Commons - Kusimba kunogona kubudirira sei | S4F AT

naMartin Auer

Dzidziso ye "dambudziko revanhu vose" inodyara zvakare uye zvakare mukukurukurirana pamusoro penjodzi yemamiriro ekunze uye dambudziko renyika. Sekureva kwake, zvakajairika zvinongoiswa pasi pekushandisa zvakanyanya uye kuora. Nyanzvi munyaya dzezvematongerwo enyika uye nyanzvi munyaya dzezvehupfumi Elinor Ostrom vakaratidza kuti sei zvisingafanire kunge zvakadaro uye kuti zviwanikwa zvingashandiswa zvakadii nenharaunda dzakazvironga, kazhinji kwemazana emakore.

Zvisikwa zvakangwara zvinoona pasi redu zvaizofanira kusvika pakugumisa kuti njodzi yakaipisisa iri kuitika pano: isu vanhu vePasi tiri kuparadza pasi redu. Isu zivokuti timuparadze. Isu kuda iye kwete kuparadza. Uye zvakadaro zvinoita sekunge hatigone kuwana nzira yekupedza kuparadzwa.

Kuumbwa kwedzidziso yechiitiko ichi kunobva kuAmerican ecologist Garrett Hardin (1915 kusvika 2003). Nechinyorwa chake cha1968 “Nhamo yeMakomoni"1 - muchiGerman: "Dambudziko reCommons" kana "Dambudziko reCommons" - akagadzira izwi remumba rinotsanangura maitiro ayo zviito zvevanhu zvinotungamira kune mhedzisiro isina munhu aida. Muchinyorwa chacho, Hardin anoedza kuratidza kuti zvinhu zvinowanika zvakasununguka zvakadai semhepo, makungwa enyika, nzvimbo dzokuraura hove, masango kana mafuro emunharaunda anonyanya kushandiswa uye kuparadzwa. Anotorawo izwi rekuti “commons” kana kuti “commons” kubva munharaunda yaigara vanhu, mafuro aigoverwa nemusha. Mafuro akagoveranwa akadaro anoshanda semuenzaniso.

Kuverenga kunoenda seizvi: Mhou 100 dzinofura mumafuro. Pane zvakangokwana kuti mafuro atangezve gore negore. Mombe idzi gumi ndedzangu. “Semunhu ane njere,” anodaro Hardin, “mupfui wose wemombe anoedza kuwedzera betsero yake.” Kana zvino ndikatumira mombe yechigumi neimwe kumafuro panzvimbo pegumi, goho remukaka pamombe richadzikira nechikamu chimwe muzana nokuti mombe imwe neimwe yava shoma. adya. Goho rangu remukaka pamombe rinodzikirawo, asi sezvo ndava nemombe gumi neimwe pachinzvimbo chegumi, goho rangu rose remukaka rinowedzera nezvikamu zvipfumbamwe kubva muzana. Saka ndingaite benzi ndikasiya mombe yegumi neimwe kuti mafuro asawandire. Uye ndingatoita benzi kana ndikatarisa vamwe vafudzi vachipinza mombe kumafuro uye ini ndini ndega ndaida kuchengetedza mafuro. Goho remukaka remombe dzangu gumi raizotapudzwa uye dzimwe dzaizowana mukana. Saka ndaizorangwa nekuzvibata.

Vese mamwe ma ranchers anofanirwa kutevedzera pfungwa imwechete kana vasingade kuenda pasi. Uye ndosaka zvisingadzivisiki sezvinozoitika munjodzi yeGreek kuti mafuro acho achashandiswa zvakanyanyisa uye pakupedzisira agova dongo.

Muvengi wekukura kwevanhu

Sekureva kwaHardin, kune nzira mbiri chete dzekudzivirira njodzi: ingave mutemo kuburikidza nepakati manejimendi kana kupatsanura commons mumapasuru ega. Mufudzi anofudza mombe dzake pamunda wake achangwarira kuti asaparadze ivhu rake, nharo dzinoenda. "Ingave bhizinesi rega kana socialism," akazozvitaura. Nhoroondo dzakawanda dze "dambudziko revanhu vose" rinopera pano. Asi zvakanaka kuziva kuti ndezvipi zvimwe mhedziso dzakatorwa naHardin. Idzi ndidzo nharo dzinomuka zvakare mugakava pamusoro penjodzi yemamiriro ekunze.

Hardin anoona chikonzero chaicho chekushandisa zvakanyanya zviwanikwa mukukura kwevanhu. Anoshandisa muenzaniso wokushatiswa kwemhoteredzo kuratidza izvi: Kana mumwe piyona ari oga muWild West akakanda tsvina yake murwizi ruri pedyo, rakanga risiri dambudziko. Kana huwandu hwevanhu hwasvika pane imwe density, zvisikwa hazvichakwanise kutora tsvina yedu. Asi mhinduro yekubiridzira iyo Hardin anotenda kuti inoshanda pamafuro ezvipfuyo haishande kunzizi, nyanza, kana mhepo. Hadzigoni kuvharirwa mukati, kusvibiswa kunopararira kwose kwose. Sezvo achiona kuwirirana kwakananga pakati pekusvibiswa uye kuwanda kwevanhu, mhedziso yaHardin ndeyokuti: "Rusununguko rwekubereka harugoneki."

Rusaruraganda uye ethno-nationalism

Mune chimwe chinyorwa chapashure cha1974 chine musoro unoti “Hupenyu Boat Ethics: Nyaya Inopesana Nekubatsira Varombo“ (“Lifeboat ethics: plea against aid for the varombo”)2 anojekesa: rubatsiro rwezvokudya kunyika dzine urombo runongosimudzira kuwedzera kwenhamba yevanhu uye nokudaro kunowedzera matambudziko okushandisa zvakanyanya uye kusvibiswa. Maererano nedimikira rake, vagari venyika dzakapfuma vakagara muchikepe chekununura chinogona kutakura vanhu vashoma. Igwa rakakomberedzwa nevanhu vapererwa vachinyura vanoda kupinda. Asi kuvarega vachipinda kwaizoreva kuparara kwemunhu wose. Chero bedzi pasina hurumende yenyika inodzora kubereka kwevanhu, Hardin anoti, tsika yekugovana haigoneki. "Nenguva yemberi inofanoona, kupona kwedu kunoenderana nekubvumira zviito zvedu kuti zvitungamire nehunhu hwechikepe chehupenyu, kunyangwe hutsinye hwacho."

Hardin akanyora mabhuku makumi maviri nenomwe uye akanyora zvinyorwa zve27, mazhinji acho aive erusaruraganda uye ethno-nationalist. Zvakadaro kana maonero aHardin achiunzwa kune veruzhinji, chena nyika yakazivisa kufunga kwake inoregeredzwa. Hurukuro dzepfungwa dzake dzakakwana dzinogona kuwanikwa kunyanya pawebhusaiti yevachena. Sei sangano reUS SPLC rinonyora, anopembererwa ipapo segamba.3

Saka inofanira kuguma zvinosuruvarisa here? Tinofanira kusarudza pakati peudzvanyiriri nekuparadzwa here?

Kupokana pamusoro pe "central power" kana "privatization" kunoenderera mberi nanhasi. Nyanzvi yezvehupfumi yekuAmerica Elinor Ostrom (1933 kusvika 2012) yakaratidza kuti pane mukana wechitatu pakati pematanda maviri. Muna 2009, aive mukadzi wekutanga kugamuchira mubairo weAlfred Nobel Memorial muEconomics nekuda kwebasa rake4, maakabata zvakanyanya nenyaya dzecommons. Rumbidzo yeNobel Committee yakati yakaratidza "maitirwo ezvivakwa zvakagovaniswa zvinogona kutarisirwa zvinobudirira nemasangano evashandisi."

Kupfuura musika uye nyika

Mubhuku rake "Governing the Commons"1990 (German: "The Constitution of the Commons - Beyond Market and State"), yakatanga kubudiswa muna 4, Ostrom akaisa thesis yaHardin pamusoro pedambudziko revanhu vose kumuedzo. Akanyanya kuongorora mienzaniso inoshanda yenharaunda dzakakwanisa uye dzakashandisa zviwanikwa kwenguva yakareba, asiwo mienzaniso yekutadza kuzvibata kwakadai. Mukuongorora kwe theoretical, akashandisa dzidziso yemutambo kuratidza kuti kutonga nekunze (nyika) simba kana privatization inovimbisa mhinduro dzakakwana dzekushandisa kwakasimba uye kuchengetedzwa kwenguva refu kwezvinhu zvakajairika.

Muchiitiko chekutanga, chiremera chenyika chaizofanirwa kuve neruzivo rwakakwana nezvehunhu hwechishandiso uye maitiro evashandisi kuitira kuti vakwanise kuranga nemazvo maitiro anokuvadza. Kana ruzivo rwavo rwusina kukwana, zvirango zvavo zvinogona kungotungamira mukusazvibata zvakare. Izvo zviri nani uye zvakanyatsojeka kutarisa, iyo inodhura zvakanyanya. Mari idzi dzinowanzofuratirwa nevamiriri vehurumende.

Privatization, zvakare, inoisa mari kune vashandisi yekuvharira fenzi uye kuongorora. Kana iri mafuro akapatsanurwa, zvinogona kuitika kuti mamiriro ekunze akanaka kune dzimwe nzvimbo nepo dzimwe dzichitambura nekusanaya kwemvura. Asi vanopfuya mombe havachakwanisa kuenda kunzvimbo dzine zvibereko. Izvi zvinoita kuti mafuro awedzere munzvimbo dzakaoma. Gore rinouya kusanaya kwemvura kunogona kurova dzimwe nzvimbo zvakare. Kutenga chikafu kubva kunzvimbo dzakaorera kunoda kugadzwa kwemisika mitsva, izvo zvinounzawo mari.

Nzira yechitatu

Zvese zviri zviviri nedzidziso uye zvine simba, Ostrom anopokana kuti pane dzimwe mhinduro pakati pemusika nenyika. Anoongorora zvidzidzo zvakasiyana-siyana semafuro emunharaunda uye masango emunharaunda muSwitzerland neJapan, masisitimu ekudiridza akabatanidzwa muSpain nePhilippines, kutonga kwemvura yepasi muU.SA, nzvimbo dzekuredza muTurkey, Sri Lanka neCanada. Mamwe masisitimu akabudirira akagonesa hutungamiriri hwenharaunda kwemazana emakore.
Ostrom anoona muzvidzidzo zvake zvemurabhoritari kuti havazi vese vashandisi vezvakafanana zvakanaka vakafanana "zvine musoro zvekushandisa maximizer". Kune vatasvi vakasununguka vanogara vachiita udyire uye vasingambodyidzani mumamiriro ekuita sarudzo. Kune vashandisi vanongoshandira pamwe chete kana vaine chokwadi chekuti havazotorwa mukana nevatasvi vemahara. Kune avo vanodisa kutsvaka batira pamwe vachikarira kuti kuvimba kwavo kuchadzorerwa. Uye pakupedzisira, panogona kunge paine vashoma vechokwadi altruists vanogara vachitsvaga zvakanaka zvenharaunda.
Kana vamwe vanhu vakakwanisa kushanda pamwe chete mumudzimu wokuvimba uye nokudaro vachiwana betsero huru, vamwe vanocherekedza ikoku vanogona kusundwa kubatira pamwewo. Zvakakosha kuti munhu wese aone maitiro emumwe uye kuonawo zvakanakira kuita pamwechete. Chinhu chikuru pakukunda matambudziko chiri mukukurukurirana uye kuvaka kuvimbana.

Chii chinoratidza vakabudirira commons

Zvakawanda, Ostrom inotaura kuti kugovaniswa kwakasimba kwezvakajairwa kunowanzoitika kana zvinotevera zvinosangana:

• Pane mitemo yakajeka yekuti ndiani ane mvumo yekuishandisa uye ndiani asina.
• Mitemo yekugovera nekupa chiwanikwa inoenderana nemamiriro enzvimbo. Semuenzaniso, mambure akasiyana kana tambo dzehove dzinotenderwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzekuredza. Kushanda pamwe chete musango kana panguva yekukohwa kunopera nguva, nezvimwewo.
• Vashandisi pachavo vanoisa mitemo uye vanoishandura sezvinodiwa. Sezvo ivo vanobatwa nemitemo ivo pachavo, vanogona kupa zviitiko zvavo.
• Kutevedza mitemo kunotariswa. Mumapoka maduku, avo vanobatanidzwa vanogona kuona zvakananga maitiro emumwe nomumwe. Vanhu vanotarisa kutevedzerwa kwemitemo vangave vashandisi ivo pachavo kana vanogadzwa nevashandisi uye vanozvidavirira kwavari.
• Kutyorwa kwemitemo kuchabvumidzwa. Muzviitiko zvakawanda, kukanganisa kwekutanga kunobatwa zvishoma, kukanganisa kunodzokororwa kunobatwa zvakanyanya. Kunyanya vamwe vanobatanidzwa vari kuti havasi kutorwa mukana nevatasvi vakasununguka, mukana wakakura wekuomerera kumitemo ivo pachavo. Kana mumwe munhu akabatwa achityora mitemo, mukurumbira wake unotamburawo.
• Nzira dzekugadzirisa kusawirirana dzinokurumidza, hadzidhuri uye dzakananga, zvakaita semisangano yemunharaunda kana dare rekurwirana rakagadzwa nemushandisi.
• Hurumende inobvuma kodzero yevashandisi yekusarudza mitemo yavo. Chiitiko chinoratidza kuti kupindira kwehurumende mune zvechinyakare zvakajairika kazhinji kwakatungamira mukuipa kwavo.
• Masangano akamisikidzwa: Kana iyo commons yakabatana zvakanyanya nehombe resource system, semuenzaniso madiridziro emunharaunda ane migero mikuru, zvivakwa zvekutonga pamatanho akawanda "zvinoiswa" pamwechete. Hapana nzvimbo imwe chete yekutonga.

Pamwe chete mukutema

A chinyakare commons anoratidza izvi Video nezve“nharaunda yesango” muBladersbach, North Rhine-Westphalia, ine mavambo okudzokera shure kuzana ramakore rechi 16.

Kuva nenharaunda yesango risingakamurwi sesango rinogarwa nhaka unhu hwenharaunda dzesango. Mhuri dzemadzitateguru dzinoishandisa pamwe chete. Huni dzinotemwa munguva yechando. “Vatevedzeri” vakasarudzwa vanobudisa chikamu chesango kuti chicherwe gore negore. Ichi chikamu chakakamurwa zvichienderana nehuwandu hwemhuri. Miganhu ye "nzvimbo" inotaridzwa nenyundo yematavi akakora, imwe neimwe ine nhamba yakavezwa pairi. Kana kuyerwa kwapera, zvikamu zvesango zvakasiyana-siyana zvinoparadzaniswa pakati pemhuri. Varidzi venzvimbo dzakavakidzana vanozomaka miganhu yenzvimbo dzavo pamwe chete kubva pamatanda emiganhu.

Kusvika kuma1960, miti yemuoki musango iri yakasanganiswa yaishandiswa kugadzira nzvimbo yevasukuti vematehwe. Basa rekusvuura makwati rakaitwa muchirimo. Munguva yechando, miti yebirch, hornbeam uye alder inogona kutemwa. Munguva yakapfuura, nzvimbo dzesango hadzina kuparadzwa, asi vavakidzani vesango vakaita basa racho pamwe chete uye gare gare vakaparadza mirwi yehuni. Sango i "cop forest". Nhungirwa dzemiti inodonha dzinokura kubva pamudzi. Mushure memakore makumi maviri nemasere kusvika makumi matatu nemashanu, hunde dzakasimba pakati nepakati dzinofanira kuchekwa, kana zvisina kudaro midzi yanyanya kukwegura kuti iite nhungirwa itsva. Iko kushandiswa kunotenderera kunobvumira sango kuti rigadzirise zvakare uye zvakare.

Asi vanhuwo zvavo havafanire kungova nzanga dzemagamuchidzanwa dzemumusha. Chikamu chinotevera cheiyi nhevedzano mapfupi chine chinangwa chekuunza mamwe ma commons ari kushanda nhasi, kubva kuWikipedia kuenda kuCecosesola, boka remacooperatives muEcuador anga achipa mhuri zviuru zana nemichero nemiriwo zvinokwanisika, hutano uye mabasa emariro kweanopfuura makore makumi mashanu. .

Mufananidzo webutiro: Marymoor Park nharaunda gadheni, USA. King County Parks, CC BY-NC-ND

Mashoko emuzasi:

1 Hardin, Garrett (1968): The Tragedy of the Commons. Mu: Sayenzi 162 (3859), peji 1243–1248. Pamhepo: https://www.jstor.org/stable/1724745.

2 Hardin, Garrett (1974): Lifeboat Ethics_ Nyaya Inopesana Nekubatsira Varombo. Mu: Psychology Today (8), pp. 38–43. Pamhepo: https://rintintin.colorado.edu/~vancecd/phil1100/Hardin.pdf

3 Cf. https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/garrett-hardin

4 Ostrom, Elinor (2015): Kutonga Makuru. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Bhuku racho rakatanga kubudiswa muna 1990.