Organic soil: Umhlaba olimekayo osezandleni zamafama aphilayo

NguRobert B. Fishman

Abalimi baseJamani baphelelwa ngumhlaba. Abalimi basalima malunga nesiqingatha sommandla waseJamani. Kodwa umhlaba olimekayo uya unqongophala kwaye ubiza kakhulu. Kukho izizathu ezininzi zoku: Ekubeni ingasekho inzala kwiiakhawunti zebhanki kunye neebhondi ezixelwe kakuhle, abatyali-zimali kunye nabaqikeleli bathenga umhlaba wokulima. Awunakunyuswa kwaye uya usiba nganeno nangakumbi. Yonke imihla eJamani malunga neehektare ezingama-60 (ihektare eyi-1 = 10.000 yesikwere seemitha) zomhlaba ziyanyamalala phantsi kwe-asphalt kunye nekonkile. Kwiminyaka eyi-15 edlulileyo, malunga ne-6.500 yeekhilomitha zeekhilomitha zeendlela, izindlu, izityalo zemizi-mveliso kunye nezinye izinto zakhiwe kweli lizwe. Oku kuhambelana namaxesha asibhozo kwindawo yaseBerlin okanye malunga nesithathu selizwe laseHesse.  

Umhlaba weefama njengotyalo-mali

Ukongezelela, abalimi abaninzi kwimimandla engqonge izixeko ezibiza imali eninzi bathengisa umhlaba wabo njengomhlaba wokwakha. Ngengeniso bathenga amasimi angaphaya. 

Imfuno ephezulu kunye namaxabiso okuqhuba unikezelo oluphantsi. Emantla-mpuma eJamani, ixabiso lehektare enye yomhlaba phantse liphindwe kathathu ukusuka ngo-2009 ukuya ku-2018 ukuya kumyinge we-euro eyi-15.000, umyinge welizwe lonke ujikeleze i-euro ezingama-25.000 namhlanje, xa uthelekisa ne-10.000 ngo-2008. I-2019 yee-euro ngehektare nganye ngo-26.000 emva kwe-9.000 ngo-2000.

“Umhlaba wezolimo udla ngokuba yinjongo yotyalo-mali lwexesha elide apho uphuhliso lwexabiso elincomekayo lusanda kufezekiswa,” itshilo. igalelo Ngokubhekele phaya. Nkqu neenkampani zeinshorensi kunye nabanini beevenkile zefenitshala ngoku bathenga ngakumbi nangakumbi imihlaba yeefama. Isiseko sabucala sendlalifa ye-ALDI i-Theo Albrecht junior ifumene i-27 yeehektare zomhlaba olimekayo kunye nedlelo e-Thuringia nge-4.000 yezigidi ze-euro. Ye Ingxelo ye-Thünen ye-Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture BMEL ingxelo kwi-2017 ukuba ukuba kwizithili ezilishumi empuma German ilungileyo kwisithathu kwiinkampani zolimo ngabatyali-mali supra-regional - kwaye umkhwa uyenyuka. 

Ulimo oluqhelekileyo lukhupha umhlaba

Ulimo olukwimizi-mveliso ephezulu luyenza mandundu ingxaki. Njengoko abemi behlabathi besanda, kuyanda nemfuneko yokutya. Abalimi bazama ukuvuna ngakumbi nangakumbi kwindawo enye. Isiphumo: Imihlaba iyavuza kwaye izivuno ziyehla kwixesha elide. Ngoko ke ekuhambeni kwexesha udinga umhlaba omninzi nangakumbi womlinganiselo ofanayo wokutya. Kwangaxeshanye, iifama ziguqula iindawo zibe ziintlango zombona kunye nezinye iimonocultures. Isivuno sifudukela kwizityalo ezinegesi ephilayo okanye kwizisu zeenkomo neehagu ezininzi ngakumbi, nto leyo eyanelisa indlala yehlabathi yokufuna inyama. Imihlaba iyakhukuliseka kwaye iintlobo-ntlobo zezityalo nezilwanyana eziphilayo zisaqhubeka nokuhla.

 Ulimo olumandla kumashishini amakhulu, izichumiso ezininzi nezibulala-zinambuzane kwakunye nembalela nezikhukula ngenxa yengxaki yemozulu nokusasazeka kweentlango kutshabalalise malunga nama-40 epesenti yomhlaba olimekayo kwihlabathi jikelele kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Ukukhula koluntu ukulambela inyama kufuna indawo engakumbi. Okwangoku khonza I-78% yendawo yezolimo esetyenziselwa ukufuya izilwanyana okanye ukulima ukutya. Ngaxeshanye, kuphela iipesenti ezintandathu zeenkomo kunye nehagu nganye kwi-100th ekhula ngokwemigaqo yokulima .

Umhlaba uya usiba nexabiso eliphezulu kakhulu kumafama amancinci asebenza ngendalo

Irenti inyuka ngexabiso lomhlaba. Abalimi abancinci abafuna ukuthenga okanye ukwandisa ishishini bakwimeko embi. Awunayo imali eyaneleyo yokubhida kula maxabiso. Oku kuchaphazela kakhulu ixesha elifutshane, ingeniso encinane kwaye ubukhulu becala iifama eziphilayo ezincinci, ezolimo igcineke ngakumbi kwaye ilungele imozulu basebenze kunoogxa babo “abaqhelekileyo”. 

"Izitshabalalisi" ezinetyhefu kunye nezichumisi zekhemikhali azivumelekanga kulimo oluphilayo. Izinambuzane ezininzi kunye nezinye izilwanyana ziphila kumasimi aphilayo. Indawo yokuhlala yemicroorganisms kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo zigcinwe emhlabeni. Izityalo nezilwanyana ezohlukeneyo ziphezulu kakhulu kwintsimi ephilayo kunesiqwenga somhlaba olinywayo “ngokwesiqhelo”. Amanzi aphantsi komhlaba akangcolisekanga kangako kwaye umhlaba unamathuba amaninzi okuhlaziya. Uphononongo lwe Iziko laseThünen kunye namanye amaziko ophando amathandathu aqinisekisa ulimo oluphilayo ngo-2013 njengowonga amandla aphezulu kwaye lunokukhutshwa kweCO2 enxulumene nendawo ephantsi kwakunye neengenelo ekugcineni izityalo nezilwanyana eziphilayo: “Ngomndilili, inani lezityalo ezizizityalo ezilinywayo laliphezulu ngama-95 ekhulwini kulimo oluphilayo kunye I-35 pesenti ephezulu kwiintaka zasendle. " 

I-Organic inobubele kwimozulu

Xa kuziwa kukhuseleko lwemozulu, kwakhona, "organic" iziphumo ezilungileyo: “Imilinganiselo yobungqina ibonisa ukuba imihlaba ekwimimandla yethu yemozulu enemozulu epholileyo ivelisa iigesi ezimbalwa zegreenhouse phantsi kolawulo lwendalo. Imihlaba ephilayo inomyinge weshumi weepesenti eziphezulu kumxholo wekhabhoni yomhlaba, ”itshilo iZiko laseThünen ngo-2019.

Imfuno yokutya okuphilayo inkulu kunokubonelela

Kwangaxeshanye, amafama ezinto eziphilayo eJamani akasakwazi ukuqhubeka nemfuno ekhulayo nemveliso yawo. Isiphumo: zininzi nangakumbi iimveliso ezithunyelwa ngaphandle. Okwangoku malunga neshumi leepesenti lamasimi alinywa ngokungqinelana nemithetho yokulima okuphilayo. I-EU kunye norhulumente womanyano waseJamani bafuna ukusiphinda kabini isabelo. Kodwa abalimi bendalo badinga umhlaba omninzi. 

Yiyo loo nto ethenga Intsebenziswano yomhlaba we-Organic ukusuka kwiidiphozithi zamalungu ayo (isabelo sixabisa i-euro eyi-1.000) umhlaba olimekayo kunye nengca kunye neefama ziphela kwaye uziqeshisa kumafama aphilayo. Ishiya kuphela umhlaba kumafama asebenza ngokuhambelana nezikhokelo zemibutho yokulima efana neDemeter, Naturland okanye Bioland. 

“Umhlaba uza kuthi ngamafama,” utshilo isithethi seBioBoden uJasper Holler. “Ngabo kuphela abanokusebenzisa umhlaba ngokusisigxina abanokomeleza ngokwenene ukuchuma komhlaba kunye neentlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Umqobo yintloko. "

“Umhlaba uza kuthi,” kuphendula isithethi seBioBoden uJasper Holler, inkcaso yokuba intsebenziswano yakhe, njengomthengi owongezelelweyo, inganyusa amaxabiso omhlaba nangakumbi. 

“Asiwanyuseli amaxabiso kuba sisekelwe kwixabiso lomhlaba elisemgangathweni hayi nje amaxabiso entengiso kwaye asithathi nxaxheba kwiifandesi. 

I-BioBoden ithenga kuphela umhlaba ofunwa ngamafama ngoku. Umzekelo: Umqeshisi ufuna okanye kufuneka athengise umhlaba olimekayo. Umlimi olima umhlaba akanako ukuyifikelela. Phambi kokuba umhlaba uye kubatyali-mali abasuka ngaphandle kweshishini okanye kwifama “yesiqhelo”, uthenga umhlaba owenziwe ngendalo kwaye uwuqeshise kumlimi ukuze aqhubeke.

Ukuba amafama amabini anomdla kwindawo enye, siya kuzama ukufumana isisombululo kunye namafama amabini.” Isithethi somhlaba weOrganic uJasper Holler. 

“I-1/3 yamafama asebenzayo namhlanje azakuthatha umhlala-phantsi kule minyaka isi-8–12 izayo. Uninzi lwabo luya kuthengisa umhlaba wabo kunye neefama zabo ukuze baphile ngengeniso ebudaleni. ”Isithethi seBioBoden uJasper Holler

"Imfuno enkulu"

UHoller uthi: “Imfuneko inkulu. I-cooperative ithenga umhlaba kuphela ngamaxabiso emarike ngokusekelwe kwixabiso lomhlaba eliqhelekileyo, ayithathi nxaxheba kwiifandesi kwaye ihlala ngaphandle kwayo xa, umzekelo, B. Amafama amaninzi akhuphisanayo ngesiqwenga somhlaba esinye. Nangona kunjalo, i-BioBoden inokuthenga amasimi amaninzi ngakumbi ukuba unayo imali. UHoller ubonisa ukuba kule minyaka imbalwa izayo "malunga nesithathu samafama asebenzayo ngoku aza kuthatha umhlala-phantsi". Uninzi lwabo kuya kufuneka ukuba bathengise ifama ukuze bafumane izibonelelo zabo zomhlalaphantsi. Ukuze kukhuseleke lo mhlaba wokulima ngendalo, umhlaba ophilayo usafuna inkunzi eninzi.

“Kufuneka sicinge ngokutsha indlela esiyisebenzisa ngayo. Amahlathi ashinyeneyo ayagawulwa ukuze kuveliswe inyama apha kunye nokungeniswa kwenyama.

Kwiminyaka emithandathu ukususela ekusekweni kwayo, ibango lentsebenziswano lifumene amalungu angama-5.600 angenise i-euro eyi-44 yezigidi. U-BioBoden uthenge iihektare zomhlaba ezingama-4.100 kunye neefama ezingama-71, umzekelo: 

• kwi-Uckermark intsebenziswano epheleleyo yezolimo enomhlaba ongaphezulu kweehektare ezingama-800. Le ngoku isetyenziswa yifama yezityalo yaseBrodowin. Nditsho neefama ezincinci ukusuka eSolawi nursery ukuya kwi wineries zinomhlaba okhuselwe ngumfelandawonye.
• Ndiyabulela ngoncedo lwe-BioBoden, iinkomo ezivela kumfama wendalo zitya kwisiqithi sokukhusela iintaka e-Szczecin Lagoon.
• EBrandenburg, umlimi ukhulisa ngempumelelo i-walnuts ephilayo kumasimi aphilayo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, iipesenti ezingama-95 kwezi sele zithengwe kumazwe angaphandle.

I-BioBoden ikwabonelela ngeesemina zoqeqesho kunye neentetho kwiidyunivesithi ukuxhasa abo banokuba ngamafama ezinto eziphilayo xa beseka awabo amashishini.

"Siqeshisa umhlaba kumafama aphilayo iminyaka engama-30 kunye neendlela zokwandisa rhoqo i-10 iminyaka engama-30." 

Inani lamalungu e-BioBoden liyaqhubeka nokukhula. Ngo-2020 intsebenziswano irekhode ukukhula okukhulu kwimbali yayo emfutshane. Amalungu atyala imali ngenxa yeenkolelo. Abayifumani imbuyekezo okwangoku, nokuba oko "akubandakanywanga" kwixesha elizayo.

“Sikwamisele isiseko. Ungabanika umhlaba ongahlawuli rhafu kunye neefama kubo. Isiseko sethu seBioBoden sifumene iifama ezine kunye nomhlaba omninzi olimekayo kwiminyaka emine. Abantu bafuna ukuba iifama zabo zigcinelwe ulimo oluphilayo. "

Ukopolotyeni kungoku nje usebenza kwingqikelelo yokuba amalungu angaxhamla njani ngokuthe ngqo kwiimveliso zeefama. Ngamanye amaxesha banokuthenga kwi-Intanethi kwi-BioBoden-Höfe.

Ulwazi lweBioBoden:

Nabani na othenga izabelo ezithathu ze-euro ezili-1000 inye kwi-BioBoden uxhasa i-avareji ye-2000 ye-square metres yomhlaba. Ngokwezibalo kuphela, leyo yindawo ekufuneka ukondle ngayo umntu.