Elizabeth Oberzaucher
"Ukukhula okungasikelwanga mda kungenxa yokuba izixhobo zefosili zisetyenziswa, ukuba iilwandle zethu zigqithisiwe kwaye ngaxeshanye ziba ziindawo zokulahla inkunkuma enkulu."
Izinto eziphilayo zahlukile kwinto engaphilanga ngokudityaniswa kwezi ndawo zilandelayo: Banokufaka umgquba, bavelise kwakhona kwaye bayakhula. Ke ukukhula kukuphawu oluphakathi kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo, kodwa kwangaxeshanye sisiseko seengxaki ezinkulu zeli xesha lethu. Ukukhula okungasikelwanga mda kungenxa yokuba ubutyebi bezinto eziphila emhlabeni buchithwa, ukuba iilwandle zethu zigqithisiwe kwaye kwangaxeshanye zibe ngamabala amakhulu enkunkuma. Kodwa ngaba ukukhula okungasikelwanga mda kuyimfuneko yezinto eziphilayo, okanye ngaba kunokuyekiswa?
Ezi zicwangciso zimbini
Kwi-ecology yokuzala, umahluko wenziwa phakathi kwamaqela amabini amakhulu ezinto eziphilayo, oko kuthiwa zii-r kunye ne-K zokucwangcisa. Iingcaphephe zezi ntlobo zezilwanyana ezinenani elikhulu kakhulu lenzala. I-r imele ukuveliswa kwakhona, ngokuchanekileyo ngenxa yabantwana abaninzi. Ukukhathalelwa kwabazali kwaba buchule ngaba kunqongophele, okuthetha ukuba uninzi lwabantwana aluphili. Nangona kunjalo, esi sicwangciso sokuzala sikhokelela ekukhuleni kwenani labemi. Oku kusebenza kakuhle ukuba izibonelelo zoncedo zanele. Ukuba ubungakanani babemi bugqithile kumthamo we-ecosystem, kwehla intlekele. Ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kwezixhobo kubangela ukuba inani labantu liwele ngaphantsi komgangatho wezinto eziphila emhlabeni. Ukuwa kulandelwa kukukhula okubonakalayo kweengcali ze-r. Oku kudala indlela engazinzanga: ukukhula okungasikelwanga mda, kulandele ukuwa kwentlekele - eyokugqibela ayipheleli ekunciphiseni ubuntu kakhulu, kodwa inokukhokelela nasekuphelisweni kohlobo. Esi sicwangciso sokuzala senziwa ikakhulu zizilwanyana ezincinci, ezifutshane.
Esona siphila sikhulu kwaye siphila ixesha elide esiphila, kokukhona kunokwenzeka ukuba kulandelwe isicwangciso sendalo yomntu onobuchule be-K. Iingcali ze-K zinobuncinci inzalo ekhathalelwe kakuhle kwaye uninzi luphila. Iingcali ze-K zinciphisa umyinge wazo wokuzala xa inani labantu lifika kwindawo ebizwa ngokuba ngumthamo, i.e. inani labantu abanokubakho kwindawo yokuphila ngaphandle kokusebenzisa kakhulu izixhobo ezikhoyo kwaye oko kuzonakalise isigxina. I-K imele umthwalo wokuthwala.
Inzululwazi ayikaphenduli ngokucacileyo apho abantu banokuhlelwa ngolu hlobo. Ukusuka kwimbonakalo yebhayoloji kunye nokuzala ngokutsha, sithanda ukubonwa njengabacwangcisi be-K, kodwa oku kupheliswa luphuhliso losetyenziso lwezixhobo olunokuhambelana neengcaphephe zendlela.
Itekhnoloji yokuzivelela kwezinto
Ukuphuhliswa okubonakalayo kokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zethu akubikho ngenxa yokwanda kwabemi, njengoko kunjalo nakwezinye izilwanyana, kodwa kwindalo yetekhnoloji, ethi kwelinye icala isivulele amathuba amaninzi kodwa kwelinye icala kukwathetha ukuba sisondela ngokukhawuleza kumthamo womhlaba. Njengama-r-Strategist, sidubula ngesantya sokuphefumla hayi kuphela kubugwenxa bethu, kodwa nangaphaya. Ukuba ngaba siyasilela ukuthoba isantya sokukhula, isiphumo esibi siyabonakala ukuba asinakuphepheka.
Nangona kunjalo, isibakala sokuba singakumbi kwi-K yeengcaphephe kumbono webhayoloji inokusenza sibe nethemba. Ukujongana neendlela zokuziphatha ezisekwe kwimeko ye-biologic zifuna iinzame ezikhethekileyo, njengoko zinengcambu enzulu kwaye ke ngenxa yokutshintsha kokuziphatha kunokuziswa kuphela ngobalo olungaguqukiyo kwinqanaba lolwazi. Nangona kunjalo, kuba imikhwa yethu ye-r-Strategist inokufumaneka kwinqanaba elifunyenwe ngokwenkcubeko, utshintsho kwindlela yethu yokuziphatha kufanele ukuba kube lula ukuyiphumeza.
Inkqubo: qala kwakhona
Kodwa oku kufuna isiseko Ukuhlengahlengiswa kwenkqubo yethu, Lonke uqoqosho lwehlabathi luzimisele ukukhula. Inkqubo inokugcinwa isebenza kuphela ngokwandisa ukusetyenziswa, ukukhula ngenzuzo kunye nokusetyenziswa okukhulayo kokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo. Le nkqubo inokuphulwa kuphela ngumntu.
Inyathelo elibalulekileyo lokubaleka kumgibe wokukhula unokufumaneka kwinqanaba ngalinye: Isekwe kutshintsho olusisiseko kwinkqubo yethu yexabiso. UBobby Low, ugqirha wezengqondo waseMelika, ubona amandla amakhulu ekuphononongwa kwakhona kwepropathi kunye nokuziphatha. Ujonga indlela esiziphatha ngayo ngokwembono yokhetho lwamaqabane kunye nentengiso yeqabane, kwaye uyabona oku njengesizathu sokusebenzisa ngendlela engeyiyo izinto zomhlaba. Iimpawu zesimo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhetheni iqabane, kuba kwimbali yethu yokuzivelela babeyimiqondiso ebalulekileyo yesakhono sokubonelela usapho ngezixhobo ezibalulekileyo. Kwilizwe lanamhlanje lethekhnoloji, ixabiso leempawu zeempawu zesimo alusathembeki kangako, kwaye ngaphezulu koko ukubonwa nokuqokelelwa kwezi zinto ngokuyinxenye linoxanduva lokungazinzi.
Kulapho indawo apho kuqala khona ungenelelo ngoncedo olunokuthi lufumaneke: Ukuba ukusetyenziswa okucekeceke kwezixhobo akusabonwa njengenye into ekufanele ukuba uyilwele, ngokuzenzekelayo kukho ukwehla kokusetyenziswa okungenangqondo. Ukuba, kwelinye icala, ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo okwazi ukubala yinto ebaluleke njengempahla enqwenelekayo, emva koko into inokwenziwa. Isikhundla esisezantsi sokuba sizakuziphatha ngokuzinzileyo xa kusenza sinqwenelekayo ngakumbi kwimarike yeqabane. Amanyathelo okungenelela abonakala engaqhelekanga ngenxalenye elandelayo kule mzekelo: Umzekelo, ucebisa ukuba ukutya okuveliswa ngokuzinzileyo kuthengiswa ngamaxabiso aphezulu kakhulu ukuze kwenziwe uphawu. Ukuba into imiselwe njengophawu lwembonakalo, iya kuyinqweneleka ngokuzenzekelayo.
Ukuphuhliswa okufanelekileyo kunokuqatshelwa: Ingqwalaselo enikelwe kwimvelaphi kunye nokulungiswa kokutya kwimijikelezo ethile namhlanje ibonisa indlela yokuphila enokuthi iphakanyiswe ngayo isimboli yesimo. Ibali lempumelelo leemoto zombane ezithile zinokwabelwa umsebenzi wazo onokuthenjwa njengophawu lwesimo. Uninzi lwezi zinto ziphuhlileyo, nangona kunjalo, zixhomekeke kubathengi, abathi, ngelixa behambisa kwakhona ukukhula kwezinye iindlela, bengayinciphisi ngokwaneleyo.
Ukuba sifuna ukukhawulela ukukhula, sifuna indibaniselwano yokungenelela komgangatho wenkqubo kunye notshintsho kwindlela yokuziphatha yokuziphatha. Kukudityaniswa kwezi zibini kuphela okunokuthi kukhokelela ekukhuleni kuncitshiswe kwinqanaba elingadluli kumthamo weplanethi yethu.
Die imiboniso ngoLwesihlanu kuba iplanethi inika ithemba lokuba ulwazi ngemfuno yotshintsho luyonyuka. Izenzo zinokuthi zilandele kungekudala ukuseta imida ethambileyo yokukhula ngokukhawuleza okukhulu ngaphambi kokuqhekeka ngokukhohlakeleyo ekuthwaleni umthamo kukhokelela kwintlekele enkulu.
INFO: Intlekele yeecommons
Xa izixhobo zikawonke wonke, zihlala zingenangxaki. Ukuba akukho seti yemithetho yokusetyenziswa kwezi zibonelelo, kwaye ukujonga ukuba ngaba le mithetho iyathathelwa kunye nayo kunokukhokelela ekuphelisweni kwezi zixhobo. Ukuthetha ngokungqongqo, okukhokelela ekutyeni ngokugqithileyo iilwandle kunye nokusetyenziswa gwenxa kwezixhobo zefosili ezinjengeoyile kunye nerhasi kukungabikho kwemithetho esebenzayo.
Kwi-ikholoji, le meko ibizwa ngokuba yiNtlekele yeecommons okanye i Intlekele yeecommons ukubizwa. Ibinzana elithi, imvelaphi libuyele kuWilliam Forster Lloyd, noqwalasele uphuhliso lwabemi. KumaXesha Aphakathi, ii-commons, ezinje ngamadlelo ekwabelwana ngazo, zazichongwa njenge-commons. Umxholo wafumana indlela yayo kwi-ecology Garrett Hardin Ukungena ngo-1968.
Ngokuka-Hardin, xa isibonelelo sifumaneka ngokupheleleyo kuye wonke umntu, wonke umntu uya kuzama ukwenza inzuzo enkulu kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Oku kusebenza okoko izibonelelo zingaphelelanga. Nangona kunjalo, kamsinya nje ukuba inani labasebenzisi okanye ukusetyenziswa kwesixhobo sonyuka ngaphaya kwenqanaba elithile, intlekele yokufika kwe-commons iqala ukusebenza: Abantu abaqhubekayo nokuzama ukwandisa umvuzo wabo. Ke ngoko, oovimba abasekho kulunge wonke umntu. Ixabiso lokuxhaphaza kakhulu liwela eluntwini liphela. Inzuzo ekhawulezileyo iphakame kakhulu kumntu ngamnye, kodwa iindleko zexesha elide kufuneka zithwelwe ngumntu wonke. Ngokukhula kwinzuzo ebonwe mfutshane, wonke umntu unegalelo kokwabo nakonakaliso loluntu. "Inkululeko kwi-commons izisa intshabalalo kuye wonke," utsho uHinstin, umzekelo, ukuba uthathe idlelo loluntu. Amafama aya kuvumela iinkomo ezininzi ukuba zitye emadlelweni njengoko oko kuya kukhokelela ekubeni amadlelo atyetyiswe ngaphezulu, i.eward isezonakalisiwe, nokukhula kwamadlelo kuya kubandezeleka ngenxa yoko. Kukho rhoqo imigaqo kunye nemigaqo yezixhobo ekwabelwana ngazo eziqinisekisa ukuba azichaphazeli. Nangona kunjalo, iinkqubo ezinkulu ezabelana ngezinto, kuya kuba nzima ngakumbi kwezi ndlela zokulawula. Imiceli mngeni yehlabathi idinga isisombululo esahlukileyo kunaleyo ibisebenza kwiinkqubo zexesha eliphakathi. Ukuqala kwezinto ezintsha kwinkqubo yodidi kunye nenqanaba lomntu ngamnye ziyafuneka apha.
Photo / Ividiyo: Shutterstock.
