Ukuhlamba eluhlaza

Izithembiso zemozulu ezenziwa ziinkampani ezininzi ezinkulu azinakukwazi ukujongisisa

nguMartin Auer

2019 unayo Amazon kunye namanye amashishini amakhulu Isithembiso seMozulu yasekwa, enye ye ukudibanisa ezininzi ziinkampani ezizibophelele ekungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni ngo-2040. Kodwa ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, iAmazon ayikacacisi ngokweenkcukacha ukuba ijonge ukuyifezekisa njani loo njongo. Akukacaci nokuba isibambiso sibandakanya kuphela ukukhutshwa kweCO2 okanye zonke iigesi ze-greenhouse, kwaye akucaci ukuba ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo kuya kuncitshiswa kangakanani na okanye kupheliswe nje yi-carbon offsetting.

Ikea ufuna ukuba “nemozulu entle” ngo-2030. Ngokuqinisekileyo oko kuthetha ukuthini kuhlala kungacacanga, kodwa icebisa ukuba i-Ikea ifuna ukwenza ngaphezulu kokungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni ngelo xesha. Ngokukodwa, inkampani iceba ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwayo ngeepesenti ezili-2030 kuphela ngo-15. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-Ikea ifuna ukubala ukukhutshwa "okuthintelweyo", phakathi kwezinye izinto, o.k.t. izinto ezikhutshwayo abathengi bayo abaziphepha ngokwenene xa bethenga iiphaneli zelanga kwi-Ikea. I-Ikea ikwabala ikhabhoni ebotshelelwe kwiimveliso zayo. Inkampani iyazi ukuba le khabhoni ikhutshwa kwakhona emva kweminyaka engama-20 ngokwe-avareji (umzekelo, xa iimveliso zokhuni zilahlwa kwaye zitshiswa). Ngokuqinisekileyo, oku kugatya umphumo wemozulu kwakhona.

iapile iyabhengeza kwiwebhusayithi yayo: “Asithathi cala kwi-CO2. Kwaye ngo-2030, zonke iimveliso ozithandayo ziya kuba nazo. " Nangona kunjalo, oku "Siyi-CO2-ingathathi hlangothi" ibhekisa kuphela kwimisebenzi ethe ngqo yabasebenzi, iihambo zeshishini kunye nokuhamba. Nangona kunjalo, zenza kuphela i-1,5 yepesenti yezinto ezikhutshwayo zeQela. I-98,5 yepesenti eseleyo yenzeka kwikhonkco lokubonelela. Apha, iApple izibekele ithagethi yokunciphisa iipesenti ezingama-2030 ngo-62 ngokusekwe ngo-2019. Oko ngamabhongo, kodwa kusekude ukungathathi hlangothi kwe-CO2. Iinjongo ezineenkcukacha eziphakathi azikho. Kananjalo akukho kujoliswe kuko kwindlela yokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ngokusetyenziswa kweemveliso. 

Izenzo ezilungileyo nezimbi

Iimeko ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwezinye iinkampani ezinkulu. Itanki yokucinga Iziko elitsha leMozulu wajongisisa izicwangciso zeenkampani ezinkulu ezingama-25 waza wahlalutya izicwangciso ezineenkcukacha zeenkampani. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukucaca kwezicwangciso kwavavanywa kwaye kwelinye icala, ukuba imilinganiselo ecwangcisiweyo inokwenzeka kwaye yanele ukufezekisa iinjongo iinkampani ezizibekele yona. Iinjongo zequmrhu ezigqwesileyo, oko kukuthi, ingaba iimveliso ezikule fomu kwaye ukuza kuthi ga ngoku zihlangabezana neemfuno zentlalo kuzo zonke, azizange zibandakanywe kuvavanyo. 

Iziphumo zapapashwa kwingxelo ye-Corporate Climate Responsibility Monitor 2022[1] kunye neNGO Ukujongwa kweNtengiso yeCarbon veröffentlicht. 

Ingxelo ichonga iindlela ezininzi ezilungileyo ekunokuthi kulinganiswe ngazo ukuthotyelwa kwezithembiso zemozulu yeshishini:

• Iinkampani kufuneka zilandele zonke izinto ezikhutshwayo kwaye zinike ingxelo ngonyaka. Okukuthi abo bavela kwimveliso yabo ("Scope 1"), ukusuka kwimveliso yamandla abawadlayo ("Scope 2") kunye nokubonelela kunye neenkqubo ezisezantsi ezifana nokuthutha, ukusetyenziswa kunye nokulahla ("Scope 3"). 
• Iinkampani kufuneka zichaze kwiithagethi zazo zemozulu ukuba ezi thagethi zibandakanya izinto ezikhutshwayo kwi-scope 1, 2 kunye ne-3 kunye nezinye izinto eziqhuba imozulu ezifanelekileyo (ezifana nokusetyenziswa komhlaba otshintshileyo). Bafanele babeke iithagethi ezingabandakanyi i-offsets kwaye zihambelana ne-1,5 ° C ekujoliswe kuyo kolu shishino. Kwaye kufuneka babeke amabanga acacileyo angekho ngaphezulu kweminyaka emihlanu ngokwahlukeneyo.
• Iinkampani kufuneka ziphumeze imilinganiselo ye-decarbonization enzulu kwaye zikwabhengeze ukuze abanye bakwazi ukubaxelisa. Kuya kufuneka ufumane amandla ahlaziyiweyo akumgangatho ophezulu kwaye uchaze zonke iinkcukacha zomthombo.
• Kufuneka babonelele ngenkxaso yemali enqwenelekayo yokuthomalalisa utshintsho lwemozulu ngaphandle kwekhonkco lexabiso labo, ngaphandle kokuzenza buthathaka izinto ezikhutshwayo. Ngokubhekiselele kwi-carbon offsets, kufuneka baphephe izithembiso ezilahlekisayo. Kuphela ezo CO2 offsets kufuneka zibalwe ukuba offset ukukhutshwa okungathintelekiyo ngokupheleleyo. Iinkampani kufuneka zikhethe kuphela izisombululo eziza kuhlutha ikhabhoni kangangeenkulungwane okanye iwaka leminyaka (ubuncinci iminyaka eyi-2) kwaye ezinokuthi zichazwe ngokuchanekileyo. Eli bango linokufezekiswa kuphela ngezisombululo zobuchwepheshe ezenza i-CO100 i-mineralize, oko kukuthi iguqule ibe yi-magnesium carbonate (i-magnesite) okanye i-calcium carbonate (i-lime), umzekelo, kwaye iya kufumaneka kuphela kwixesha elizayo elingenakuqinisekiswa ngokuchanekileyo.

Ingxelo ikhankanya ezi zenzo zimbi zilandelayo:

• Ukubhengezwa okukhethiweyo kokukhutshwayo, ngakumbi ukusuka kuMda wesi-3. Ezinye iinkampani zisebenzisa oku ukufihla ukuya kutsho kuma-98 epesenti yonyawo lwazo luphela.
• Ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo okubaxiweyo ukwenza unciphiso lubonakale lukhulu.
• Ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo kookontraka abancinci.
• Fihla ukungasebenzi emva kweenjongo ezinkulu.
• Ungabandakanyi izinto ezikhutshwayo ezivela kwiikhonkco zobonelelo kunye neenkqubo ezisezantsi.
• Iithagethi ezingalunganga: ubuncinci iinkampani ezine kwezingama-25 ezivavanywe kwiithagethi ezipapashiweyo enyanisweni azifuni nakuphi na ukuncitshiswa phakathi kuka-2020 no-2030.
• Ulwazi olungacacanga okanye olungenakwenzeka malunga nemithombo yombane esetyenzisiweyo.
• Ukubalwa kabini kokunciphisa.
• Chonga iimpawu zomntu ngamnye kwaye uzikhuthaze njenge-CO2-ingathathi hlangothi.

Akukho ndawo yokuqala kukalisho

Kuvavanyo olusekwe kwezi zenzo zilungileyo nezimbi, akukho nanye kwiinkampani ekwenziwe kuzo uphando efumene indawo yokuqala. 

UMaersk weza okwesibini (“yamkelekile”). Eyona nkampani inkulu yokuthumela ngenqanawa emhlabeni yabhengeza ngoJanuwari ka-2022 ukuba ijonge ukuphumeza ukukhutshwa kwe-net-zero kuyo yonke inkampani, kubandakanya yonke imida emithathu, ngo-2040. Oku kuphucuka kwezicwangciso zangaphambili. Ngo-2030, izinto ezikhutshwayo eziphuma kwii-terminals ziya kuwa ngama-70 ekhulwini kunye noxinzelelo lokukhutshwa kweenqanawa (o.k.t ukukhutshwa kweetoni nganye ezithuthwayo) ngama-50 ekhulwini. Kakade ke, ukuba imiqulu yempahla iyanda ngaxeshanye, oku kufikelela ngaphantsi kwama-50 ekhulwini okukhutshwa ngokupheleleyo. I-Maersk ke ngoko kuya kufuneka ifezekise isambuku sokucutha phakathi kuka-2030 no-2040. I-Maersk iphinde ibeke iithagethi zokutshintsha ngokuthe ngqo kwi-CO2-neutral fuels, oko kukuthi i-synthetic kunye ne-bio-fuels. I-LPG njengesisombululo sexeshana ayiqwalaselwa. Njengoko la mafutha matsha ebeka uzinzo kunye nemiba yokhuseleko, iMaersk ikwagunyazise uphando olunxulumeneyo. Iinqwelo zothutho ezisibhozo zicwangciselwe ukuba ziqalise ukusebenza ngo-2024, ezinokusetyenzwa ngamafutha efosili kunye ne-bio-methanol okanye i-e-methanol. Ngale nto, iMaersk ifuna ukunqanda ukutshixa. Inkampani ikwaphembelele iWorld Maritime Organisation ukuba ihlawule umrhumo wekhabhoni jikelele kwiinqanawa. Ingxelo igxeka into yokuba, ngokungafaniyo nezicwangciso ezicacileyo zamafutha angamanye, i-Maersk ibonisa iithagethi ezimbalwa ezicacileyo ze-scope 2 kunye ne-3 ekhutshwayo. Ngaphezu kwako konke, imithombo yamandla apho umbane wokuvelisa amanye amafutha uya kuthi ekugqibeleni uphume iya kuba yimfuneko.

I-Apple, i-Sony kunye neVodafone zezesithathu ("modareyitha").

Ezi nkampani zilandelayo zihlangabezana nje nemigaqo: Amazon, Deutsche Telekom, Enel, GlaxoSmithkline, Google, Hitachi, Ikea, Volkswagen, Walmart kunye neVale. 

Kwaye ingxelo ifumana imbalelwano encinci kakhulu kunye ne-Accenture, i-BMW Group, iCarrefour, i-CVS Health, i-Deutsche Post DHL, i-E.On SE, i-JBS, i-Nestlé, i-Novartis, i-Saint-Gbain kunye ne-Unilever.

Zintathu kuphela kwezi nkampani zenze izicwangciso zokunciphisa ezichaphazela lonke ikhonkco lexabiso: i-Danish Shipping Maersk, inkampani yonxibelelwano yaseBritani iVodafone kunye neDeutsche Telekom. Iinkampani ezili-13 zingenise iipakethe ezineenkcukacha zamanyathelo. Ngokomlinganiselo, ezi zicwangciso zanele ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo ngama-40 ekhulwini endaweni ye-100 ekhulwini elithenjisiweyo. Ubuncinci iinkampani ezintlanu zifezekisa kuphela ukuncitshiswa kweepesenti ezili-15 ngemilinganiselo yazo. Umzekelo, abaquki izinto ezikhutshwayo ezenzeka kubaboneleli babo okanye kwiinkqubo ezisezantsi ezifana nothutho, ukusetyenziswa kunye nokulahlwa. Iinkampani ezilishumi elinesibini azikhange zinike iinkcukacha ezicacileyo malunga nezicwangciso zabo zokunciphisa i-greenhouse gas. Ukuba uthatha zonke iinkampani zihlolwe kunye, zifikelela kuphela i-20 yepesenti yokunciphisa okuthenjisiweyo kwi-emissions. Ukuze kukwazi ukufikelela kwithagethi ye-1,5°C, zonke izinto ezikhutshwayo kuya kufuneka zincitshiswe ngama-2030 ukuya kuma-40 ekhulwini ngo-50 xa kuthelekiswa no-2010.

Iimbuyekezo zeCO2 ziyingxaki

Eyona nto ixhalabisayo kukuba ezininzi iinkampani zibandakanya i-carbon offsetting kwizicwangciso zabo, ngokuyininzi ngeenkqubo zokutshalwa kwamahlathi kunye nezinye izisombululo ezisekelwe kwindalo, ezifana ne-Amazon eyenza ngomlinganiselo omkhulu. Oku kuyingxaki kuba ikhabhoni ebotshelelwe ngolu hlobo inokukhululwa ibuyele emoyeni, umzekelo ngemililo yamahlathi okanye ngokugawulwa kwamahlathi nokutshiswa. Iiprojekthi ezinjalo zikwafuna iindawo ezingafumanekiyo ngokusisigxina nezinokuthi emva koko zinqongophele ukuvelisa ukutya. Esinye isizathu kukuba ukuhluthwa kwekhabhoni (ekuthiwa kukukhupha okungalunganga) Ukongeza kuyimfuneko ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo. Ngoko ke iinkampani kufuneka ngokuqinisekileyo zixhase iinkqubo ezinjalo zokutshalwa kwamahlathi okanye ukubuyiselwa kwe-peatland kunye nokunye, kodwa akufanele basebenzise le nkxaso njengesizathu sokunganciphisi ukukhutshwa kwabo, oko kukuthi bangabandakanyi njengezinto ezimbi kwibhajethi yabo yokukhutshwa. 

Nokuba iitekhnoloji ezikhupha i-CO2 kwi-atmosfera kwaye zibophe ngokusisigxina (i-mineralize) zinokuqwalaselwa kuphela njengembuyekezo ethembekileyo ukuba zijonge ukuphelisa ukukhutshwa okungenakuthintelwa kwixesha elizayo. Ngokwenza njalo, iinkampani kufuneka zithathele ingqalelo ukuba ezi teknoloji, ukuba ziphunyeziwe, ziya kufumaneka kuphela kwinqanaba elilinganiselweyo kwaye kusekho ukungaqiniseki okukhulu okuhambelana nabo. Kufuneka balandele uphuhliso ngokusondeleyo kwaye bahlaziye izicwangciso zabo zemozulu ngokufanelekileyo.

Imigangatho efanayo kufuneka yenziwe

Lilonke, ingxelo ifumanisa ukuba kukho ukunqongophala kwemigangatho efanayo kwinqanaba lesizwe nelamazwe ngamazwe lokuvavanya izithembiso zemozulu zeenkampani. Loo migangatho ibiya kufuneka ngokukhawuleza ukwahlula uxanduva lokwenyani lwemozulu ekuhlanjweni luhlaza.

Ukuze kuphuhliswe imigangatho enjalo kwizicwangciso ze-net-zero zamaqumrhu angekho phantsi kukarhulumente afana neenkampani, abatyali-mali, izixeko kunye nemimandla, iZizwe eziManyeneyo zapapasha enye ngoMatshi kulo nyaka. iqela leengcali eziphezulu udliswe ubomi. Izindululo kulindeleke ukuba zipapashwe phambi kokuphela konyaka.

Okuphawulweyo: Renate uKristu

Umfanekiso wekhava: Canva/postprocessed by Simon Probst

[1]    Usuku, uTomas; uMoldijke, uSilke; Smit, Sybrig; uPosada, uEduardo; uHans, uFrederic; Fearnehough, uHarry et al. (2022): iMonitor yoXanduva lweMozulu yoShishino ngo-2022. I-Cologne: Iziko elitsha leMozulu. Kwi-intanethi: https://newclimate.org/2022/02/07/corporate-climate-responsibility-monitor-2022/, ifunyenwe nge-02.05.2022/XNUMX/XNUMX.