Dzidziso yekurangana: kubva zvisina musoro kusvika pakuratidzwa

Mafungiro erangano asina musoro anouya sei uye nei asiri ese iwo asina musoro. Dzakawanda rangano dzinogona kufumurwa - asi kazhinji dzakaramba dzisina mhedzisiro.

Kufara muAustria Ministry yeJustice pakati paGunyana: Gurukota Alma Zadić nevamwe vamiriri vehurumende vanogamuchira kutyisidzirwa nerufu. Kwapera chinguva, mahandcuffs anotsvaga wemakore makumi matanhatu nemasere. Pasina nguva zvakave pachena kuti murume, akarongedzwa nenyanzvi yepfungwa semunhu ane pfungwa nemanzwiro zvakanyanya, inyanzvi yekurangana. Kuenderera mberi kuri kuenderera mberi kwekutaura kweruvengo, nekuda kwewebhusaiti ine nharo iyo yanga ichikwezva kutariswa kwenguva yakareba ine zvemarudzi uye xenophobic zvemukati. Chiziviso chomurume uyu: "Shanduko yesystem" yave pedyo.

Zano rekupangana: Dzidzo & Kunze Zvinhu

Kutenda mumazano erangano kwakapararira - uye vashoma vanoita kunge vari panjodzi. Nyanzvi dzezvepfungwa dzinotaura izvozvo Jan Willem van Prooijen kubva kuYunivhesiti yeAmsterdam mune chidzidzo. "Vazhinji vashoma munzanga vanonetseka nematambudziko chaiwo sekusarura, kubviswa kana matambudziko emari", vanopupurira vanoongorora nezvepfungwa. "Zvisinei, matambudziko aya anoita seanokuchidzira kutenda mune zvisiri zvechokwadi zvirevo zverangano." Meseji yakakosha yechidzidzo ichi: Vanhu vane fundo yepamusoro vanotenda kashoma pane vanhu vane dzidzo yepasi mune dzidziso dzekurangana. Uye kune zvinhu zvitatu kunyanya: kutenda mune zvakapusa mhinduro kumatambudziko akaomarara, kunzwa kwekushaya simba uye kuzviisa pasi penzanga. Prooijen anopedzisa achiti "hukama huripo pakati pedzidzo nekutenda kwekurangana haugone kudzikiswa kuita kamwe chete, asi mhedzisiro yekudyidzana kwakaomarara kwehukama hwepfungwa hwakabatana nedzidzo."

Teleological kufunga: chikonzero chekupokana dzidziso?

Chimwe chidzidzo chezvemagetsi nema psychologists akatenderedza Sebastian Dieguez weYunivhesiti yeFreiburg akaongorora iyo "fake mani" chiitiko. Sei ava vachitotenda? Mhinduro yevaongorori ndeye "kufunga kwetekinoroji". Sekureva kwaDieguez, vanhu vanokombamira kupangana mazano vanofunga kuti zvese zvinoitika nekuda kwechikonzero uye zvine chinangwa chakakwirira. Izvo zvinogadzira nzvimbo yakajairika yekusika kwekusika, iko kutenda mukusikwa kwenyika naMwari.

Iyo yekupedzisira, nenzira, yakapararira, kunyanya muUSA. Muongororo yakaitwa na Elaine Howard Ecklund kubva kuYunivhesiti yeRice muTexas, vangangosvika makumi mapfumbamwe kubva muzana yevanopfuura zviuru gumi vakapindura vakati, mumaonero avo, Mwari kana rimwe simba rakakwirira raive nebasa rekusika kwenzvimbo, nyika nevanhu. Vanongotenderedza 90 muzana yevaAmerican ndivo vanogutsikana kuti nzvimbo nemunhu vakavapo pasina kupindira kwamwari kana rimwe simba rakakwirira. Uye kunyangwe pakati pevasayendisiti vangangoita mazana matanhatu pakati peavo vakaongororwa, mumwe chete pavashanu anopokana nedzidziso yekusika

Iyo yemagariro network syndrome (SNS) & nerangano dzidziso

Nei nzanga yedu ichityisidzira kunyura mumhirizhonga uye kunyange nyika dzezvematongerwo enyika dzichityisidzirwa, zvinyorwa "dambudziko renzanga"- zvakakodzera kuona uye parizvino paNetflix - kusvika pasi. Uye ine dhinomineta. Masocial network senge Facebook uye avo "mabhuru" akagadzirwa nemaalgorithms. Mune yekupedzisira, vese vashandisi vemasocial network uye zvakare enjini dzakatsvagiswa dzekutsvaga dzinogona kuwanikwa: Unopihwa nesarudzo yemunhu wega yezvinyorwa zvinogona kuve zvemunhu chaiye. Izvo hazvina basa kuti izvo zvirimo zvirimo ndezvechokwadi kana kusarudzwa se "manyepo enhau". Njodzi pano ndeiyi: kana iwe uri fan of rangano dzidziso, semuenzaniso, iwe uchazadzwa nazvo nekuda kwako wega kufarira. Kuchinja kudiki kwehunhu kunogona kucherechedzwa zuva rega rega.

Ichi chiitiko hachisati chave nezita, tinochitumidza "social network syndrome" (SNS). Nekuti, uye izvi zvinoonekwa sezvakaratidzwa: Iko kushandiswa kwenzvimbo dzekudyidzana kune mhedzisiro isingadiwe iyo yakagara ichienderana nekiriniki pikicha: hunhu hwekuita muropa, shanduko muhunhu, kudonha kuzviremekedza, paranoia, nevamwe vazhinji. Kuwedzera kwekuzviuraya kunogona kukonzerwa nekupararira kuri kuwedzera kwenzanga.

Vashandisi vane chikamu chete chekupa mhosva, nekuti ivo vanongoda chete kutiratidza sekushambadzira kwakawanda sezvinobvira uye kuwana mari. Kunyangwe zvakadaro, dambudziko nemawebhusaiti avo ndeyemabhirionari senge Mark Zuckerberg zvese nekuziva. Asi kana uchida, imhaka yebhizimusi modhi yemapuratifomu aya. Chero zvazvingaitika, chokwadi ndechekuti haina kunaka kune vanhu vazhinji.

Uye pano tasvika kune chimwe chinhu chakakosha, zviri pamutemo hurongwa, izvo zvisati zvavapo. Pano zvinotora kutsiva kuti veparamende vepasirese vanobata zvakanyanya nezvematongerwo enyika ezuva nezuva nemitemo yezviitiko uye zvakanyanya nekuda kwezera rekukwegura havaiti chero kunzwisiswa kwenyika nyowani yedhijitari. Iyo yeInternet yese uye izvozvi zvingangoita zvisingadzorwike huwandu hwemasocial network hazvina kunyorwa. Kunyangwe chigadzirwa chemishonga chinokonzeresa mhedzisiro yakadaro chingadai chakarambidzwa kwenguva refu. Iwo nemaune anotarisisa maitiro ekurwisa kune chikamu chevashandisi kuitira kuti varambe vachidzoka uye vachidya kushambadzira, zvisinei, vatowira munzvimbo yekutyora mutemo.

Kurangana chaiko

Kunze kwemubvunzo wekuti ndiani anongoda kutenda zvishuwo zvisirizvo - zvisina musoro kana zvechokwadi - mubvunzo unonyanya kukosha unomuka wekuti sei variko zvachose, dzidziso dzekurangana. Mhinduro inogoneka ingangoita ndeiyi: Nekuti rangano dzakagara dziripo - uye dzichiripo nanhasi. Icho ichokwadi chenhoroondo.
Kubva pakuona kweAustria, iyo Ibiza nyaya yeFPÖ Semuenzaniso wenguva pfupi yadarika, mamonari akasarudzwa nedemokrasi akapa kupa makondirakiti akakosha mamirioni mukutsinhana zvipo kubva kumapato pamusangano wakavanzika. Ehe, fungidziro yekusava nemhosva inoshanda.

Iraki kurangana kwehondo

Shamwari dzedu mhiri kwemakungwa dzakasiyana zvakasiyana. IU.SA inogona kutsanangurwa senhare yekurangana chaiko. Chekutanga uye chakakosha chimwe chemasangano makuru epasirese evose, kutenderedza Hondo yeIraq kubva muna 2003 uye zvinonzi zvombo zvekuparadza vanhu vazhinji. Kutenda muridzi weBritish muridzi Katharine Gun, magwaro anoratidza kuti muchivande vekuUS NSA vakaunganidza ruzivo kuburikidza nekutapa zvisiri pamutemo kuitira kuti vatore nhengo nhanhatu dzekuvhota dzeUnited Nations kuti vabvumirane kuhondo yeUSA isiri pamutemo yekurwisa Iraq. Uye: Chikonzero chaicho chehondo, izvo zvinofungidzirwa zvombo zvekuparadza kukuru, zvaive zvisipo futi. Mhedzisiro yeaya akafumurwa rangano: hapana. Vakaurayiwa muhondo yeIraq, kune rimwe divi, vanofungidzirwa vanosvika mazana matanhatu ezviuru vakafa kupera kwebasa muna600.000.

Chii chinonzi rangano?

Asi pane zvimwe zvakawanda. Keyword: kubvunza. Nekuda kwekuvanzika kwepamutemo, kusajeka uye kunyarara, "misangano isina kurongwa" pakati pezvematongerwo enyika nebhizinesi zvakare zviri pamutemo? Kumwe kunhu, Sarudzo inoshuma pamusoro pekuyedza kufurirwa nemamwe makambani achipesana nehurongwa hwezvematongerwo enyika hwekuisa nzira imwe chete mumabhodhoro epurasitiki muchitoro cheAustria. Icho chatove kurangana here?

Zano rekupangana & iro "Anti-Mafia Ndima"

Kurangana ndiko kubatana kwakavanzika kwevanhu vanoverengeka kukuvadza mapato echitatu, saka dudziro yakajairwa. Izwi rekuti rangano hariratidzike mukodhi yekuAustria yechirango. Asi kuchine icho chinonzi "anti-mafia ndima" § 278 StGB ine chekuita nemasangano ematsotsi, ayo akatsoropodzwa kakawanda: "Chero ani zvake anopara mhosva kana kutora chinhanho mumabasa avo sechikamu chetsika yavo vanotora chikamu musangano rematsotsi. nekupa ruzivo kana zvinhu kana zvimwe zvine chekuita neruzivo kuti iye nekudaro anosimudzira musangano kana zviito zvematsotsi. "

Zvinoitwa nemasangano anorwira kodzero dzemhuka "anonyanya kushandira" anoverengeka sechikonzero chemutemo unopokana uyu. Zvinogona kusekwa zvichinzi "iyo-anti-mafia ndima" inoshanda kune chero bato rezvematongerwo enyika. Asi kunyangwe iyo anti-nyukireya kufamba pamwe neHainburger Au chinzvimbo mukupera kwema70 kwaizove nezvinetso zvemutemo nhasi. Pasina kutaura nezvezvinoitika zvechisimba zvesangano "kupandukira kupandukira“Nema demos echigaro asina kuziviswa uye kukanganisa nemaune kwemigwagwa Chinhu chimwe ndechechokwadi: iyo "anti-mafia ndima" inzira yekutsikirira zvirongwa zveveruzhinji. Zano rezvematongerwo enyika, kana muchida.

Zviratidzo zvezvakaitika kare
Pakagara paine kurangana; ivo vanoonekwa seanthropological constants. Isu takaunganidza zvimwe zvezvakanyanya kukosha zvakanyorwa zvakanyorwa pakurangana.

ari Catilinarian rangano kwakakundikana kuyedza kuedza kwaSenator Lucius Sergius Catilina muna 63 BC. BC, iyo yaaida kutora simba muRepublic Republic. Kurangana kunonyanya kuzivikanwa nekutaura kwaCicero pamusoro paCatilina naSallust nhoroondo yemunyori "De coniuratione Catilinae".

Julius Caesar akazvarwa musi waKurume 15, 44 BC. Akaurayiwa neboka revaseneta vakakomberedza Marcus Junius Brutus naGaius Cassius Longinus vane makumi maviri nematatu ekubaiwa mukati memusangano weseneti munhandare yePompeius. Vanenge vanhu makumi matanhatu vakabatanidzwa muchiitiko ichi.

ari Pazzi rangano yaive musangano kwete chete mukati meFlorentine patriciate kuti isapa simba kutonga kwaMedici mhuri seye de facto vatongi veTuscany kuburikidza nekupondwa kwemusoro wavo Lorenzo il Magnifico nemunin'ina wake uye co-regent Giuliano di Piero de 'Medici. Kuedza kwekuuraya kwakaitwa musi waApril 26, 1478, asi Giuliano de 'Medici chete ndiye akaurawa nazvo.

Das Kuedza kuuraya kuna Abraham Lincoln manheru eApril 14, 1865 yaive chikamu chekupangana nhengo dzinoverengeka dzehurumende yeUS uye kuyedza kwekutanga kuuraya Mutungamiri weUS. Mhondi yaive mutambi John Wilkes Booth, mutsigiri anonyanyisa weConfederation. Akapfura mutungamiri mumusoro nepistoli panguva yekuita kuFree's Theatre muWashington, DC. Booth akaurayiwa mazuva akatevera mushure mekuramba kusungwa kwake. Vakabatana naye vakarongerwa kufa uye vakaurawa muna Chikunguru 1865.

apo Kuedza kwekuuraya muSarajevo Musi waJune 28, 1914, mugari wenhaka pachigaro cheAustria-Hungary Archduke Franz Ferdinand nemukadzi wake Sophie Chotek, maDuchess eHohenberg, vakaurayiwa naGavrilo Princip, nhengo yesangano renyika yeSerbia Mlada Bosna (Young Bosnia), panguva yekushanya kwavo kuSarajevo. Kuedza kwekuuraya mumuzinda weBosnia kwakarongwa nesangano rakavanzika reSerbia "Ruoko Ruviri" kwakakonzera dambudziko raChikunguru, iro rakazopedzisira ratungamira Hondo Yenyika Yekutanga.

pane Yakakura yeAmerican tram nyonganiso ndiro zita rakapihwa kuparadzwa kwakarongeka kwetramu-yakavakirwa ruzhinji rwekutakura system mumaguta makumi mashanu muUnited States pasi pehutungamiriri hwomugadziri mukuru wemotokari muUnited States, General Motors (GM), kubva kuma45 kusvika kuma1930. Iwo makambani ekufambisa akatengwa kumusoro kuti agone kuzadzikisa kuvharwa kwenzira dzezvitima nekuda kwenzira dzemotokari kuitira kuti mota nezvinhu kubva mukugadzirwa kwavo zvitengeswe.

pane Watergate nyaya imwe inotsanangura, maererano nedudziro yeCongress yeUnited States, muchidimbu nhevedzano ye "kushungurudzwa kwesimba rehurumende" kwakaitika panguva yehutongi hweRepublican President Richard Nixon pakati pa1969 na1974. Kuburitswa kwekushungurudzwa uku muUSA kwakanyanyisa kukonzeresa kusagadzikana kwevanhu mune zvematongerwo enyika kwakakonzerwa neHondo yeVietnam uye pakupedzisira kwakakonzera kunetsekana kukuru kwebumbiro. Mhedzisiro yezve dzimwe nguva zviitiko zvinoshamisa kwaive kusiya basa kwaNixon muna Nyamavhuvhu 9, 1974.

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