Iyo ine mavara nyika yezvakajairwa - Kubva kuWikipedia kuenda kumapaki ega ega | S4F

Economist Elinor Ostrom aratidzakuti mapoka akazvironga ega anokwanisa kwazvo kubata zvinhu zvakajairwa zvine mwero - zvinopesana nedzidziso isina tariro ye "nhamo ye commons". Asi izvi ndezvenharaunda dzechivanhu dzemumusha here?

Nyika yevazhinji yakapfuma uye yakasiyana-siyana, asi kazhinji kukura kwedu ndiko kunovhariridza. Hatina kuzvarwa tichizvifunga. Ndiwo mamiriro atinotora seasingakodzeri anoshandura magariro evanhu vaive vakagadzirira kubatana kuita "homo oeconomicus", iyo "rational utility maximizer". Mukuedza1 ane makore makumi maviri emwedzi, muedzi akadonha chipunu uye akaedza pasina maturo kuti asvike pairi neruoko rwake. Vazhinji vevana vakaziva kushushikana kwake uye vakamuunzira chipunu. Vakaramba vachidaro kunyange iye asina kana kuti mazvita. Asi kana akavapa mubairo nesiwiti uye mubairo wacho wakaerekana wanyangarika pashure pedzokororo shomanene, vana vazhinji vakarasikirwa nechido chavo chokubatsira. Asi chido chekushandira pamwe hachina kufanana nekuzviramba. Commoners anogona zvechokwadi kuva utility maximizers, kureva zvakajairika utility.

Muenzaniso unozivikanwa kwazvo weanoshanda commons ndeye Wikipedia. Pano munhu wese anogona kugovera ruzivo uye kugadzira ruzivo. Iyi ruzivo commons inotungamirirwa nevashandisi pachavo. Mavambo eAnarchic ave akaoma kunzwisisa Sistimu yemacheki uye zviyero yakagadzirwa iyo inogona kunyanya kudzivirira kutorwa nematroll nevamwe vatasvi vemahara. Kana iwe ukatarisa pamapuratifomu anotariswa nepakati senge X kana Facebook, unogona kuona kuti kubudirira uku kunogona kuve kwakadii.

Uyewo kombiyuta inoshanda system Linux akaberekwa kubva kune commons idea. Wese munhu anogona kuishandisa, uye munhu wese anogona kuivandudza, kuigadzirisa uye kuigadzirisa kune zvavanoda. Yese yakavhurika sosi software yakavakirwa pane commons musimboti. Asi kune zvakare yakavhurika sosi hardware - i.e. inoshandiswa zvakasununguka, patent-yemahara dhizaini zvirongwa Inzwi kusvikira Passivhaus.

Das Tenement Syndicate muGermany mubatanidzwa wemapurojekiti edzimba dzenharaunda zana nemakumi masere nenomwe. Mapurojekiti acho akasiyana semabviro awo. Zvimwe zvakasikirwa zvikonzero zvinonyatsoshanda, zvimwe nezvinangwa zvekuchinja zvematongerwo enyika nemagariro kana kuti kudzivisa zvirongwa zvekuputsa. Sangano rinoshandisa ruzivo rwaro uye kupa mazano pamapurojekiti matsva, kuronga zvikwereti zvakananga kubva kuvanhu vakazvimirira uye kuchengetedza homwe yemubatanidzwa. Pamusoro pezvese, sangano rinopa mapurojekiti edzimba ega ega dziviriro kubva kwavari.Kuitira kubvisa zvachose dzimba kubva pamusika wezvivakwa, yega yega chirongwa cheimba chinobatana nemubatanidzwa kuita GmbH. Izvi zvinopa sangano kodzero dzakaenzana dzekuvhota munyaya dzine chekuita nekutengesa kana kushandurwa kuita makondomu.

Batanidza kune Omni Commons vhidhiyo

Omni Commons ipurojekiti yakabatana yemapoka akati wandei muOakland, California: Mapurojekiti ese ari pano anowanikwa nemunhu wese uye anofambiswa pamwe chete: natural science laboratory, hacker space, art studio, makamuri ekusangana uye ekudzidzira, chitoro chekudhinda, konzati nenzvimbo yemitambo, a. chikoro icho munhu wese anogona kudzidzisa uye munhu wese anogona kudzidza, uye yekudyira inopa chikafu chemahara chakagadzirwa kubva kune yakanunurwa chikafu.

Gore rapfuura "imwe Mubairo weNobel" - zita chairo: "Kurarama Hwakararama Mubayiro"- kune network yemubatanidzwa Cecosesola yakapihwa muVenezuela. Zvichireva, "Kugadzwa kwemuenzaniso wehupfumi uye wekudyidzana senzira yakasimba kune hupfumi hunotungamirwa nepurofiti." Cecosesola (Central de Cooperativas de Lara) itiweki yemubatanidzwa wekumaruwa nemadhorobha mumakomo eAndean inopa zvinhu zvinokwanisika uye masevhisi kumhuri dzinopfuura zana mumatunhu manomwe eVenezuela. Uye ndizvo zvave zvakadaro kwemakore makumi mashanu nemashanu. Macooperatives anogadzira nekugovera chikafu, anopa hutano mabasa, zvekufambisa uye kunyange mariro. Vanoshanda misika ina mikuru muguta reBarquisimento miriyoni 100.000. Chikafu chinotengeswa ikoko nemutengo weunifomu pakirogiramu - 55 kg yematomatisi inodhura zvakafanana ne1,25 kg yembatatisi. Veruzhinji vemumaruwa vanotaurirana nevashandi vemubatanidzwa nezvemitengo yavo yekugadzira: mbeu, pombi dzekudiridza, mafuta epombi, manyurusi anounza muriwo mumigwagwa inofambika... Mutengo wenharaunda dzese unobatanidzwa, sehuwandu hunogadzirwa neimwe nzira. musha Vegetables. Izvi zvinoguma nemutengo weunifomu pakirogiramu. Mamiriro ekugadzirwa akasiyana munzvimbo dzinofadza uye dzisina kunaka akaenzana.Mutengo wakajairwa unochengetedza hurumende yakawanda, hapana mari yekushambadzira nekushambadza, uye hapana vepakati. “Chiratidzo chedu imari yekugadzira kusanganisira zvinodiwa nevagadziri kuti vararame,” anotsanangura kudaro nhengo inoshandira pamwe Noel Vale Valera. Nekuda kweizvozvo, mitengo yeCecosesola iri pasi pemitengo yakajairika yemusika. Kweanopfuura hafu yezana ramakore, mubatanidzwa wakakwanisa kupukunyuka matambudziko ezvematongerwo enyika uye ehupfumi, kusanganisira hyperinflation, iyo yakasvika inenge 1 muzana muna 1. Unogona kuzviverenga mubhuku "Nyika yema commons" naSilke Helfrich naDavid Bollier.2

Pawebhusaiti yebhuku, chiratidzo chakaita senyeredzi chinoti: "Vhura Kupinda". Open Access ndiko kuita kweiyo commons pfungwa musainzi. The German Research Foundation DFG inopa zvinotevera tsananguro: "Open Access (ChiRungu chekuvhura mukana) kuwanikwa kwemahara kuzvinyorwa zvesainzi uye zvimwe zvinhu paInternet. Chero ani zvake anogona kuverenga, kudhaunirodha, kuchengeta, kubatanidza, kudhinda uye kushandisa gwaro resainzi rinobudiswa pasina muripo.” Mukuita izvi, semuenzaniso, zvinoreva kuti unogona kudhaunirodha bhuku raSilke Helfrich sePDF. Majenari eScientific anodhura uye zvinyorwa zvega paInternet zvinowanzovigwa kuseri kwemubhadharo. Asi kune zvakare majenari ekuwana akavhurika ane mipiro, seyemamwe majenari, inotariswa nevanoongorora vakazvimiririra (peer review), asi anowanikwa paInternet pasina muripo. Asi hazvisi zvese izvo munhu anoisa paInternet sesainzi zvinogona kunzi open access. Kuti uone kunaka kune "Dhairekiti re Open Open Magazini"uye kuti"Dhairekitori reOpen Access Books".

Kwete zvezvinyorwa zvesainzi chete, asi zvemarudzi ese ezvinyorwa, "Creative Commons"yakagadzirwa. Aya marezinesi akamisikidzwa pasi rose anoita kuti vagadziri vakwanise kuita kuti zvigadzirwa zvavo zviwanikwe kune veruzhinji nenzira yekuti hazvigone kupihwa vamwe. Izvi zvinoreva kuti zvirimo zvinogona kugovaniswa pasina zvirambidzo kana nemamiriro akasiyana. Chinonyanya kushandiswa irezinesi rinoda kuti munyori apihwe mbiri uye kugovera kunoitika pasi pemamiriro akafanana. Zvinogonekawo kuiganhurira kushandiswa kusiri kwekutengesa kana kutara kuti basa racho risagadziriswe.

Kudzokera kune mamwe anobatika commons. Unonzwa se "kukambaira"? MuInnsbruck pakona yeAndreas-Hofer-Straße naFranz-Fischer-Straße, pamusoro pemusuwo wepasi pevhu paki yemotokari, pane yakanaka, inosvikika zvakasununguka mirabelle plum tree. Kufanana nezviuru zvemimwe miti yemichero nemakwenzi ebheri panzvimbo yeruzhinji, yakanyorwa pamepu ye mundraub.org.

Uye iwe unoziva wega wega wega wega paki muVienna? Ndiyo grid square gadheni mudunhu rechina. Unogona kuona kuti vagari vakarwira sei gadheni iri renharaunda muma4 uye kudzivirira kuputswa kwedzimba dzavo, nerutsigiro runoshanda rwechikwata cheterevhizheni cheORF, pawebhusaiti. Yekutanga Viennese kuratidzira kukwira nzira inzwai muone.

Mufananidzo webutiro: Wild Woods Farm muIowa inopa zvakananga dzimba mazana maviri nemhando makumi matatu emiriwo. Ichi ndicho chikamu chevhiki nevhiki icho nhengo dzinogona kutora pane imwe yezviteshi zvinomwe zvekunhonga.
Mufananidzo: Dhipatimendi reUS. Zvekurima - Public Domain

1 Warneken, Felix/Tomasello, Michael (2008): “Extrinsic Rewards Undermine Altruistic Tendencies in 20-Month-Olds”, mu: Developmental Psychology, Vol 44 (6), pp. 1785-1788.

2 Silke Helfrich, David Bollier, Heinrich Böll Foundation (eds.) (2015): The world of the commons. Maitiro echiito chekubatana. Berlin, Boston, Bielefeld.