Kukwana: Hapana munhu anofanira kugara achida zvimwe S4F AT

naMartin Auer

Nharaunda yedu yekuMadokero inonzi "nzanga yevatengi", zvakare se "nzanga yekukura". Panyika ine magumo, zvisinei, kukura kusingagumi hakugoneki, kana kuwedzera kusinga peri kushandiswa, kunyange kana zvinhu zvinopedzwa zvichigadzirwa zvakanyanya uye zvakanyanya. Hakuzovi nebudiriro inoenderera pasina kukwana - muchiGerman: "kukwana". Asi chii chaizvo ichocho? Kuzvinyima? Kuramba pfuma? Kana kuti rumwe rudzi rwebudiriro?

“Kuva nokukwana kunoreva kunakidzwa nezvinhu zvishomanana pane kungozvipoteredza nezvinhu zvakawanda zvokuti hauchatombokwanisi kufara,” inonyora kudaro nyanzvi yezveupfumi Niko Paech.1. Zvinoreva kuti: kupihwa zvakakwana, kuva nezvakakwana. Izvo izvi ndezvekushandisa zviwanikwa zviripo kuti vakwanise kuvandudza zvakare. Zvinonzwisisika zviri nyore kuona kuti hapana imwe nzira.

Zvakadaro kuMadokero tiri kuwedzera mashandisiro edu gore rega rega, uye mazhinji ezvinotiponesa tekinoroji maererano nezviwanikwa kuburikidza nekubudirira kukuru kunodyiwa nekuwedzerwa uku kushandiswa. Muna 1995, avhareji yemotokari yakadya 9,1 litita emafuta pa100 km. Pakazara, motokari dzeGermany dzakadya marita mabhiriyoni 47. Muna 2019, avhareji yekushandisa yaive 7,7 litres, asi iyo yese yekushandisa yaive ichiri 47 bhiriyoni malita.2. Muna 1990, avhareji simba reinjini yemotokari dzichangonyoreswa muGermany yaive 95 hp, asi muna 2020 yaive 160 hp.3. Muna 2001, maGermany akatyaira 575 miriyoni km mumotokari dzavo, uye muna 2019 vakafamba 645 miriyoni km. Kuwedzera uku kunokonzerwa nehuwandu hwemotokari pavagari ve10004. Kufambira mberi kwehunyanzvi kwakangoita kuti mota dzidhure, nekukurumidza uye kurema, asi hazvina kukonzera kuderera kwesimba rekushandisa.

Kuti tidzivise migumisiro yakaipisisa yekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze, tinofanira kuderedza avhareji yepasi rose yegreenhouse gas emissions ye6,8 tonne per capita per capita (kusanganisira 4,2 tonnes of CO2).5 kusvika pasi petani6 press. Uye nokukurumidza, kureva pakati pezana remakore. KuAustria, nzvimbo yekutanga ndeye 13,8 matani ekushandisa-based emissions7. Vanogovaniswa zvisina kuenzana: chikamu chepamusoro chegumi chevanhu chinokonzera kuburitswa kwakapetwa kana kupfuura kwepasi pegumi muzana.8. Saka basa riri pamberi pedu iguru. Kuti tizvikunde, tinoda kufambira mberi kwehunyanzvi: masimba anovandudzwa, kuwedzera simba uye kugona kwezviwanikwa munzvimbo dzese. Pamusoro pezvo, zvigadziriso-zvakavakirwa-zvakadai sekudzoreredzwa kwenzvimbo dzechisikigo, izvo zvinogona kutora yakawanda CO2 pane yakachena miti yekudyara. Asi hapana chimwe cheizvi chichatisvitsa ikoko nekukurumidza zvakakwana kunze kwekunge tadzikamisa kugadzirwa - uye nekudaro kushandiswa - kwezvinhu zvenyama. Mikana mikuru yekuchengetedza iripo mukufamba, kudya uye kuvaka uye kurarama. Hapana nzira yakapoteredza kukwana. Panofanira kuva nemotokari shoma mumigwagwa. Panzvimbo pekugara toga mumotokari yematani 1,5, tinofanira kugoverana bhazi, chitima, chitima nevamwe. Hutsinye kurima fekitori kunofanirwa kunyangarika, uye nenyama yakachipa muchitoro. Panguva imwecheteyo, matanho makuru ekugovera patsva anodiwa, nekuti hazvingave zvakadaro kuti vamwe vanhu vanodya nyama yevhu asi vamwe vasingakwanise kutenga schnitzel yavo kana zvimedu zvegwayana, kunyangwe neSvondo.

Zvipingamupinyi pakukwana

Kudiwa kwekusadya zvinopfuura izvo zvinokura zviri nyore kunzwisisa, asi kuita iyi nzwisiso kwakaoma. Nei zvakadaro? Sei zvakaoma kuti "zvakwana"? Nyanzvi yezvemagariro evanhu Oliver Stengel anotaura zvipingamupinyi zvishanu zvinomira munzira yemaitiro akakwana9:

Kudya nyama shoma, somuenzaniso, kunochengetedza mari asi kune zvimwe zvinodhura: kuchinja tsika kunoda kushanda nesimba. Unofanira kugara uchifunga nezvezviito zvako. Iwe unofanirwa kudzidza kubika zvakare, iwe unofanirwa kushandura nzira yako kuburikidza nesupermarket kana kutenga kumwe kunhu, nezvimwe zvakawanda.

Chechipiri chipingamupinyi itsika: kuwedzera kushandiswa kunomiririra kubudirira, iwe unoratidza kuti unokwanisa kuzvipa. Restriction inomirira asceticism, regression, hardship. Kunyanya imba yako uye hombe, mota inokurumidza zviratidzo zvechimiro. Rezinesi rekutyaira chikamu chedzidzo segwaro rekupedza chikoro ari Chiratidzo chekukura. Chero ani anogara achibhururuka kune bhizinesi anofanira kunge ari munhu akakosha, uye chero munhu anoshandisa zororo rake mugoosebump panzvimbo yeMaldives murombo. Asi kana iwe uchida chaizvo kuva pakati pevakuru, unofanirwa kuenda kuBora Bora. Kudya zvakare nezve chimiro, asiwo nezve mabasa echikadzi: murume chaiye anogocha nyama mubindu uye anodya nyama dzakakora masendimita maviri.

Chipingamupinyi chechitatu ndeichi: Tinozvinangisa pamaitiro evamwe. Isu tinoita izvo "zvakajairika". Hatidi kuva vekunze, hatidi kuonekwa semashura. Asi nezuro weirdos dzimwe nguva vanova mapiyona emaitiro matsva: vegans vachiri vashoma vanonyangarika - muAustria 2% yevakuru. Asi supermarket yese ikozvino ine vegan mupiro.

Chechina, vanhu vanowanzosiya basa ravo: Ini semunhu handigone kuita chero chinhu, "zvematongerwo enyika" ndinofanira kuzviita. “Matongerwe enyika,” uyewo, anopomera vavhoti. Uye makambani anopomera vatengi: Unozvitenga, saka isu tinozvigadzira.

Kushandiswa kunochengetedza hurongwa

Chechishanu, pane zvakarongeka zvikonzero zvekuramba kuchiwedzera kushandiswa. Makambani anosangana nemakwikwi emusika anofanirwa kugara achiwedzera kugadzirwa kwevashandi kuitira kuti asakundwe. Izvi zvinoguma nekurasikirwa kwemabasa nekugadzirwa kunoramba kwakafanana, kana kuwedzera kugadzirwa nenhamba yakafanana yemabasa. Uye kana musika wazara, kana munhu wese atova neterevhizheni, muchina wekuwachisa, nharembozha, ipapo masikirini anofanirwa kukura nekukura, machira ekugezesa ane gonhi rekumashure kwaunogona kuisa mbatya mukati panguva yekugezesa, uye nharembozha dzinofanira kuva nenzvimbo yakawanda yekuchengetedza , mamwe makamera ane simba nezvimwewo kuitira kuti ugone kutengesa chimwe chinhu. Iyo modhi nyowani inoita kuti yekare isashande uye inoideredza. Izvi zvine mhedzisiro yakafanana neyakafanotemerwa yekupwanya, izvo zvinoita kuti mudziyo usashande zuva rinotevera mushure mekupera kwewaranti.

Pamusoro pezvehupfumi, panewo zvimhingamupinyi zvezvematongerwo enyika. Dai nzanga yese yaizonyatsorarama zvakakwana, yaizopa "zvematongerwo enyika" nemabasa makuru: kana kushandiswa kukadzikira, makambani akacheka mabasa, nyika inorasikirwa nemutero, hurongwa hwepenjeni hunopinda mumatambudziko, zvichingodaro. “Matongerwe enyika” anoda kudzivisa zvinetso zvakadaro sezvinobvira. Ndicho chikonzero, zvichienderana nemafungiro ako, inoparadzira "kuchengetedzwa kwemamiriro ekunze nemafungiro ekuenzanisa" kana "kukura kwegirinhi" pane kutora zvakanyanya kugadziridzwa kwegadziriro mumaoko ayo.

Hurongwa hwehupfumi hwemusika uye zvematongerwo enyika zvakabatana zvinomanikidza kushandiswa patiri. Zvinoreva kuzvisunungura kubva pakumanikidzwa uku. Saka musoro wechinyorwa ichi, unobva kuchinyorwa chakaitwa naUta von Winterfeld: Hapana munhu anofanira kugara achida zvakawanda. Maererano naWinterfeld, ndizvo zvazviri kodzero pamusoro pokukwana, kwete pamusoro pemusengwa wokuita kudaro10.

Usanetseka pamusoro pekugara zvakanaka kwako

Chinangwa chekukwana hachisi chekusiya kugara zvakanaka. Kana iwe ukayera kugara zvakanaka neavhareji yekugara kwehupenyu uye kushandiswa nekushandiswa-kwakavakirwa greenhouse gasi emissions, ipapo unogona kuona, semuenzaniso: maAmerican anoburitsa avhareji ye15,5 matani eCO2 pamunhu pagore uye anorarama kusvika makore 76,4. Vagari vekuCosta Rica vanogadzira matani 2,2 eCO2 uye vanorarama kusvika makore 80,811.

Kukwana kunovavarira kugutsa zvinodiwa nenzira inogoneka yekuchengetedza zviwanikwa. Zvinodiwa zvinogona kugutswa nenzira dzakasiyana. Pane dzimwe nzira dzekubva paA kuenda kuB pane nemota. Kana iwe uchienda kunotenga nebhasikoro, iwe hausi kungochengetedza mari pagasi, asiwo pane fitness centre. Iwe unogona kuwana kudziya kwakadzikama nekusimudza kupisa, kupfeka sweta kana kugadziridza imba yacho. Kana ukabata muchina wako wekugeza zvakanaka, unogona kugara makore makumi maviri kana kupfuura. Vanenge vakura modhi vanogona kuita izvozvo. Kana michina yekuwachisa ichigara kaviri kureba sezvavanoita nhasi (kazhinji makore mashanu kusvika gumi), saka zviri pachena kuti hafu chete yevazhinji vangada kugadzirwa. Chipped furniture inogona kugadziriswa kana kupendwa patsva. Kugara kwembatya kunogonawo kuwedzerwa kuburikidza nekurapa kwakanaka. Geza zvakanaka, gadzirisa kukuvara kudiki, chinjana zvinhu zvave kufinha neshamwari. Uye kuzvishongedza iwe pachako kunopa kugutsikana kwakawanda uye kusingaperi pane kutenga. Inenge 20% yezvipfeko zvese hazvina kumbopfekwa12. Kusatenga zvipfeko izvi pakutanga hakukonzeri kurasikirwa kwekunyaradza.

Nheyo yacho ndeiyi: kuderedza (kureva kutenga zvinhu zvishoma kubva pakutanga, zvibvunze nekutenga kwega kwega: Ndinonyatsoda izvi here?), Ishandise kwenguva yakareba, igadzirise, ramba uchiishandisa (semuenzaniso ipe kune vamwe uye tenga yakashandiswa) , uye ingorishandisazve pakupedzisira. Asi zvinorevawo kuve wakazvimirira pamafashoni nemaitiro. Kugovana uye kugovera zvakare kunogadzira matsva ekushamwaridzana. Uye zvinonyanya kukosha: usashandise mari yaunochengeta kuburikidza nehupenyu hune mwero hwemazuva ese parwendo rwendege izvo zvinokanganisa kabhoni yako yese tsoka mune imwe yakadonha swoop. Izwi rehunyanzvi reiyi rinonzi rebound effect, uye zvakakosha kuti uzvidzivirire. Kana iwe usingachadi chikamu chemari yako nekuda kwemararamiro akakwana, unogona kushandisa chikamu ichi kutsigira mapurojekiti emagariro kana mapurojekiti ekuchengetedza zvisikwa. Kana kutofunga nezvekushanda-nguva.

Ronga kukwana

Zvechokwadi, zvinhu zvose hazvigoni kuiswa pamunhu. Chinodiwa paindasitiri chinofanira kunge chiri kugadzira zvigadzirwa zvinogara uye zvinogadziriswa uye kumisa tsika ye "yakarongwa kupfeka uye kubvarura". Kubva paA kuenda kuB uri wega kuri nyore kana A naB vari padhuze pamwe chete, kunyanya dzimba, basa uye zvekushandisa. Apa ndipo panodiwa hurongwa hwemadhorobha. Vanofamba netsoka nevatyairi vemabhasikoro vanofanirawo kunzwa vakachengeteka. Kushandisa uye kugovana pamwe chete kunoitwa nyore kana mamiriro ekugara achigadzirisa izvi kuburikidza nemakamuri akajairwa, kicheni yakagovaniswa, makamuri ekuitira, imba yekuwachira, nezvimwe.

Kana, kazhinji, kuwedzera kwega kwega mukubudirira kwakagadziriswa nekuderedzwa kunoenderana nemaawa ekushanda, kubuda kwezvinhu kwaizoramba kwakagadzikana. Avhareji yemaawa epagore anoshandiswa munzvimbo yeeuro yadonha ne1995% kubvira 6, asi kugadzirwa kwakawedzera ne25%13. Kuti tichengetedze mararamiro ehupenyu muna 1995, tinogona kushanda zvishoma ne20% nhasi pane zvataiita kare ikako. Uyu ungori mufananidzo, nekuti basa raizofanira kugadziridzwa, kubva pakugadzirwa kwezvinhu (uye manejimendi ayo) kuenda kudzidzo, sainzi, hutano, kutarisirwa, tsika. Uye mikana yebasa nemari yekuwana yaizofanirawo kugovewa zvakaenzana. Kuchengetedza basa hakufanire kureva kuti vamwe vanhu vanoramba vachishanda sekare, vamwe vachisara vasina basa uye vasina mari.

Economy mubasa revanhu uye zvisikwa

Chero bedzi kukwidziridzwa kwepurofiti iri iyo injini yehupfumi, kukwana pachiyero chemagariro hakugone kuwanikwa. Asi haisi kambani yese inofanirwa kuita purofiti. I "social economy" inozviona sehupfumi hunoshumira vanhu uye zvisikwa. Izvi zvinosanganisira dzimba dzisina purofiti kana dzekushandira pamwe, nharaunda dzemagetsi anovandudzwa, makambani evashandi vemaoko nemaindasitiri, zvitoro zvemubatanidzwa, zvikwereti, puratifomu nekushambadzira, zvirongwa zvekurima zvekubatana, maNGOs mundima yebudiriro inoenderera uye zvimwe zvakawanda.14. Sekureva kweKomisheni yeEU, kune masangano anosvika 2,8 miriyoni ehupfumi hwemagariro muEurope. Vanogadzira mabasa anopfuura mamirioni gumi nematatu nekudaro vanoshandisa 13% yevashandi vekuEurope15. Nekuda kwekuti makambani akadai haana purofiti, haasi pasi pekumanikidzwa kuti akure. Chinodiwa chekukwana, kuitira mukana wekuti: "Zvakwana", ndizvo izvo, yakawanda sei uye sei inogadzirwa inotaurirana nedemocracy. Upfumi hwemagariro evanhu hunopa mukana uyu, zvisinei chete pamwero wakaderera. Kusimudzira nekuwedzera bazi iri risingaite purofiti rehupfumi - padivi nekuwedzera kwenzvimbo yekugara zvakanaka - chimwe chezvakakosha zvinodikanwa zveshanduko yemagariro-ecological. Basa rehupfumi hweDemocratic harisati vimbiso yebasa rehupfumi rakagadzikana. Inogadzira mukana wechikonzero uye pfungwa ye "chikamu chakakodzera" kukunda.

1Paech, Niko (2013): Rumbidzo yekuderedza. Mu: Kukwana sekiyi yekufara kwakawanda muhupenyu nekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza, oO. oekom publishing house.

2https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/daten/verkehr/endenergieverbrauch-energieeffizienz-des-verkehrs

3A. Ajanovic, L. Schipper, R. Haas (2012): Kukanganisa kwemotokari dzinotakura vanhu dzakanyanya kushanda asi dzakakura pakushandiswa kwesimba munyika dzeEU-15 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2012.05.039 uye .https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/249880/umfrage/ps-zahl-verkaufter-neuwagen-in-deutschland/

4https://www.forschungsinformationssystem.de/servlet/is/80865/

5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_greenhouse_gas_emissions uye https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_carbon_dioxide_emissions_per_capita

6https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/service/uba-fragen/wie-hoch-sind-die-treibhausgasemissionen-pro-person

7https://www.technik.steiermark.at/cms/dokumente/12449173_128523298/4eaf6f42/THG-Budget_Stmk_WegenerCenter_update.pdf

8https://greenpeace.at/uploads/2023/08/gp_reportklimaungerechtigkeitat.pdf

9Stengel, Oliver (2013): Kudonha nguva dzose. Kupesana nezvipingamupinyi zvekukwana, Mu: Kukwana sekiyi yemufaro wakawanda muhupenyu uye kuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza, oO. oekom publishing house.

10Von Winterfeld, Uta (2007): Hapana kusimba pasina kukwana. maitirwo akabudiswa 3/2007, mapeji 46-54

11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_carbon_dioxide_emissions_per_capita uye https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_life_expectancy

12Greenpeace (2015): Zvipfeko zvinoraswa. https://www.greenpeace.de/publikationen/20151123_greenpeace_modekonsum_flyer.pdf

13https://www.bankaustria.at/files/analyse_arbeitszeit_19062023.pdf

14Social Economy Declaration; https://static.uni-graz.at/fileadmin/_files/_event_sites/_se-conference/Social_Economy_Deklaration_20092023_web.pdf

15EU Komisheni (2022): Factsheet Social Economy Action Plan, https://ec.europa.eu/social/BlobServlet?docId=24985&langId=en