Izityebi kunye nemozulu

Abantu abanesimo esiphakamileyo sentlalo-qoqosho banempembelelo enkulu ngokugqithisileyo ekukhutshweni kwegesi ye-greenhouse. Ngokuthe ngqo ngokusetyenziswa kwabo nangokungathanga ngqo ngamathuba abo emali nawentlalontle. Nangona kunjalo, amanyathelo okukhusela imozulu awajoliswanga kweli qela labemi kwaye amathuba alolu hlobo akukhange kujongwe. Izicwangciso zokukhusela imozulu kufuneka zijolise ekunciphiseni ukukhutshwa kwerhasi ye-greenhouse yabaphezulu. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba zeziphi izicwangciso ezikhethwayo, nokuba ngaba ukukholisa kunye nokukholisa okanye imilinganiselo yezopolitiko kunye nerhafu, indima yaba bantu baphezulu kunye nokusetyenziswa kwabo okuphezulu kunye namandla abo ezopolitiko kunye nemali yokuthintela okanye ukukhuthaza ubulungisa bemozulu kufuneka ifakwe. Izazinzulu ezintlanu ezivela kwiinkalo zengqondo, uphando oluzinzileyo, uphando lwemozulu, intlalo yoluntu kunye nophando lokusingqongileyo kutshanje lipapashe inqaku kwijenali yendalo yamandla (1). Ichazwa njani “imo yentlalo noqoqosho oluphezulu”? Ngokuyintloko ngengeniso kunye nobutyebi. Umvuzo kunye nobutyebi ubukhulu becala bumisela iwonga kunye nefuthe kuluntu, kwaye zinefuthe elithe ngqo kwisakhono sokutya. Kodwa abantu abanesimo esiphezulu sentlalo-qoqosho nabo banempembelelo kwi-greenhouse gas emissions ngokusebenzisa iindima zabo njengabatyali-mali, njengabemi, njengamalungu emibutho kunye namaziko kunye nemizekelo yentlalontle.

Uninzi lwezinto ezikhutshwayo zibangelwa ngabaphezulu

Esona sityebi si-1 ekhulwini sibangela i-15 pesenti yezinto ezikhutshwayo ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa. Abona bangama-50 ekhulwini bangamahlwempu, kwelinye icala, xa bedibene babangela isiqingatha somlinganiselo, oko kukuthi, isi-7 ekhulwini. Uninzi lwabantu abazizityebi kakhulu abanempahla engaphezulu kwe-50 yezigidi zeedola abasebenzisa iijethi zabucala ukuhamba phakathi kweendawo zokuhlala ezininzi kwihlabathi liphela banekhabhoni ephezulu kakhulu. Ngelo xesha, aba bantu baya kuchaphazeleka kancinane kwimiphumo yokutshintsha kwemozulu. Uphononongo lukwabonisa ukuba ukungalingani okukhulu kwezentlalo kwilizwe ngokubanzi kunxulunyaniswa nokukhutshwa kwegesi ephezulu yobushushu kunye nokuzinza okuncinci. Oku kubangelwa kwelinye icala lokutyiwa kwaba bantu banewonga eliphezulu kwaye kwelinye icala impembelelo yabo kwezopolitiko. Iindlela ezintathu zokusetyenziswa zinoxanduva lokukhutshwa kwerhasi yegreenhouse kwizityebi kunye nezityebi kakhulu: ukuhamba ngomoya, iimoto kunye nezindlu.

Inqwelomoya

 Kuzo zonke iintlobo zokusetyenziswa, ukubhabha yeyona nto isetyenziswa kakhulu amandla. Okukhona iphezulu ingeniso, kokukhona inyuka imveliso ekhutshwa kuhambo lomoya. Kwaye ngokuchaseneyo: Isiqingatha sayo yonke imveliso ekhutshwayo yehlabathi evela kuhambo lomoya ibangelwa zezona pesenti zizityebi (jonga kwakhona esi sithuba). Yaye ukuba abona bantu batyebileyo eYurophu bebenokukuyeka kwaphela ukuhamba ngenqwelo-moya, aba bantu bebeya konga ama-40 ekhulwini emali abayifumanayo. Umoya wehlabathi jikelele ukhupha i-CO2 eninzi emoyeni kunayo yonke iJamani. Izityebi kunye nempembelelo zihlala zikhokelela kubomi be-hypermobile kwaye zihamba ngenqwelomoya ngasese nangomsebenzi. Ngokuyinxenye kuba umvuzo wabo uyabavumela, ngokuyinxenye ngenxa yokuba iinqwelomoya zihlawulelwa yinkampani, okanye ngokuyinxenye ngenxa yokuba udidi lweshishini elibhabhayo yinxalenye yesimo sabo. Ababhali babhala ukuba uphando oluncinci lwenziwe malunga nendlela "iplastiki", oko kukuthi, indlela yokuziphatha oku kuhamba ngayo, iphandiwe. Kubabhali, ukutshintsha imilinganiselo yentlalo ejikeleze le hypermobility kubonakala kuyintsika ebalulekileyo yokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kule ndawo. Abahamba ngenqwelo moya rhoqo banokulinciphisa inani leenqwelomoya zabo kunabantu abanokubhukisha inqwelo moya kanye ngonyaka bendwendwela usapho lwabo.

Ukuzenzekelayo ngokuzenzekelayo

 Izithuthi, o.k.t. ubukhulu becala, iimoto, zithatha esona sabelo sikhulu sokukhutshwa kwabantu eMelika kunye nesesibini ngobukhulu eYurophu. Kwizinto ezikhutshwayo ezinkulu zeCO2 (kwakhona ipesenti enye), i-CO2 esuka kwiimoto yenza isinye kwisihlanu sezinto ezikhutshwayo zobuqu. Ukutshintshela kwizithuthi zikawonke-wonke, ukuhamba nokukhwela ibhayisekile kunokona kukhulu ekunciphiseni oku kukhutshwayo kunxulumene nezithuthi. Isiphumo sokutshintshela kwiimoto ezisebenza ngebhetri sivavanywa ngokwahlukileyo, kodwa siya kuthi kuyo nayiphi na imeko kunyuke xa ukwenziwa kombane kusenziwa i-decarbonise. Abantu abanemivuzo ephezulu banokukhokelela olu tshintsho kwi-e-mobility njengoko ingabona bathengi baphambili beemoto ezintsha. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, iimoto ze-e-moto ziya kufikelela kwimarike yeemoto ezisetyenzisiweyo. Kodwa ukuze kuthintelwe ukufudumala kwehlabathi, ubunini kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezithuthi kufuneka kuthintelwe. Ababhali bagxininisa ukuba oku kusetyenziswa kuxhomekeke kakhulu kwiziseko ezikhoyo, oko kukuthi ingakanani indawo efumanekayo kubahambi ngeenyawo nabahamba ngeebhayisikile. Okukhona umvuzo uphezulu, kokukhona kunokwenzeka ukuba abantu babe nemoto enzima ekhupha izinto ezikhutshwayo eziphezulu. Kodwa nabo bazabalazela ukuba newonga ekuhlaleni banokuzama ukuba nesithuthi esinjalo. Ngokutsho kwababhali, abantu abanesimo esiphakamileyo sentlalontle banokunceda ukuseka iimpawu zesimo esitsha, umzekelo ukuhlala kwindawo ehambelana nabahambi ngeenyawo. Ngexesha lobhubhani we-Covid-19, ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo kwehlile okwethutyana. Ubukhulu becala, oku kuncipha kubangelwe kukuhla kwezithuthi ezindleleni, hayi kancinci kuba abantu abaninzi bebesebenzela emakhaya. Kwaye imisebenzi apho oku kunokwenzeka ikakhulu yileyo inemivuzo ephezulu.

I-Villa

Ipesenti enye eyaziwayo ikwanoxanduva lokukhutshwa kwezinto ezininzi eziphuma kwicandelo leendawo zokuhlala, ezizezi pesenti ezili-11. Aba bantu banezindlu ezinkulu okanye amagumbi amakhulu, baneendawo zokuhlala ezininzi kwaye basebenzisa iimpahla zasekhaya ezisetyenziswa ngamandla, ezifana ne-air conditioning ephakathi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abantu abanemivuzo ephezulu banamathuba amaninzi okunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwabo ngokusebenzisa imilinganiselo eneendleko eziphezulu zokuqala, umzekelo ukutshintsha iinkqubo zokufudumeza okanye ukufaka iipaneli zelanga. Ukutshintshela kumandla ahlaziyekayo kunesona sizathu sibalulekileyo kulo mmandla, kulandelwa luhlaziyo olubanzi ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla kunye noguqulelo kwizixhobo zasekhaya ezonga umbane. Amanyathelo oluntu alungelelaniswe kakuhle anokwenza oku kwenzeke kumakhaya anemivuzo ephantsi. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ababhali bathi, izifundo malunga notshintsho lokuziphatha ngelishwa zijolise ekuziphatheni okunamandla okukhuselwa kwemozulu ephantsi. (Ingakumbi kwiinguqu zokuziphatha ezikhokelela kwisiphumo esikhawulezileyo okanye esiphantse sangoko, esifana nokubuyisela umva i-thermostat yokufudumeza [2].) Iziphumo ezikhoyo kwimpembelelo yesimo sentlalo-qoqosho kwizinto ezinokwenzeka zokutshintsha ukuziphatha ziyahluka. Abantu abanemivuzo ephezulu kunye nemfundo ephakamileyo banokuthi batyale imali kwimilinganiselo yokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla okanye kwiiteknoloji ezisebenzayo, kodwa abayi kusebenzisa amandla amancinci. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko benditshilo, abantu abanemivuzo ephezulu baya kuba ngcono ukhethoukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwazo. Amava ukuza kuthi ga ngoku abonisa ukuba iirhafu ze-CO2 azizange zibe nempembelelo ekusetyenzisweni kwamakhaya anengeniso ephezulu ngenxa yokuba ezi ndleko ezongezelelweyo azinamsebenzi kuhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwabo. Kwelinye icala, amakhaya anemivuzo ephantsi athwaxwa ziirhafu ezinjalo [3]. Amanyathelo ezopolitiko athi, umzekelo, ancede ekunciphiseni iindleko zokufunyanwa aya kuba ngowoqoqosho ngakumbi. Indawo yokuhlala ekumgangatho ophezulu inokunyusa okanye inciphise ukukhutshwa kwegesi ye-greenhouse. Ukuhlala kumbindi wesixeko esinexabiso eliphezulu, esinabantu abaninzi, apho iindawo zokuhlala zikwancinci, kunexabiso eliphantsi kunokuhlala ngaphandle kwesixeko, apho iindawo zokuhlala zinkulu nalapho iihambo ezininzi ziqhutywa ngemoto. Ababhali bagxininisa ukuba ukuziphatha kwabathengi akugqitywanga kuphela ngezigqibo ezinengqiqo, kodwa kunye nemikhwa, imilinganiselo yentlalontle, amava kunye nokuthambekela. Amaxabiso anokuba yindlela yokuphembelela indlela yokuziphatha kwabathengi, kodwa izicwangciso zokutshintsha izithethe zentlalo okanye ukwaphula iinkqubo nazo zinokusebenza kakhulu.

Iiphothifoliyo

 Ipesenti enye ephezulu, ngokuqinisekileyo, ityala imali eninzi kwii-stocks, iibhondi, iinkampani kunye ne-real estate. Ukuba aba bantu batshintshe utyalo-mali lwabo kwiinkampani ezinekhabhoni ephantsi, banokuqhuba utshintsho lwesakhiwo. Utyalo-mali kumafutha efosili, kwelinye icala, lulibazisa ukuncitshiswa kokukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo. Intshukumo yokurhoxisa inkxaso-mali kwimizi-mveliso yamafutha eefosili ubukhulu becala ivela kwiiyunivesithi eziphakamileyo, iicawe kunye nezinye iingxowa-mali zomhlalaphantsi. Abantu abanewonga eliphezulu kwezentlalo noqoqosho banokuphembelela amaziko anjalo ukuba athathele kuwo okanye athintele ezi nzame, njengoko ngokuyinxenye ebambe izikhundla kumaqumrhu olawulo, kodwa nangonxibelelwano olungekho sikweni kunye nobudlelwane. Njengemiqondiso yokutshintsha kwemilinganiselo yentlalontle, ababhali babona inani elikhulayo leemali zotyalo-mali "eziluhlaza" kunye nommiselo omtsha we-EU obophelela abaphathi botyalo-mali ukuba bachaze indlela abayithatha ngayo imiba yozinzo kumsebenzi wabo wokucebisa kubatyalo-mali. Iingxowa-mali ezigxile kumashishini akhupha umsi ophantsi zikwaququzelela utshintsho lokuziphatha kuba zenza kube lula kwaye zingabizi kakhulu kubatyali-mali ukufumanisa malunga neziphumo zokukhutshwa kotyalo-mali olwahlukeneyo. Ababhali bakholelwa ukuba iinzame zokukhuthaza utyalo-mali oluhambelana nemozulu kufuneka zigxininise ngakumbi kwiiklasi ezinengeniso ephezulu, njengoko zilawula indawo enkulu yentengiso kwaye ukuza kuthi ga ngoku baye bathandabuza ukutshintsha indlela abaziphatha ngayo okanye, kwezinye iimeko, benze utshintsho. bayeke ngokusebenzayo.

Abadumileyo

 Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, abantu abanesimo esiphakamileyo sentlalo-qoqosho baye banyusa ukukhutshwa kwegesi ye-greenhouse. Kodwa banokuba negalelo ekukhuseleni imozulu, njengoko benempembelelo enkulu njengemizekelo. Iimbono zentlalo nenkcubeko yento eyenza ubomi obuhle busekelwe kubo. Ngokomzekelo, ababhali bachaza ukuba ukuthandwa kwe-hybrid kwaye kamva iimoto zombane ngokupheleleyo ziqhutywa ngabantu abadumileyo abathenga izithuthi ezinjalo. I-Veganism nayo ifumene ukuthandwa ngenxa yabantu abadumileyo. Imibhiyozo ye-vegan yeGolden Globe yowama-2020 ibiya kuba negalelo elikhulu koku. Kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo abantu abanesimo esiphezulu banokufaka isandla ekuhlanganiseni ukuziphatha okukhoyo ngokubonisa ukusetyenziswa kwabo ngokugqithiseleyo kwaye ngaloo ndlela baqinise umsebenzi wokusetyenziswa njengophawu lwesimo. Ngenkxaso yabo yezemali kunye nentlalontle yamaphulo ezopolitiko, iitanki zokucinga okanye amaziko ophando, abantu abakwizinga eliphezulu banokuphembelela kakuhle okanye kakubi intetho malunga nokutshintsha kwemozulu, kunye nokudibanisa kwabo kumaziko anempembelelo efana neeyunivesithi eziphakamileyo. Ekubeni kukho abaphumeleleyo kunye nabalahlekileyo kwimilinganiselo yokukhusela imozulu, ngokutsho kwababhali, abantu bezinga eliphezulu banokusebenzisa amandla abo ukubumba iinzame ezinjalo ukuze bazuze.

Ii-CEO

 Ngenxa yezikhundla zabo zobungcali, abantu abanesimo esiphezulu sentlalo-qoqosho banempembelelo engalinganiyo ekukhutshweni kweenkampani kunye nemibutho, kwelinye icala ngokuthe ngqo njengabanini, amalungu ebhodi yokulawula, abaphathi okanye abacebisi, kwelinye icala ngokungathanga ngqo ngokunciphisa. ukukhutshwa kwababoneleli babo, Ukuphembelela abathengi kunye nabo bakhuphisana nabo. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, imibutho emininzi yabucala iye yabeka iithagethi zemozulu okanye yenza iinzame zokuphelisa ikhonkco labo lokubonelela. Kwamanye amazwe, amanyathelo abucala eenkampani kunye nemibutho enze inkqubela phambili malunga nokhuseleko lwemozulu kunamazwe. Iinkampani zikwaphuhlisa kwaye zibhengeze iimveliso ezilungele imozulu. Amalungu e-Elite asebenza njenge-philanthropists yemozulu. Ngokomzekelo, inethiwekhi yemozulu yeC40 Cities yaxhaswa ngemali kwi-asethi yomntu owayesakuba ngusodolophu waseNew York [4]. Indima yesisa kukhuseleko lwemozulu, nangona kunjalo, iyaphikisana. Kusekho uphando oluncinci kakhulu malunga nendlela abantu abanesimo esiphezulu sentlalo-qoqosho abawasebenzisa ngayo amathuba abo okutshintsha, kunye nendlela amaphulo ajoliswe ngqo kule klasi anokunyusa amandla abo okutshintsha. Ekubeni uninzi lwamalungu e-elite lufumana umvuzo wabo kutyalo-mali, banokuba yimithombo yokuchasana nohlaziyo ukuba babona inzuzo yabo okanye imeko yabo emngciphekweni wolu hlengahlengiso.

Indawo yokuhlala

Abantu baphembelela ukukhutshwa kwegesi ye-greenhouse kwinqanaba likarhulumente ngonyulo, ukuphembelela kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwiintshukumo zentlalo. Uthungelwano alukho kwipesenti enye ephezulu, kodwa ephezulu Izishumi zeepesenti yenza undoqo wamandla ezopolitiko nezoqoqosho, kwihlabathi nakumazwe amaninzi. Abantu abanewonga eliphezulu lezentlalo noqoqosho banempembelelo enkulu ngendlela engalinganiyo kwindima yabo njengabemi. Uya kuba nofikelelo olungcono kubathathi-zigqibo kwiinkampani zabucala nakwicandelo likarhulumente. Imithombo yabo yezemali ibenza bakwazi ukwandisa impembelelo yabo kula maqela ngeminikelo yokukhuthaza amaqela, abezopolitiko kunye nemibutho yezentlalo kunye nokukhuthaza okanye ukuvala utshintsho lwentlalo. Umgaqo-nkqubo wamandla wamazwe uphenjelelwa ngamandla kukuphembelela. Inani elincinane kakhulu labantu abanempembelelo kakhulu banempembelelo enkulu kwizigqibo. Isenzo sezopolitiko se-elite ngoku sibe ngumqobo onamandla kwisenzo sokuqulatha utshintsho lwemozulu. Kwicandelo lezamandla, ukuphembelela ngamandla kwezopolitiko kunye nokuphembelela uluvo loluntu luvela kwicandelo lamafutha aphantsi komhlaba, likhetha imigaqo-nkqubo eqinisa ukuveliswa nokusetyenziswa kwezibaso zefosili. Umzekelo, iibhiliyoni ezimbini ze-oyile [5] zinempembelelo enkulu kwingxoxo yezopolitiko e-US amashumi eminyaka kwaye bayityhalela ngasekunene, nto leyo eye yathanda ukunyuka kwabezopolitiko abaxhasa irhafu ephantsi, bechasa ukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo kunye nokhuseleko lwemozulu, kwaye barhanela ngokubanzi oorhulumente bamazwe Ukuphembelela. Iinkampani zamandla avuselelekayo kunye nabanye abanokuthi baxhamle kwikamva le-decarbonised banokuchasa ngokwethiyori ezi mpembelelo, kodwa ifuthe labo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku lincinci.

Yintoni esafuna ukuphandwa

Kwizigqibo zabo, ababhali babiza izikhewu ezintathu eziphambili zophando: Okokuqala, ingaba nefuthe kangakanani indlela yokuziphatha yokusetyenziswa kwe-elites, ngakumbi malunga nokuhamba ngomoya, izithuthi kunye nezindlu? Inyaniso yokuba imiphumo emibi yokubhabha ayinayo ixabiso yinkxaso-mali ethe ngqo yezona zityebi, njengoko zijongene neepesenti ze-50 zokukhutshwa kwendiza. Irhafu ye-CO2 ehambelanayo inokuba nefuthe elincinci kwindlela yokuziphatha kwezityebi. Irhafu yeflaya rhoqo, eyonyuka ngenani leenqwelomoya, inokusebenza ngakumbi. Ukurhafiswa okuqhubelekayo jikelele kwemivuzo ephezulu kunye nobutyebi obuninzi bunokuba nefuthe elincomekayo ngakumbi kwimozulu. Oku kunokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kodumo. Umahluko wobume obunxulumeneyo uya kugcinwa: osisityebi useza kuba sesona sityebi, kodwa abasayi kuba sisityebi kangako kunabo bahluphekayo. Oku kuya kunciphisa ukungalingani kuluntu kwaye kunciphise impembelelo ephezulu kakhulu yabantu abaphezulu kwezopolitiko. Kodwa la mathuba asafuna ukuphononongwa ngcono kakhulu, ngokutsho kwababhali. Isithuba sesibini sophando sichaphazela indima yabantu abanesimo esiphezulu sentlalo noqoqosho kwiinkampani. Bade kangakanani abantu abanjalo ukukwazi ukutshintsha inkcubeko yenkampani kunye nezigqibo zenkampani kwicala lezinto ezikhutshwayo ezisezantsi, kwaye yeyiphi imida yabo? Ababhali bachonga i-gap yesithathu yophando, ukuba luhlobo luni lwempembelelo eyenziwa ngabantu abanesimo esiphezulu sentlalo-qoqosho echaphazela ezopolitiko, oko kukuthi ngenkunzi yabo yezopolitiko, impembelelo yabo kwiinkampani kunye nemibutho, kunye nenkxaso yemali yokukhuthaza kunye namaphulo ezopolitiko. Aba bantu baphezulu baye bazuza kakhulu kwimibutho yezopolitiko kunye nezoqoqosho ngoku, kwaye kukho ubungqina bokuba i-altruism iyancipha ngobutyebi obuphezulu. Kumalunga nokuqonda indlela abantu abahlukileyo abaphezulu abasebenzisa ngayo impembelelo yabo ukukhuthaza okanye ukuthintela ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni ngokukhawuleza. Ukuqukumbela, ababhali bagxininisa ukuba i-elites enesimo esiphezulu sentlalo-qoqosho ininzi ixanduva lokutshintsha kwemozulu kunye nomonakalo owenzayo. Kodwa izikhundla zamandla abanazo ziya kubenza bakwazi ukusebenzela ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwerhasi yegreenhouse kwaye ngaloo ndlela behlise umonakalo wemozulu. Ababhali abafuni ukubuza indima yabantu abangewona umgangatho ophezulu ekulweni nokutshintsha kwemozulu, kwaye bagxininisa indima yabantu bomthonyama kunye nabemi bendawo. Kodwa kolu phando bagxile kwabo babangele uninzi lweengxaki. Akukho sicwangciso esisodwa esinokusombulula ingxaki, kwaye izenzo ze-elites zinokuba nemiphumo emihle. Uphando olongezelelekileyo malunga nendlela yokuziphatha kwabantu abakumgangatho ophezulu ngoko ke lubaluleke kakhulu.

Imithombo, amanqaku

1 uNielsen, uKristian S.; uNicholas, uKimberly A.; uCreutzig, uFelikis; uDietz, uTomas; Stern, uPaul C. (2021): Indima yabantu abakwizinga eliphezulu lentlalo-ntle yoqoqosho ekutshixeni okanye ukunciphisa ngokukhawuleza ukukhutshwa kwegesi ye-greenhouse eqhutywa ngamandla. Kwi: Nat Energy 6 (11), iphepha 1011-1016. I-DOI: 10.1038 / s41560-021-00900-y   2 Nielsen KS, Clayton S, Stern PC, Dietz T, Capstick S, Whitmarsh L (2021): Indlela i-psychology inokunceda ngayo ukunciphisa utshintsho lwemozulu. Ndingu Psychol. 2021 Jan; 76 [1]: 130-144. doi: 10.1037 / amp0000624   3 Ababhali babhekisela apha kwiirhafu ezihambelanayo ngaphandle kokukhapha imilinganiselo yembuyekezo efana nebhonasi yemozulu. 4 UMichael Bloomberg uthetha, cf. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C40_Cities_Climate_Leadership_Group 5 Kuthethwa ngabazalwana bakaKoch, cf. Skocpol, T., & Hertel-Fernandez, A. (2016). Uthungelwano lweKoch kunye neRiphabhlikhi yeQela eliZigqithileyo. Iimbono zezopolitiko, i-14 (3), i-681-699. doi: 10.1017 / S1537592716001122