Kutulutsa kwankhondo - kuchuluka kosadziwika

ndi Martin Auer

Asilikali padziko lapansi amatulutsa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha. Koma palibe amene akudziwa ndendende kuchuluka kwake. Izi ndizovuta chifukwa mfundo zodalirika komanso ziwerengero ndizofunikira kuti tithane ndi kusintha kwa nyengo. Mmodzi kufufuza des Kusamvana ndi Kuyang'anira Malo mogwirizana ndi mayunivesite a Lancaster ndi Durham ku Great Britain apeza kuti zofunikira zofotokozera zomwe zanenedwa pamapangano anyengo ku Kyoto ndi Paris ndizosakwanira. Kutulutsa mpweya kwa asitikali kudachotsedwa ku Kyoto Protocol ya 1997 polimbikitsidwa ndi USA. Kungoyambira Pangano la Paris la 2015 pomwe zotulutsa zankhondo zidayenera kuphatikizidwa m'malipoti amayiko ku UN, koma zili kumayiko ngati - mwakufuna kwawo - azipereka malipoti padera. Zinthu zikusokonekeranso chifukwa chakuti UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) imaika maudindo osiyanasiyana opereka malipoti kumayiko osiyanasiyana malinga ndi momwe akutukula chuma chawo. 43 mu Zowonjezera I (Annex I) Mayiko otchedwa "otukuka" (kuphatikizapo maiko a EU ndi EU mwiniwake) amakakamizika kupereka lipoti la mpweya wawo wapachaka pachaka. Mayiko "otukuka" (Non-Annex I) ochepera amayenera kupereka lipoti zaka zinayi zilizonse. Izi zikuphatikizanso mayiko angapo omwe ali ndi ndalama zambiri zankhondo monga China, India, Saudi Arabia ndi Israel.

Kafukufukuyu adawunikira malipoti a mpweya wowonjezera kutentha kwa asitikali pansi pa UNFCCC mu 2021. Malinga ndi malangizo a IPCC, kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta kwankhondo kuyenera kufotokozedwa pansi pa gulu 1.A.5. Gululi likuphatikizapo zinthu zonse zotulutsa mafuta zomwe sizinatchulidwe kwina. Kutulutsa kochokera kumagwero oyima kuyenera kunenedwa pansi pa 1.A.5.a ndi zotulutsa kuchokera kumagwero am'manja apansi pa 1.A.5.b, zogawika mumayendedwe apamlengalenga (1.A.5.bi), magalimoto otumiza (1.A. .5. b.ii) ndi “Zina” (1.A.5.b.iii). Kutulutsa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha kuyenera kunenedwa mosiyanitsidwa momwe kungathekere, koma kuphatikiza ndikololedwa kuteteza zidziwitso zankhondo.

Ponseponse, malinga ndi kafukufukuyu, malipoti a UNFCCC nthawi zambiri amakhala osakwanira, nthawi zambiri amakhala osadziwika bwino ndipo sangafanane chifukwa palibe miyezo yofananira.

Mwa mayiko a 41 Annex I omwe adawunikidwa (Liechtenstein ndi Iceland alibe ndalama zogwiritsira ntchito zankhondo choncho sanaphatikizidwe), malipoti a 31 amawerengedwa kuti ndi otsika kwambiri, 10 yotsalayo sangathe kuyesedwa. Kupezeka kwa deta kumafotokozedwa ngati "chilungamo" m'mayiko asanu: Germany, Norway, Hungary, Luxembourg ndi Cyprus. M’maiko ena, amaikidwa m’gulu la osauka (“osauka”) kapena osauka kwambiri (“osauka kwambiri”) (matebulo).

Austria idanenanso kuti palibe mpweya woyima komanso matani 52.000 a CO2e otulutsa mpweya. Izi zimatchedwa "kulephera kupereka lipoti lofunika kwambiri". Kufikika kwa data yoyambira kudavoteredwa ngati "osauka" chifukwa palibe data yosiyana yomwe idanenedwa.

Germany yanenapo matani 411.000 a CO2e mu mpweya woyima komanso matani 512.000 a CO2e pamagetsi otulutsa m'manja. Izi zimatchedwanso "kuchepetsa kwambiri malipoti".

Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu muzinthu zankhondo komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta poyendetsa ndege, zombo ndi magalimoto akumtunda nthawi zambiri zimawonedwa ngati zomwe zimayambitsa kutulutsa kwankhondo. Koma kafukufuku wopangidwa ndi asitikali a EU ndi UK akuwonetsa kuti kugula zida zankhondo ndi njira zina zoperekera zinthu ndizo zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mpweya wambiri. Kwa mayiko a EU, mpweya womwe umatuluka mosalunjika umaposa kuwirikiza kawiri kuyerekeza, kwa Great Britain nthawi 2,67. Utsi umachokera ku zopangira zida, kupanga zida, kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi asitikali ndipo pomaliza pake kuzitaya. Ndipo asilikali sagwiritsa ntchito zida zokha, komanso zinthu zina zambiri. Kuonjezera apo, kafukufuku wochepa kwambiri wachitidwa pa zotsatira za mikangano yankhondo. Mikangano yankhondo imatha kusintha kwambiri chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi zachuma, kuwononga chilengedwe, kuchedwetsa kapena kuletsa njira zotetezera chilengedwe, ndikupangitsa mayiko kuti achulukitse kugwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje oyipitsa. Kumanganso mizinda yomwe yawonongedwa kungathe kutulutsa mpweya wochuluka wa matani mamiliyoni ambiri, kuyambira kuchotsa zinyalala mpaka kupanga konkire ya nyumba zatsopano. Mikangano imakhalanso nthawi zambiri imapangitsa kuti nkhalango ziwonjezeke mofulumira chifukwa anthu alibe mphamvu zina, mwachitsanzo, kutaya kwa CO2 kuzama.

Olemba kafukufukuyu akutsindika kuti sizingatheke kukwaniritsa zolinga za nyengo ya Paris ngati asilikali apitirizabe monga kale. Ngakhale NATO yazindikira kuti iyenera kuchepetsa mpweya wake. Chifukwa chake, zotulutsa zankhondo ziyenera kukambidwa ku COP27 mu Novembala. Monga gawo loyamba, mayiko a Annex I ayenera kufunidwa kuti afotokoze zomwe atulutsa zankhondo. Deta iyenera kukhala yowonekera, yofikirika, yosiyanitsidwa kwathunthu ndi yodziwikiratu. Mayiko omwe si a Annex I omwe amawononga ndalama zambiri zankhondo ayenera kuwonetsa modzifunira zankhondo zawo pachaka.

Kutulutsa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha kumawerengeredwa ndi chida chowerengera chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Protocol, amagawidwa m'magulu atatu kapena "zochuluka". Malipoti ankhondo akuyeneranso kugwirizana: Scope 1 idzakhala mpweya wochokera kumadera omwe akuyendetsedwa mwachindunji ndi asitikali, Scope 2 ingakhale mpweya wotuluka kuchokera kumagetsi ogulidwa ndi asitikali, kutenthetsa ndi kuziziritsa, Scope 3 ingaphatikizepo zotulutsa zina zonse zosalunjika monga kudzera m'maunyolo kapena chifukwa cha ntchito zankhondo chifukwa cha mikangano. Kuti asamayende bwino, a IPCC akuyenera kusintha njira zoperekera malipoti otulutsa mpweya.

Kafukufukuyu akulimbikitsa kuti maboma adzipereke poyera kuti achepetse kutulutsa mpweya wankhondo. Kuti zikhale zodalirika, kudzipereka koteroko kuyenera kukhazikitsa zolinga zomveka bwino za asilikali zomwe zimagwirizana ndi 1,5 ° C; Ayenera kukhazikitsa njira zoperekera malipoti zomwe zili zolimba, zofananira, zowonekera komanso zotsimikizika paokha; asilikali ayenera kupatsidwa zolinga zomveka bwino zopulumutsira mphamvu, kuchepetsa kudalira mafuta otsalira ndi kusintha mphamvu zowonjezera; makampani opanga zida akuyeneranso kupatsidwa zolinga zochepetsera. Izi ziyenera kukhala zolinga zenizeni zochepetsera osati zolinga zenizeni zotengera chipukuta misozi. Njira zomwe zakonzedwa ziyenera kufotokozedwa poyera ndipo zotsatira zake ziyenera kufotokozedwa chaka chilichonse. Pomaliza, funso liyenera kuyankhidwa momwe kuchepetsa ndalama zowonongera usilikali ndi kutumizidwa kwankhondo komanso ndondomeko yosiyana yachitetezo ingathandizire kuchepetsa kutulutsa mpweya. Kuti akwaniritse bwino zomwe zimafunikira nyengo ndi chitetezo cha chilengedwe, zinthu zofunikira ziyeneranso kupezeka.