi acocekileyo, ukuchumisa ngokugqithisileyo komhlaba namanzi anenitrogen kunye nephosphorus, ukugalelwa kweasidi yeelwandle kunye ne-fosforasi. ukungcoliseka kwendalo ngeplastiki kunye nezinye iimveliso zekhemikhali.

Ukunciphisa ukukhula koqoqosho kusetyenziso lwezibonelelo

Ingqikelelo “yokuqhawuka” ukukhula koqoqosho kusetyenziso lwemithombo ibalulekile kwingxoxo. Ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwemithombo yobutyebi kunyuka ngesantya esifanayo nesiphumo soqoqosho, ngoko ukukhula koqoqosho kunye nokusetyenziswa kobutyebi kudityaniswa. Xa ukusetyenziswa kobutyebi kukhula kancinci kancinci kunemveliso yezoqoqosho, umntu uthetha "ngoqhawulo-mtshato". Kuphela ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwezibonelelo iyancipha, ngelixa imveliso yezoqoqosho isanda, umntu unakongokupheleleyo ukudibanisa ", kwaye kuphela emva koko umntu anokuthetha "ngokukhula okuluhlaza". Kodwa kuphela ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwezibonelelo kuncipha ukuya kwinqanaba elifunekayo ukufezekisa iinjongo zemozulu kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zezinto eziphilayo, ngokutsho kukaJohan Rockström. Iziko lokuZisa eStockholm ilungisiwe ngu "yokwenyani ukukhula okuluhlaza"4 ukuthetha.

I-Rockstrom yazisa ingqikelelo yemida yeplanethi5 abaphuhliswe ngokubambisana bakholelwa ukuba uqoqosho lwelizwe lungakhula ngelixa ukukhutshwa kwegesi ye-greenhouse kuhla. Kuba ilizwi lakhe linobunzima obukhulu kumazwe ngamazwe, siza kungena ngokweenkcukacha malunga nethisisi yakhe apha. Ubhekisela kwiimpumelelo zamazwe aseNordic ekunciphiseni ukukhutshwa kwegesi ye-greenhouse. Kwinqaku elibhalwe ngokubambisana nePer Espen Stoknes6 ukusuka 2018 uphuhlisa inkcazo "yokukhula okuluhlaza okwenyani". Kwimodeli yabo, i-Rockström kunye ne-Stoknes ibhekisela kuphela kutshintsho lwemozulu kuba kukho iiparamitha ezaziwayo kule nto. Kule meko ikhethekileyo, imalunga nobudlelwane phakathi kokukhutshwa kwe-CO2 kunye nexabiso elongezelelweyo. Ukuze izinto ezikhutshwayo zehle ngelixa ixabiso elongezelelweyo linyuka, ixabiso elongezelelweyo ngetoni nganye ye-CO2 kufuneka linyuke. Ababhali bacinga ukuba ukunciphisa ngonyaka kwi-CO2 ukukhutshwa kwe-2015% ukusuka kwi-2 kuyimfuneko ukuze kufezekiswe injongo yokufudumala ngaphantsi kwe-2 ° C. Bakwathatha umndilili wokunyuka kwemveliso yoqoqosho lwehlabathi (i-GDP yehlabathi okanye imveliso yasekhaya encangathi) nge-3% ngonyaka. Ngokusuka koku bafumanisa ukuba ixabiso elongeziweyo ngetoni nganye ye-CO2 ekhutshwayo kufuneka linyuke nge-5% ngonyaka ukuze "ukukhula kokwenyani okuluhlaza" kubekho.7. Bachaza le 5% njengeyona nto incinci kunye nengqikelelo enethemba.

Kwinqanaba elilandelayo, bavavanya ukuba ukunyuka okunjalo kwemveliso yekhabhoni (okt ixabiso elongezelelweyo kwi-CO2 emissions) liye laphunyezwa naphi na, kwaye bafumanisa ukuba iSweden, iFinland kunye neDenmark ngokwenene ibe nokunyuka konyaka kwimveliso yekhabhoni ngelo xesha. 2003-2014 5,7%, 5,5% wayeza kufikelela 5,0%. Ukusuka koku bafikelela kwisigqibo sokuba "ukukhula kokwenyani okuluhlaza" kuyenzeka kwaye kuyabonakala ngokwamandla. Baqwalasela oku kunokwenzeka kwimeko yokuphumelela, eyenza ukukhuselwa kwemozulu kunye nokukhula, ukuba kubaluleke kakhulu ukwamkelwa kwezopolitiko zokukhuselwa kwemozulu kunye nokuzinza. Enyanisweni, "ukukhula okuluhlaza" kujoliswe kubenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo abaninzi kwi-EU, i-UN kunye nehlabathi jikelele.

Kuphononongo luka-20218 Tilsted et al. igalelo Stoknes kunye Rockström. Ngaphezu kwakho konke, bayayigxeka into yokuba i-Stoknes kunye ne-Rockström basebenzise ukukhutshwa kwemimandla esekelwe kwimveliso, oko kukuthi ukukhutshwa okwenziwa kwilizwe ngokwalo. Oku kukhutshwayo akubandakanyi izinto ezikhutshwayo eziphuma kwiinqanawa zamazwe ngamazwe kunye nokuhamba ngeenqwelomoya. Ukuba ezi zinto zikhutshwayo zibandakanyiwe ekubaleni, isiphumo seDenmark, umzekelo, sitshintsha kakhulu. IMaersk, eyona nkampani inkulu yeenqanawa zehlabathi, izinze eDenmark. Njengoko ixabiso elongezelelweyo libandakanyiwe kwi-GDP yaseDenmark, ukukhutshwa kwayo kufuneka kufakwe kwakhona. Ngale nto, nangona kunjalo, inkqubela phambili yeDenmark kuphuhliso lwemveliso yekhabhoni inyamalala phantse ngokupheleleyo kwaye akukho nto iphinda idityaniswe ngokupheleleyo.

Ukuba umntu usebenzisa usetyenziso olusekelwe kwimveliso endaweni yokukhutshwa kwemveliso, umfanekiso utshintsha ngakumbi. Izinto ezikhutshwayo ezisekelwe ekusetyenzisweni zezo ziveliswa kukuveliswa kwezinto ezisetyenziswa elizweni, nokuba ziveliswa kweyiphi indawo yehlabathi. Kolu balo, onke amazwe aseNordic awela kakuhle kwi-5% yokunyuka ngonyaka kwimveliso yekhabhoni efunekayo 'ukukhula okuluhlaza okwenyani'.

Enye ingongoma yokugxeka kukuba uSoknes kunye neRockström basebenzise i-target ye-2 ° C. Ekubeni imingcipheko yokufudumala kwe-2°C ingaphezulu lee kune-1,5°C, le thagethi kufuneka isetyenziswe njengophawu lokunciphisa ngokwaneleyo ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo.

Imiqobo eSixhenxe yokuKhula koHlaza

Ngo-2019, i-NGO European Environment Bureau yapapasha isifundo esithi "Decoupling Debunked"9 (“I-Decoupling Unmasked”) nguTimothée Parrique kunye nezinye izazinzulu ezintandathu. Kwiminyaka elishumi edlulileyo, ababhali bathi, "ukukhula okuluhlaza" kuye kwalawula izicwangciso zezoqoqosho kwi-UN, i-EU kunye namanye amazwe amaninzi. Ezi zicwangciso zisekelwe kwingcinga engalunganga yokuba ukuqhawula okwaneleyo kunokufezekiswa ngokuphuculwa kwamandla ombane kuphela, ngaphandle kokunciphisa ukuveliswa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwempahla yezoqoqosho. Abukho ubungqina obubambekayo bokuba ukuqhawulwa komtshato kufikelelwe naphina okwaneleyo ukuthintela ukonakaliswa kwendalo, kwaye kubonakala kungenakwenzeka ukuba oko kuqhawulwa komtshato kwenzeke kwixesha elizayo.

Ababhali bathi izicwangciso ezikhoyo zezopolitiko zokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla kufuneka zidityaniswe ngamanyathelo okwanela.10 kufuneka kongezwe. Oku kuthetha ntoni oku kukuba imveliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kumazwe acebileyo kufuneka kuncitshiswe kwinqanaba elaneleyo, elaneleyo, inqanaba apho ubomi obuhle bunokwenzeka khona kwimida yeplanethi.

Kulo mongo, ababhali bacaphula isifundo "Ukungalingani kwekhabhoni yehlabathi" nguHubacek et al. (2017)11: Eyokuqala kwiiNjongo zoPhuhliso oluZinzileyo ze-UN (SDGs) kukuphelisa intlupheko. Kwi-2017, isiqingatha soluntu sasihlala ngaphantsi kwe-3 yeedola ngosuku. Eli qela lengeniso libangele kuphela i-15 pesenti yokukhutshwa kweegesi zegreenhouse. Ikota yoluntu yayiphila malunga ne-3 yeedola ukuya kwi-8 yeedola ngosuku kwaye yabangela i-23 yepesenti yokukhutshwa. Unyawo lwabo lwe-CO2 ngomntu ngamnye lwalumalunga namaxesha amathathu aphezulu kunolo lweqela elifumana umvuzo ophantsi. Ngoko ukuba ingeniso ephantsi kakhulu iya kuphakanyiswa kwinqanaba eliphezulu elilandelayo ngo-2050, oko kuphela (kunye nokusebenza kwamandla afanayo) kuya kudla ipesenti ze-66 zebhajethi ye-CO2 ekhoyo kwi-2 ° C ekujoliswe kuyo. I-carbon footprint yeepesenti ze-2 eziphezulu kunye needola ezingaphezu kwe-10 ngosuku zazingaphezu kwamaxesha angama-23 kunawona ahlwempuzekileyo. (Jonga kwakhona iposti kwiCelsius: Izityebi kunye nemozulu.)

Ngokutsho kweqela likaParrique, oku kubangela uxanduva lokuziphatha olucacileyo kumazwe athe axhamla kakhulu kungcoliseko lwe-CO2 ye-atmosfera ukunciphisa kakhulu ukukhutshwa kwawo ukuze anike amazwe e-Global South ithuba eliyimfuneko lophuhliso.

Ngokweenkcukacha, ababhali bachaza ukuba ukuchithwa okwaneleyo akukwazi ukugqitywa kwiindawo zokusetyenziswa kwezinto eziphathekayo, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla, ukusetyenziswa komhlaba, ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi, ukukhutshwa kwegesi ye-greenhouse, ukungcola kwamanzi okanye ukulahleka kwezinto eziphilayo. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ukuqhawula umtshato kuyahambelana. Ukuba kukho ukuqhawulwa ngokupheleleyo, emva kwexesha elifutshane kunye nendawo.

Ababhali bakhankanya inani lezizathu ezithintela uqhawulo-mtshato:

1. Ukunyusa inkcitho yamandla: Xa ubutyebi obuthile bukhutshiwe (kungekhona nje amafutha efosili, kodwa umz. ore), bukhutshwa kuqala apho bunokwenzeka ngexabiso eliphantsi kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla. Ubuninzi bobutyebi obusele busetyenzisiwe, kokukhona kunzima, kubiza imali eninzi kwaye kusetyenziswa amandla amaninzi ukusebenzisa iidiphozithi ezintsha, ezifana nesanti yetar kunye neshale yeoli. Kwanawona malahle axabisekileyo, i<em>anthracite, sele ephantse ukusetyenziswa, yaye namhlanje kusembiwa amalahle akumgangatho ophantsi. Kwi-1930, i-ores yobhedu ene-copper concentration ye-1,8% yachithwa, namhlanje i-concentration yi-0,5%. Ukuze kutsalwe imathiriyeli, kufuneka kuhanjiswe izinto eziphindwe kathathu namhlanje njengoko kwakunjalo kwiminyaka eli-100 eyadlulayo. I-1 kWh yamandla ahlaziyekayo isebenzisa amaxesha ali-10 esinyithi ngaphezulu kwe-XNUMX kWh yamandla efosili.
2. Rebound Effects: Ukuphuculwa kokusetyenziswa kwamandla kaninzi kukhokelela ekubeni enye okanye yonke imali eyongiwe ithotywe kwenye indawo. Umzekelo, ukuba imoto eyongayo kakhulu isetyenziswa rhoqo okanye ukuba ukonga kwiindleko zamandla aphantsi kutyalwe kwinqwelomoya. Kukho nemiphumo yesakhiwo. Umzekelo, ii-injini zokutsha zangaphakathi ezinoqoqosho ngakumbi zinokuthetha ukuba inkqubo yothutho enzima yemoto imiliselwe kwaye ezinye iindlela ezizinzileyo ezinje ngebhayisekile kunye nokuhamba azingeni. Kwimizi-mveliso, ukuthengwa koomatshini abanobuchule ngakumbi kuyinkuthazo yokwandisa imveliso.
3. utshintsho lwengxaki: Izisombululo zobuchwephesha kwingxaki yokusingqongileyo zinokudala iingxaki ezintsha okanye zandise ezikhoyo. Iimoto zabucala zombane zonyusa uxinzelelo kwi-lithium, i-cobalt kunye neediphozithi zethusi. Oku kungazenza mandundu ngakumbi iingxaki zentlalo ezayanyaniswa nokutsalwa kwezi zixhobo zikrwada. Ukutsalwa kwemihlaba enqabileyo kubangela umonakalo omkhulu kwindalo esingqongileyo. I-Biofuels okanye i-biomass yemveliso yamandla inefuthe elibi kusetyenziso lomhlaba. Amandla ombane anokukhokelela ekukhutshweni kwemethane xa ukufumba kodaka emva kwamadama kukhuthaza ukukhula kwealgae. Umzekelo ocacileyo wokutshintsha kwengxaki ngulo: Ihlabathi liye lakwazi ukuthothisa ukukhula koqoqosho kungcoliseko lomgquba wamahashe kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamagqabi eminenga - kodwa kuphela ngokuwabeka kwezinye iintlobo zokusetyenziswa kwendalo.
4. Iziphumo zoqoqosho lwenkonzo zihlala zijongelwa phantsi: Uqoqosho lwenkonzo lunokubakho kuphela ngesiseko soqoqosho lwezinto eziphathekayo, kungekhona ngaphandle kwalo. Iimveliso ezingabambekiyo zifuna isiseko somzimba. Isoftware ifuna ihardware. Indawo yokuphulula umzimba ifuna igumbi elishushu. Abo baqeshwe kwicandelo lenkonzo bafumana umvuzo abawuchithela kwizinto eziphathekayo. Ishishini leentengiso kunye neenkonzo zemali zisebenza ekukhuthazeni ukuthengiswa kwezinto eziphathekayo. Ngokuqinisekileyo, iiklabhu ze-yoga, izibini zonyango, okanye izikolo ezinyukayo zinokubeka uxinzelelo oluncinci kwindalo, kodwa akunyanzelekanga nokuba. Amashishini olwazi nonxibelelwano afuna amandla amaninzi: I-Intanethi iyodwa inoxanduva lwe-1,5% ukuya kwi-2% yokusetyenziswa kwamandla kwihlabathi jikelele. Ukutshintshela kuqoqosho lweenkonzo phantse kugqityiwe kumazwe amaninzi e-OECD. Kwaye la ngamazwe kanye anomlinganiselo ophezulu wokusetyenziswa kweenyawo.
5. Ubunakho bokurisayikilisha bukhawulelwe: Amazinga okurisayiklishwa ngoku aphantsi kakhulu kwaye anda ngokucothayo kuphela. Ukurisayikilisha kusafuna utyalo-mali olubalulekileyo kumandla kunye nemathiriyeli ekrwada ebuyiselweyo. Izinto eziphathekayo. Iimathiriyeli ziyancipha ekuhambeni kwexesha kwaye kufuneka zitshintshwe ngezisandula ukugrunjwa. Nokuba iFairphone, exatyiswe kakhulu kuyilo lwemodyuli, i-30% yezixhobo inokuphinda isetyenziswe kwakhona. Iintsimbi ezinqabileyo ezifunekayo ukuvelisa nokugcina amandla ahlaziyekayo zaye zahlaziywa kuphela nge-2011% ngo-1. Kucacile ukuba neyona nto ingcono yokurisayikilishwa ayinako ukwandisa imathiriyeli. Uqoqosho olukhulayo alunakuphumelela kwizinto ezisetyenzisiweyo. Izinto eziphathekayo ezinomlinganiselo ongcono wokurisayikilishwa yintsimbi. Ngokukhula konyaka ekusetyenzisweni kwentsimbi ye-2%, iindawo zokugcina i-iron ore zehlabathi ziya kuphelelwa malunga nomnyaka we-2139. Izinga langoku lokurisayikilishwa kwe-62% lingalibazisa elo nqaku ngeminyaka eyi-12. Ukuba ireyithi yokurisayikilisha inokunyuswa ukuya kuma-90%, oko kuya kongeza enye iminyaka esi-7 kuphela12.
6. Izinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe azanelanga: Inkqubela phambili yezobuchwephesha ayijongi kwizinto zokuvelisa ezibalulekileyo ekuzinzeni kwendalo kwaye azikhokeli kwizinto ezintsha ezinciphisa uxinzelelo kwindalo. Ayilawuleki ukutshintsha enye, itekhnoloji engafunwayo, kwaye ayikhawulezi ngokwaneleyo ukuqinisekisa ukudityaniswa okwaneleyo. Uninzi lwenkqubela phambili yezobuchwepheshe ijolise ekusindiseni abasebenzi kunye nenkunzi. Nangona kunjalo, yile nkqubo kanye ekhokelela ekwandeni okunyukayo kwemveliso. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, imithombo yamandla ehlaziyekayo ayikakhokelela ekuncitshisweni kokusetyenziswa kwamafutha efosili kuba ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kuyanda. Izinto ezihlaziywayo kuphela yimithombo eyongezelelweyo yamandla.Isabelo samalahle kusetyenziso lwamandla ehlabathi sehlile ngokwepesenti, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwamalahle ngokupheleleyo kuye kwanyuka ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje. Kuqoqosho longxowankulu, olugxile ekukhuleni, izinto ezintsha zenzeka ngaphezu kwako konke xa zizisa inzuzo. Ngoko ke, izinto ezintsha ezininzi ziqhuba ukukhula.
7. ukutshintshwa kweendleko: Ezinye zezinto ezibizwa ngokuba yi-decoupling ngokwenene nje utshintsho kumonakalo wokusingqongileyo ukusuka ekusetyenzisweni okuphezulu ukuya kumazwe aphantsi kokusetyenziswa. Ukuthathela ingqalelo usetyenziso olusekwe kusetyenziso lwendalo kupeyinta umfanekiso ongemhle kakhulu kwaye kuphakamisa amathandabuzo malunga nokuba kunokwenzeka ukuqhawuka komtshato kwixesha elizayo.

Ababhali baphetha ngokuthi abaxhasi "bokukhula okuluhlaza" bancinci okanye akukho nto iqinisekisayo malunga neengongoma ezisixhenxe ezidweliswe. Abaqulunqi bemigaqo-nkqubo kufuneka baqonde ukuba ukujongana neemeko zemozulu kunye neentlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo (ezimbini nje kwiingxaki zokusingqongileyo) kuya kufuna ukunciphisa imveliso yezoqoqosho kunye nokusetyenziswa kumazwe atyebileyo. Bagxininisa ukuba oku akuyongxelo nje ingekhoyo. Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, iintshukumo zentlalo kwiGlobal North ziye zaququzelela malunga nombono wokwanela: IiNguqulelo zeeDolophu, intshukumo yokwehla, iindawo zokuhlala, Izixeko eziSlow, uqoqosho lwembumba, Uqoqosho oluqhelekileyo oluqhelekileyo yimizekelo. Oku kuthethwa zezi ntshukumo kukuba: ngaphezulu akusoloko kungcono, kwaye ngokwaneleyo kuninzi. Ngokutsho kwababhali besifundo, akuyimfuneko ukunciphisa ukukhula koqoqosho kumonakalo wokusingqongileyo, kodwa ukudibanisa ukuchuma kunye nobomi obuhle ekukhuleni koqoqosho.

OKUBONWAYO: Renate uKristu
UMFANEKISO KWIPHEPHA LOKUQALA: Montage nguMartin Auer, iifoto ngo Matthias Boeckel kwaye bluelightpictures ngokusebenzisa pixabay)

Imibhalo esemazantsi:

1Iklabhu yaseRoma (2000): Imida yokuKhula. Ingxelo yeKlabhu yaseRoma malunga nemeko yoluntu. Uhlelo lwe-17 Stuttgart: Indlu yopapasho yaseJamani, iphe.17

2https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-00723-1

3ibid

4Stoknes, Per Espen; I-Rockström, uJohan (2018): Ukuhlaziya ukukhula okuluhlaza ngaphakathi kwemida yeeplanethi. Ku: Uphando lwaMandla kunye neNzululwazi yeNtlalo 44, iphepha 41-49. I-DOI: 10.1016/j.erss.2018.04.030

5Rockstrom, Johan (2010): Imida yePlanethi. Kwi: Iimbono Ezintsha Ngekota 27 (1), iphepha 72-74. I-DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-5842.2010.01142.x.

6ibid.

7Ixabiso elongeziweyo ngeyunithi nganye ye-CO2 ibizwa ngokuba yimveliso yekhabhoni, i-CAPRO efinyeziweyo.
I-CAPRO = GDP / CO2 → GDP / CAPRO = CO2 .. Ukuba ufaka i-103 ye-GDP kunye ne-105 ye-CAPRO, umphumo ngu-2 we-CO0,98095, oko kukuthi ukuhla kwe-2 ngokuchanekileyo.

8Tilsted, Joachim Peter; Bjorn, Anders; UMajeau-Bettez, uGuillaume; ULund, uJens Friis (2021): Imicimbi ye-Akhawuntingi: Ukuphinda kuqwalaselwe amabango okuqhawula kunye nokukhula okuluhlaza okwenyani kumazwe aseNordic. Kwi: Economics Economics 187, iphepha 1-9. I-DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2021.107101.

9Parrique T, Barth J, Briens F, Kerschner C, Kraus-Polk A, Kuokkanen A, Spangenberg JH (2019): Decoupling-Debunked. Ubungqina kunye neengxabano ezichasene nokukhula okuluhlaza njengeqhinga elilodwa lokuzinza. IBrussels: I-European Environmental Bureau.

10Ukusuka kwisiNgesi Yanele = ngokwaneleyo.

11uHubacek, uKlaus; eBaiocchi, eGiovanni; Feng, Kuishuang; Muñoz Castillo, Raúl; Ilanga, Laixiang; Xue, Jinjun (2017): Ukungalingani kwekhabhoni yehlabathi. Ku: Amandla. I-Ecol. okusingqongileyo 2 (6), iphepha 361-369. I-DOI: 10.1007/s40974-017-0072-9.

12Grosse, F; Mainguy, G. (2010): Ngaba ukurisayikilishwa “yinxalenye yesisombululo”? Indima yokurisayikilishwa kuluntu olwandayo kunye nehlabathi lemithombo enesiphelo. https://journals.openedition.org/sapiens/906#tocto1n2