Disinformation - Ruzivo rwakanyengedzwa

Nguva nenguva, nhau dzinobuda dzinoshandura iyo yeayo worldview pamusoro wayo. Ndozvakaitika kwandiri, semuenzaniso, pandakaziva kuti John F. Kennedy akaurayiwa chaizvo neCIA naPrincess Diana pachinzvimbo cheMIT. Ini handina kunyanyo shamiswa kuti vanhu vekuAmerican vakagadzira hutachiona hwehutachiona muCIA maLab uye kuti kugara kwavo kwemwedzi kwaingova inyanzvi yemanheru neNASA. Asi pandakadzidza kuti Michelle Obama murume chaiye - seyakakurumbira youtube vhidhiyo zvakajeka uye nesainzi inoratidza - nyika yangu yaive yakazara padivi.

Kunyangwe masevhisi eRussia ehungwaru ndeveAmerican pasina. Pakupedzisira, panzvimbo yakavanzika muSiberia, vanodzidzisa vana mune yekuwedzera mafungiro kuitira kuti ivo vagone kushandisa pfungwa dzavo kuuraya vanhu chero munyika.
Nyika yakapenga, haugone kungouya pamhedzisiro iyi kana ukatsvaga paInternet ye "zvirevo zvehana".

Disinformation yepasi rose

Kunze kwekunetsa kwezvehupfumi, inotaridzirwawo disinformation uye mazano ekuparadzira evatongi vezvematongerwo enyika vanoshanda nehuwandu hwezvenhau nezvezvinangwa zvavo uye zvinoshamisa chimiro chezvematongerwo enyika. Mukuita izvi, zvine hunyanzvi vanoisa runyorwa rwavo rwavanofarira pane imwe nyaya mumisoro yenhau uye nekudaro zvakare mukuziva kwevanhu. Nekudaro, mhirizhonga huru dzemazuva ano dzave dzisiri dzengozi dzeruzivo ruzivo, dzinovaita kuti vatadze kunyatsogona kuverengera, asiwo vatori venhau. Disinformation inoshandiswa munzvimbo dzakawanda dzezvematongerwo enyika nehupfumi hwakanangidzirwa kuti uwane rutsigiro rwezvinetso. Semuenzaniso, masevhisi akavanzika anowanzove nemadhipatimendi awo ekunyepedzera uye kuparadzira ruzivo.

Kunzwisisa muitiro uyu ndekwezvisikwa zvisingawanzo. Kwese kwakakodzera kunofanirwa nechavo nhoroondo yeaimbove mumiriri weBritain Carne Ross kutarisisa, uyo pa23. Zvita 2015 yakaburitswa mu "nguva". Zvinotanga mumakore e1990 apo Ross akataura nezvekudyidzana kwehupfumi achipokana nemudzvanyiriri weIraq Saddam Hussein kuUnited Nations akamiririra hurumende yake, uye nyika yekuMadokero yakamumanikidza kupa humbowo hwekuti haasisina zvombo zvekuparadza vazhinji: "Takaita izvi, kunyangwe hurumende yangu yakaita yaive yekuti zvombo zvaSaddam Hussein zvainge zvisisiri kutyisidzira ". Sekureva kwake, masanctions akashanda chete kuchengetedza Saddam kuti vavakezve Kuwait mushure mekurwiswa kwake kuvaka zvakare uto rake nemari kubva mukutengesa mafuta. "Isu takaramba humbowo hwekutambura kwevagari vemo uye takanyaradza chero munhu akabvunza masanctions." Akatotarisa zvakataurwa naKofi Annan achiti: "Ini ndakagadzirisa zvinyorwa zvehofisi yake zvisati zvaburitswa." Annan "akati" zvataida. "Mhedziso yake kubva pane iyi chiitiko:" Vakaparadza chose nyika yakasimukira kwazvo. "

Disinformation inodaidza vanobatwa

Nenzira iyi, chinangwa chakaburitswa chakabudirira kunyengetedza ruzhinji rweAmerican, pamwe neUS Congress uye Allies, kuti Iraq ine zvombo zvine njodzi zvekuparadza vanhu vazhinji zvinouya nenjodzi iri pedyo, iyo inopedzisira inogona kungosangana nekupinda muchiuto. , Nhasi, iyo US inogona kuzvishongedza iyo isina maturo, inokanganisa hondo neinopfuura 200.000 yakafa uye tara muswe pane kuwedzera kukwira. Huwandu hwekufa kubva kune yakakurumbira "Hondo Pamhepo Inotyisa" inofungidzirwa neyemagariro veruzhinji Iraq Muviri Count (IBC) pa1,3 mamirioni. Nyanzvi dzinotenda zvakare kuti imwe hafu yemamiriyoni evana vari pasi pemakore mashanu vakafa nekuda kwehurongwa hwehupfumi. Pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, sezvo kuunzwa kweklorini yekumwa mvura yekurapa kwakakanganiswa nezvirango. Kutongwa kwenhoroondo padambudziko iri saka kuri kure nekurehwa.

Nekudaro, iyo yakazara ruzivo rwekuvhiringidzika runokunda paInternet uye mumagariro ekushamwaridzana. Sezvo zvese zviri nezvezvenhau mune kwazvinobva, mutumiri, ruzivo nemufananidzo zvinogona kunyengedzwa zviri nyore, uye ruzivo uye chokwadi zvemashoko anotumirwa pano hauna kuderera zvakakwana kufungidzira.
Ichi chiitiko chiri kubatawo Public Relations Association Austria (PRVA): "Sezvo maitiro ePR asina chokwadi ari kuwedzera, kunyanya munzvimbo yemagariro enhau, PRVA Council yakagamuchira nhengo nhatu nyowani mumatsutso 2015 avo vakazvipira kunyaya chaiyo. Sangano rePR Ethics Council rakaburitsawo misimboti yekutaurirana yekushanda pamwe nevezvenhau - sechirongwa chekubatsira vehunyanzvi hwePR ”, anodaro Susanne Senft, Mutungamiri wePPRVA. Zvakangodaro, mhedzisiro yeruzivo urwu haina kukosha. Ivo havangovhiringidze chete vagari veko, ivo vachiwedzera kuvaka mifananidzo yevavengi uye kukanganisa vanhu. Kusaziva.

Iyo kurudyi-mapapiro populist maitiro

Pamusoro pevose vanorarama panguva ino-mapapiro mapapiro anonzwisiswa mune iri hunyanzvi. Linguist Ruth Wodak vanotaura mubhuku ravo "The Politics of Kutya. Zvinorehwa Nerudyi Wing Populist Discourses zvinoreva "(Sage, London) yeinonzi" Perpetuum nhare yepanzvimbo-yeruboshwe populism ". Naizvozvi anonzwisisa imwe nzira inoenderana nekwange kurudyi-mapapiro vezvematongerwo enyika vanoita zvematongerwo enyika zvakarongeka uye nekushandisa zvinobatika: danho rekutanga kutsamwisa. Iyo poster inooneka ine rugwaro kana chinyorwa chinodudzirwa sekutsamwisa. Izvi zvinoteverwa nemafungu ekutsamwa, neicho chinangwa chekutanga chasvika: Imwe iri mumisoro.

Ipapo zvobva zvapinda mukombiriko yechipiri: Hasha dzinokura uye mumwe munhu anoburitsa pachena kuti dhairemenzi pane poster inhema. Nhanho yechitatu inotevera: Vanyori veshoko vanotendeutsa matafura vobva vazviratidza sevanorwadziswa.Pangangoitika vane masterminds, kana zano rekurangana navo.
Zvino kana rimwe divi rikasangana ndokutendeuka kumatare, mumwe anokumbira ruregerero.

Chikamu cheiyi zano, maererano naProfesa Wodak, zvakadaro, ndechekuti munhu anosunga masimba evamwe: "Panzvimbo pekuisa misoro yavo uye kuratidza zvirongwa zvavo, vamwe mapato vanomanikidzwa neuhwandu uhwu hwakakwira munzvimbo yemupinduri. Panzvimbo yekuita zvematongerwo enyika, vari kudzinganisa zviitiko izvi, "akadaro Wodak mumagazini yevhiki yeGerman" Die Zeit ".

Kubudirira kwezvematongerwo enyika nekuita nezve disinformation

Zano iri rinoratidzika kunge rakapararira uye rakabudirira zvakanyanya munharaunda yemagariro. Maererano nepolitometer.at, nzvimbo yeInternet inoongorora kuvapo uye mashandiro ezvematongerwo enyika, mapato ezvematongerwo enyika, NGO uye vatori venhau vezvematongerwo enyika mumasocial network, vezvematongerwo enyika veFPÖ vari pamberi. Pakati peavo vanonyanya kushanda munharaunda yepamusoro 5 vezvematongerwo enyika vari vatatu (HC Strache, H. Vilimsky, Norbert Hofer) kuFPÖ. Uye panguva imwe chete iyoyo boka reFacebook "FPÖ Kukundikana" riri kurwisa kuti riongorore zvakatemwa zvisingaverengeke venhema dzeFPÖ. Dunhu rakavharwa, ipapo.

Vapoteri: Mood yakapora nemaune

Muchokwadi, rakabudirira nenzira iyi, iyo nhanho inopesana nevapoteri munhau yemagariro inocherwa zvakanyanya. Iye munyori webhuku, mutori wenhau uye blogger Jakob Steinschaden, semuenzaniso, akanyatsotarisa mumagariro nhau dzemagariro eAustria kutanga-up storyclash.com. Aya machati anoongorora kubatana kwe Facebook kune ese makuru eAustria online media uye mablog. Maererano neizvi, maitiro makuru ave achiitika paFacebook kwemwedzi mishoma yapfuura inoratidza chimiro muAustria: "MunaJune, Chikunguru naAugust, 2015 yakagamuchira zvakanyanya kufarirwa uye kugoverwa kune avo vane zvirevo zvine chekuita nezve nyaya yevapoteri. bepa rakacheuka zvino. Kubva munaGunyana 2015 yakagamuchira mishumo iyi, ine zvirevo zvisina kunaka pamusoro pezvekupotera, mukurumbira uye nekudaro isvike paFacebook, "akadaro Steinschaden.

Iwo "macheso ekunyengera"

Mienzaniso yemishumo yenhema inogona kuwanikwa munharaunda yekudyidzana en Masse uye imba yevapoteri yakakodzera izvi. Semuenzaniso, mameseji epaFacebook akadai se "Vapoteri vanotenga chete iyo inodhura maPhones nekuda kweCaritas", kana ivo vanowana "3.355,96 Euro pamwedzi yekusaita chinhu", vanakirwe nekuzivikanwa kwakakurumbira. Zvakare kupomedzerwa "kupopota kwenhema" kwakakurumbira, zvichienderana nekuti imhosvai dzaiparwa nevapoteri, dzaingogara dzakafukidzwa nevatori venhau nemapurisa, dzinofanira kutaurwa pano. Iyi mishumo yese yakazove yakazara (in) isina chikonzero chekunyatsoongorora.

Tips

Yassin Musharbash, mutori venhau uye munyori weGerman, munguva pfupi yapfuura akataura kuti "tinogamuchira ruzivo rwakawanda nezvekuita kweI Islamic State nekuparadza kubva kuIslam State itself." Mano ake ekudzivisa disinformation ndeaya:
- Tsvagurudzo
- Kuzvimirira
- Kujeka

VaDoris Christina Steiner, nhengo yeAustria Public Relations Ethics Council, munguva pfupi yapfuura vakataura kuti kushandisa kwake midhiya kuri kuwedzera kutariswa neFacebook. Mazano avo ekudzivirira disinformation munhau yemagariro ndeaya:
- Tarisa kana ichi chiri chakasimbiswa midhiya mhando.
- Teerera ku "nhoroondo dzakasimbiswa". Izvi zvinovimbisa kuti meseji yacho inobva kumunhu wakasarudzwa kana chinzvimbo.
- Tarisa uone kuti chii chinofanira kuona kuti munyori achapihwa kupi.
-Kunyorera kune media media kubva kumhando yepamusoro midhiya uye uashandise zvakananga.

Udo Bachmeier, Mutungamiri wesangano reMedia Media, anoti: "Chero ani zvake asina kubvunza kwaanobva zvachose anoita kukanganisa kwekutanga. Ndiani asingabvunze nezve kunaka kwazvinobva, wechipiri ". Matipi ake:
-Nhau dzesangano ruzivo rwakavimbika kupfuura mawebhusaiti uye mablogiki.
-Zvekuwedzeredza Chokwadi pasina kutaura nezve kwainobva kunofanirwa kuongororwa nokungwarira.
- Chaizvoizvo, iko kuswedera kune yekutanga sosi, zviri nani.

"Nharaunda" kushambadzira mapuratifomu

Nekudaro, dambudziko nderekuti vezvenhau havasisina nezvekushamwaridzana uye kukudziridza kushamwaridzana. Ivo vava mapuratifomu akasimba ekushambadzira uye nharembozha. Maererano nekuongororwa kweIAB, 73 muzana yevashandisi vepaAustria vava kutevedzera zvinoitika zvezuva iri paInternet.

Pwere mumambure

Vechidiki vanotora chinzvimbo chakakosha mukushandiswa kweInternet: vanoshandisa avhareji yemaawa anopfuura mashanu mashanu pazuva pamhepo, zvichienderana neongororo yakaitwa nesangano reMedia Server.
Walter Osztovics, Managing Partner weKovar & Partners, vakatarisisa maitiro ekushandisa midhiya eAustria uye gore rapfuura vakaita chidzidzo mune ramangwana rezvenhau. Mukufunga kwake, vechidiki vari panjodzi kunyanya kubva kune disinformation uye propaganda pasocial network. Sekureva kwake, mashandisiro emashandisirwo enhau evari kuyaruka idambudziko guru mukirasi: "Vachiri kuyaruka kubva kuvabereki vane hunyanzvi hwedzidzo vanoramba vachishandisa mapepanhau kudhinda nepamhepo kutsvaga ruzivo. Vechidiki vakakurira mukushomeka kwedzidzo vanoramba kuramba kutambira ruzivo kubva kunhau dzechivanhu ” Nekuda kweizvozvo, Osztovics anoona njodzi yekuti "chizvarwa chose chinorasikirwa nechido chezvematongerwo enyika, kutungamira uye kugona kutaura", kunze kwekunge paine chinogumbura chiri pachena mundima yedzidzo nedzidzo yemidhiya.

Ruzivo rweshuwa

Pamusoro pekunyengedzwa kweruzivo, nyanzvi dzinowona kusarudzwa kwemashoko munharaunda yekushamwaridzana sekukosha kwazvo, Walter Osztovics anogumisa kubva mukudzidza kwake achiti: "Zvinotungamira pakuona kwepasirese nyika. Izvo zvisingaenderani nemafungiro ake kana kufarira hazvichaonekwe. Kwese kunenge kuchishandiswa mushandisi, bhurukwa rekuputika rinobuda umo iye anongoona iro chikamu chenyika chinozvisimbisa icho mune chimiro ".

Asi basa rezvinodiwa mune zvehupfumi haritombowedzerwe. Sekureva kwaKsenia Churkina kubva kuboka rekutsvagurudza Media Change paYunivhesiti yeSalzburg, kuparadzirwa kwemashoko munhau dzezvematongerwo enyika kunotevedzera mitemo yehupfumi kunyanya: "Nzvimbo dzekudyidzana dziri kugadzira mamiriro matsva ekuparadzira ruzivo nekugadzira mafungiro. Vakazvimisikidza sevachengeti vegedhi nyowani kuti vaparadzire nhau uye pfungwa munharaunda. Mamiriro avo ezvemigariro anotema miganhu, mafomu uye zviri mukati mekutaurirana. Nekudaro, Facebook algorithm inosarudza muganho wepamhepo, inotumirwa nemeseji umsebenzisi kuburikidza neyezvaanopa nhau. "

Ndeipi mhedziso yeiyi inopenga yeruzivo kupenga kwezuva redu? "Usatenda zvese zvakanyorwa," mumaonero edu, hazviende zvakaringana, kupihwa maitiro mazhinji uye akajeka ekunyengera. Kurudziro yedu ndeyekuchengetedza iyo nerve uye yakajairika pfungwa, kuteerera maNoam Chomsky e "Gumi Best Manipulation Strategies" uye kutora yedu "Nyanzvi Matipi Mukurwisa Disinformation" kuenda pamoyo mukushandiswa kwenhau.

Mano ekunyengera

Noam Chomsky's Gumi Strategies yeMedia Manipulation (yakashandurwa uye yakapfupikiswa)

1. Iyo nzira yekukanganisa
Musimboti wekutonga kwemagariro. Pnguva imwecheteyo, kutarisisa kwevagari vanotsauswa kubva kumatambudziko akakosha enharaunda nemagariro nekuzadzwa neruzivo rusina kukosha.

2. Gadzira zvinetso uye wobva waendesa mhinduro
Iyo inogadzira dambudziko inokonzeresa mamwe maitiro muhuwandu. Semuenzaniso, chinokonzera kushungurudzika kweropa, kuti vagari vagamuchire mirau yechengetedzo uye nhanho dzinoganhurira kusununguka kwavo. Kana: kukonzera dambudziko rehupfumi uye nekudaro kugadzira kugamuchirwa kwakakosha kuderedzwa kwekodzero dzemagariro uye mabasa eruzhinji.

3. Isu zvishoma nezvishoma zano
Zvishoma nezvishoma, pamusoro pemakore, wana kugamuchirwa kweisingagamuchirwe. Nenzira iyi magariro ezvehupfumi pamwe nehupfumi mamiriro (neoliberalism) akasimbisirwa mu1980er uye 1990 makore: iyo "inonamira nyika", kushamwaridzana, dzakatemwa uye dzinochinja mamiriro emamiriro ebasa uye kubhadhara, kusashanda.

4. Iyo yekunonoka zano
Paridza zvisarudzo zvisingafarirwe sezvirwadza uye zvisingadzivisiki. Sezvo munhu achazovapo munguva pfupi zviri nyore kutsungirira pane iye chaiye, zvinogadzira kugamuchirwa kwekuzoitwa kwazviri.

5. Taura nevakuru sevana vadiki
Zvikumbiro zveruzhinji zvakawanda zvinoshandisa mutauro, nharo, vanhu, uye kunyangwe, sekunge vateereri vari vana vadiki kana vakaremara nepfungwa. Sei? Izvi zvinoratidzawo maitiro anoenderana nezera iri uye akasununguka kune mibvunzo yakaoma.

6. Shandisa manzwiro pane kuratidza
Ku shandisa zvimiro zvehunhu hunhu hwakatsetseka hwekupfuura kufunga zvine musoro uye pfungwa dzakaoma dzemunhu. Mukuwedzera, iwe unovhura musuwo kune kusaziva kwemunhu wemunhu.

7. Chengetedza kusaziva kweruzhinji uye kudzvinyirira
Heano iko kudzora kweruzhinji uye kusakwanisa kwavo kunzwisisa idzi nzira dzekudzora, chengetedza. Naizvozvo, mhando yedzidzo yeiyo yepazasi nharaunda nhanho inofanira kunge iri yepakati sezvinobvira. Nekudaro, mutsauko wekuziva pakati pezvikamu unoramba usingakundiki.

8. Batsirai ruzhinji kuti vagadzirise
Tenderedza paruzhinji kuti zvinotonhorera kuva benzi, zvisina kunaka uye zvisina kudzidza.

9. Simba iyo yekusava nechokwadi
Kutendisa vanhu kuti ndivo vavari kupomera mhosva yavo kuti zvakashata uye kuti zvinokonzerwa nekushaikwa kwavo kwehungwaru, kugona kana kushandira. Panzvimbo pokupandukira gadziriro yeupfumi, ivo vanorohwa nekuzvinyumwira, mhosva uye kushungurudzika.

10. Ziva mumwe munhu zviri nani kupfuura zvavanoita ivo
Kuburikidza nekuziva kutsva mu biology, neurobiology, uye kushandisa psychology, "hurongwa" hwawana nzwisiso yehunyanzvi hwepanyama uye psychology. Semhedzisiro, zvinogona zvakare kupa masimba makuru uye simba pane vanhu pane zvavanoita nezvavo.

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