Kukwanira: Palibe amene ayenera kufuna zambiri nthawi zonse S4F PA

ndi Martin Auer

Gulu lathu la Kumadzulo limatchedwa "gulu la ogula", komanso "gulu lachitukuko". Pa pulaneti yotsirizira, komabe, kukula kosatha sikungatheke, komanso kuchulukitsidwa kosalekeza, ngakhale katundu wogwiritsidwa ntchito akupangidwa bwino kwambiri. Sipadzakhala chitukuko chokhazikika popanda kukwanira - mu German: "kukwanira". Koma kodi chimenecho ndi chiyani kwenikweni? Kudziletsa? Kukana chuma? Kapena mtundu wina wa chitukuko?

“Kukwanira kumatanthauza kusangalala ndi zinthu zochepa kwambiri m’malo mokhala ndi zinthu zambiri moti n’zosatheka kusangalala nazo,” analemba motero katswiri wa zachuma Niko Paech.1. Amatanthauza kuti: kupatsidwa mokwanira, kukhala ndi zokwanira. Zomwe izi ndikugwiritsa ntchito zomwe zilipo kuti athe kukonzanso. Zomveka n'zosavuta kuona kuti palibe njira ina.

Komabe Kumadzulo tikuchulukitsa zomwe timadya chaka chilichonse, ndipo zambiri zomwe teknoloji imatipulumutsa pazachuma pogwiritsa ntchito bwino kwambiri zimadyedwa ndi kuwonjezereka kumeneku. Mu 1995, pafupifupi galimoto ankadya malita 9,1 mafuta pa 100 Km. Pazonse, magalimoto aku Germany adadya malita 47 biliyoni. Mu 2019, kumwa kwapakati kunali malita 7,7, koma kumwa konse kunali malita 47 biliyoni.2. Mu 1990, mphamvu ya injini yamagalimoto ongolembetsedwa kumene ku Germany inali 95 hp, koma mu 2020 inali 160 hp.3. Mu 2001, anthu a ku Germany anayendetsa galimoto zawo makilomita 575 miliyoni, ndipo mu 2019 anayenda makilomita 645 miliyoni. Kuwonjezeka kumeneku kumachitika chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa magalimoto pa anthu 10004. Kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo kunangopangitsa kuti magalimoto azikhala otsika mtengo, othamanga komanso olemetsa, koma osagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa.

Kuti tipewe zotsatira zoyipa kwambiri za kusintha kwa nyengo, tiyenera kuchepetsa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha wa padziko lonse wa matani 6,8 pa munthu aliyense pachaka (kuphatikizapo matani 4,2 a CO2).5 mpaka pansi pa toni6 atolankhani. Ndipo mwamsanga, ndicho pakati pa zaka zana. Ku Austria, poyambira ndi matani 13,8 amafuta obwera chifukwa chakumwa7. Amagawidwa mosagwirizana: 10 peresenti yapamwamba imayambitsa mpweya wambiri kuwirikiza kanayi kuposa 10 peresenti yapansi.8. Choncho ntchito imene tili nayo ndi yaikulu. Kuti tiwagonjetse, timafunikira kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo: mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa, kuchulukitsa mphamvu komanso kugwiritsa ntchito bwino zinthu m'malo onse. Kuphatikiza apo, mayankho ozikidwa pachilengedwe monga kukonzanso malo achilengedwe, omwe amatha kuyamwa CO2 yochulukirapo kuposa kubzala mitengo yoyera. Koma palibe chilichonse mwa izi chomwe chingatifikitse kumeneko mwachangu pokhapokha titachepetsa kupanga - komanso kugwiritsa ntchito - kwa zinthu zakuthupi. Mwayi waukulu kwambiri wosungirako umakhalapo pakuyenda, zakudya ndi zomangamanga ndi moyo. Palibe njira yozungulira kukwanira. Payenera kukhala magalimoto ochepa m'misewu. M’malo mokhala tokha m’galimoto yolemera matani 1,5, tiyenera kugawana basi, tramu, sitima yapamtunda ndi ena. Wankhanza fakitale ulimi ayenera kutha, ndi nyama yotsika mtengo mu sitolo. Nthawi yomweyo, njira zazikulu zogawiranso zikufunika, chifukwa sizingakhale choncho kuti anthu ena amadya nyama ya organic pomwe ena sangakwanitse kugula schnitzel kapena chopsya cha nkhosa, ngakhale Lamlungu.

Zolepheretsa kukwanira

Kufunika kosadya zambiri kuposa zomwe zimakula ndizosavuta kumvetsetsa, koma kugwiritsa ntchito kuzindikira kumeneku ndikovuta. Ndichoncho chifukwa chiyani? N’chifukwa chiyani kuli kovuta kunena kuti “zokwanira”? Katswiri wina wa za chikhalidwe cha anthu Oliver Stengel anatchula zopinga zisanu zimene zimalepheretsa munthu kukhala ndi makhalidwe abwino9:

Kudya nyama yochepa, mwachitsanzo, kumasunga ndalama koma kumakhala ndi ndalama zina: kusintha zizolowezi kumafuna khama. Muyenera kuganizira nthawi zonse zochita zanu. Muyenera kuphunzira kuphika kachiwiri, muyenera kusintha njira yanu kudzera m'sitolo kapena kukagula kwinakwake, ndi zina zambiri.

Chotchinga chachiwiri ndi chikhalidwe: kuchuluka kwakumwa kumayimira kupambana, mukuwonetsa kuti mutha kukwanitsa. Kuletsa kumayimira kudziletsa, kubweza ngongole, zovuta. Makamaka nyumba yanu ndi galimoto yaikulu, yothamanga kwambiri ndi zizindikiro. Layisensi yoyendetsa galimoto ndi gawo lalikulu la maphunziro monga satifiketi yosiya sukulu ndi Chizindikiro cha uchikulire. Aliyense amene amangoyendayenda kukachita bizinesi ayenera kukhala munthu wofunikira, ndipo aliyense amene amakhala patchuthi ku goosebump m'malo mokhala ku Maldives ndi wosauka. Koma ngati mukufunadi kukhala pakati pa anthu osankhika, muyenera kupita ku Bora Bora. Kudya kumakhudzanso udindo, komanso udindo wa jenda: mwamuna weniweni amawotcha nyama m'munda ndikudya nyama zochindikala ma sentimita awiri.

Chotchinga chachitatu ndi ichi: Timadziyang'ana tokha pamakhalidwe a ena. Timachita zomwe "zabwinobwino". Sitikufuna kukhala akunja, sitifuna kuwonedwa ngati anthu odabwitsa. Koma ma weirdos adzulo nthawi zina amakhala apainiya azinthu zatsopano: vegans akadali ochepa - ku Austria 2% ya akuluakulu. Koma supermarket iliyonse tsopano ili ndi chopereka cha vegan.

Chachinayi, anthu amakonda kusiya udindo wawo: Ine ndekha sindingathe kuchita kalikonse, "ndale" ndiyenera kuchita. “Ndale,” nayenso, amaimba mlandu oponya voti. Ndipo makampani amadzudzula makasitomala: Mumagula, ndiye timapanga.

Kugwiritsa kumachirikiza dongosolo

Chachisanu, pali zifukwa zadongosolo zomwe zimachulukirachulukira. Makampani omwe akukumana ndi mpikisano wamsika ayenera kuchulukitsa nthawi zonse zokolola za anthu ogwira ntchito kuti asapitirire. Izi zimabweretsa kutayika kwa ntchito pomwe kupanga kumakhalabe komweko, kapena kuchulukitsidwa kwa ntchito ndi kuchuluka komweko kwa ntchito. Ndipo pamene msika uli wodzaza, pamene aliyense ali kale ndi televizioni, makina ochapira, foni yam'manja, ndiye zowonetsera ziyenera kukula, makina ochapira ali ndi khomo lakumbuyo komwe mungathe kuchapa zovala panthawi yosamba, ndipo mafoni a m'manja ayenera kukhala ndi malo osungiramo zinthu zambiri , makamera amphamvu kwambiri etc. kotero kuti mutha kugulitsabe chinachake. Mtundu watsopano umapangitsa yapitayo kukhala yosatha ndikuyichepetsa. Izi zimakhala ndi zotsatira zofanana ndi zomwe zidakonzedweratu, zomwe zimapangitsa chipangizocho kukhala chosagwiritsidwa ntchito tsiku lotsatira chitsimikizo chitatha.

Kuphatikiza pazachuma, palinso zopinga zandale. Ngati gulu lonse likanakhala ndi moyo wokwanira, likhoza kuwonetsa "ndale" ndi ntchito zazikulu: ngati kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwachepa, makampani amadula ntchito, boma limataya msonkho, dongosolo la penshoni limalowa m'mavuto, ndi zina zotero. “Ndale” zimafuna kupeŵa zovuta zoterozo mmene zingathere. Ndicho chifukwa, malingana ndi maganizo anu maganizo, izo propagates "kuteteza nyengo ndi lingaliro la mulingo" kapena "green kukula" m'malo mozama kukonzanso dongosolo m'manja mwake.

Dongosolo lachuma chamsika ndi ndale zomwe zimagwirizana zimakakamiza kudya pa ife. Kumatanthauza kudzimasula nokha ku kukakamizidwa uku. Chifukwa chake mutu wa nkhaniyi, womwe ukuchokera munkhani ya Uta von Winterfeld: Palibe amene ayenera kufuna zambiri nthawi zonse. Malinga ndi Winterfeld, ndizo zonse chabwino za kukwanira, osati za udindo wochita zimenezo10.

Osadandaula za moyo wanu

Cholinga cha kukhala wokwanira sikungosiya kukhala ndi moyo wabwino. Ngati muyeza moyo wabwino ndi nthawi yomwe anthu amayembekeza kukhala ndi moyo komanso kumwa mowa pogwiritsa ntchito mpweya wowonjezera kutentha, mukhoza kuona, mwachitsanzo: Achimereka amatulutsa pafupifupi matani 15,5 a CO2 pa munthu aliyense pachaka ndipo amakhala zaka 76,4. Anthu okhala ku Costa Rica amatulutsa matani 2,2 a CO2 ndipo amakhala zaka 80,811.

Kukwanira kumafuna kukwaniritsa zosowa m'njira yopulumutsa kwambiri. Zosowa zingathe kukwaniritsidwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Pali njira zina zopezera kuchoka ku A kupita ku B kusiyana ndi galimoto. Ngati mupita kukagula panjinga, simumangosunga ndalama pa gasi, komanso pa malo olimbitsa thupi. Mutha kupeza kutentha kwabwino poyatsa zotenthetsera, kuvala sweti kapena kukonzanso nyumbayo. Ngati mumasamalira makina anu ochapira bwino, amatha zaka 20 kapena kuposerapo. Osachepera zitsanzo akale angachite zimenezo. Ngati makina onse ochapira amatha kuwirikiza kawiri kuposa momwe amachitira masiku ano (nthawi zambiri zaka 5 mpaka 10), ndiye kuti mwachiwonekere ndi theka la ambiri omwe amafunikira kupangidwa. Mipando yodulidwa imatha kukonzedwa kapena kupentanso. Kukhalitsa kwa zovala kungathenso kukulitsidwa mwa chithandizo chabwino. Sambani bwino, konzani zowonongeka pang'ono, sinthanani zinthu zomwe zatopetsa ndi mnzanu. Ndipo kudzisoka nokha kumapereka chikhutiro chochuluka komanso chokhalitsa kuposa kugula. Pafupifupi 40% ya zovala zonse sizimavalidwa12. Kusagula zovala izi poyamba sikubweretsa kutaya kwa chitonthozo.

Mfundo yake ndi: kuchepetsa (i.e. kugula zinthu zochepa kuyambira pachiyambi, dzifunseni nokha ndi kugula kulikonse: Kodi ndikufunikiradi izi?), Zigwiritseni ntchito kwa nthawi yaitali, zikonzeni, pitirizani kuzigwiritsa ntchito (mwachitsanzo, perekani kwa ena ndikugula zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito) , ndikungobwezeretsanso kumapeto. Koma kumatanthauzanso kudziimira paokha pa mafashoni ndi mayendedwe. Kugawana ndi kugawana kumapanganso mayanjano atsopano. Ndipo chofunika kwambiri: musawononge ndalama zomwe mumasunga pamoyo wanu watsiku ndi tsiku paulendo wa pandege zomwe zingawononge mpweya wanu wonse mumphindi imodzi. Liwu laukadaulo la izi limatchedwa rebound effect, ndipo ndikofunikira kupewa. Ngati simukufunanso gawo lina la ndalama zomwe mumapeza chifukwa chokhala ndi moyo wokwanira, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito gawoli pothandizira ntchito zamagulu kapena ntchito zosamalira zachilengedwe. Kapena ganizirani kugwira ntchito yaganyu.

Konzani zokwanira

Ndithudi, chirichonse sichingaumirizidwe pa munthu payekha. Chofunikira pamakampaniwo chiyenera kukhala kupanga zinthu zokhazikika komanso zosinthika ndikuthetsa mchitidwe wa "kuvala kokonzekera". Kuchoka pa A mpaka B pawekha kumakhala kosavuta pamene A ndi B ali pafupi, makamaka nyumba, ntchito ndi katundu. Apa ndipamene makonzedwe akumatauni amafunikira. Oyenda pansi ndi okwera njinga ayeneranso kumva kuti ali otetezeka. Kugwiritsa ntchito ndikugawana limodzi kumakhala kosavuta ngati malo okhalamo amathandizira izi kudzera m'zipinda wamba, khitchini yogawana, zipinda zochitira nokha, zipinda zochapira, ndi zina.

Ngati, kawirikawiri, kuwonjezeka kulikonse kwa zokolola kumachepetsedwa ndi kuchepetsedwa kofanana kwa maola ogwira ntchito, kutulutsa kwa katundu kukanakhalabe kokhazikika. Avereji ya maola ogwira ntchito m'dera la euro atsika ndi 1995% kuyambira 6, koma zokolola zawonjezeka ndi 25%13. Kuti tikhalebe ndi moyo wabwino mu 1995, titha kugwira ntchito yochepera 20% lero kuposa momwe tinkachitira kale. Ichi ndi fanizo chabe, chifukwa ntchito iyenera kukonzedwanso, kuyambira kupanga zinthu (ndi kasamalidwe kake) kupita ku maphunziro, sayansi, thanzi, chisamaliro, chikhalidwe. Ndipo mwayi wantchito ndi ndalama uyeneranso kugawidwa mwachilungamo. Kupulumutsa ntchito sikuyenera kutanthauza kuti anthu ena akupitiriza kugwira ntchito monga kale, pamene ena amakhala opanda ntchito komanso opanda ndalama.

Economy mu utumiki wa anthu ndi chilengedwe

Malingana ngati kukulitsa phindu ndilo injini yachuma, kukwanira pa chikhalidwe cha anthu sikungatheke. Koma si makampani onse omwe amayenera kupanga phindu. "Social economy" imadziona ngati chuma chomwe chimatumikira anthu ndi chilengedwe. Izi zikuphatikiza nyumba zopanda phindu kapena zogwirira ntchito, magulu amphamvu zongowonjezwdwa, makampani opanga ma crafts ndi mafakitale omwe ali ndi antchito, mabungwe ogulitsa malonda, ngongole, nsanja ndi malonda, ntchito zaulimi wogwirizana, mabungwe omwe siaboma pankhani yachitukuko chokhazikika ndi zina zambiri.14. Malinga ndi EU Commission, pali mabungwe pafupifupi 2,8 miliyoni azachuma ku Europe. Amapanga ntchito zoposa 13 miliyoni motero amagwiritsa ntchito 6,3% ya ogwira ntchito ku Ulaya15. Chifukwa makampani oterowo safuna kupeza phindu, sakakamizidwa kuti akule. Chofunikira pakukwanira, kuti athe kunena kuti: "Ndizokwanira", ndizomwe, kuchuluka kwake komanso momwe zimapangidwira zimakambidwa mwa demokalase. Chuma cha chikhalidwe cha anthu chimapereka mwayi umenewu, ngakhale pamlingo wochepa. Kukwezeleza ndi kukulitsa nthambi yazachuma iyi yosapindula ndi - pamodzi ndi kukulitsidwa kwa boma - chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri pakusintha kwachilengedwe. Ntchito zachuma za demokalase sizinali chitsimikizo cha ntchito yokhazikika yazachuma. Zimapanga kuthekera kwa chifukwa ndi lingaliro la "gawo loyenera" kuti likhalepo.

1Paech, Niko (2013): Tamandani chifukwa chochepetsera. Mu: Kukwanira monga chinsinsi cha chisangalalo chochuluka m'moyo ndi kuteteza chilengedwe, oO. oekom yosindikiza nyumba.

2https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/daten/verkehr/endenergieverbrauch-energieeffizienz-des-verkehrs

3A. Ajanovic, L. Schipper, R. Haas (2012): Zotsatira za magalimoto okwera okwera koma okulirapo pakugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu m'maiko a EU-15 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2012.05.039 ndi.https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/249880/umfrage/ps-zahl-verkaufter-neuwagen-in-deutschland/

4https://www.forschungsinformationssystem.de/servlet/is/80865/

5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_greenhouse_gas_emissions ndi https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_carbon_dioxide_emissions_per_capita

6https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/service/uba-fragen/wie-hoch-sind-die-treibhausgasemissionen-pro-person

7https://www.technik.steiermark.at/cms/dokumente/12449173_128523298/4eaf6f42/THG-Budget_Stmk_WegenerCenter_update.pdf

8https://greenpeace.at/uploads/2023/08/gp_reportklimaungerechtigkeitat.pdf

9Stengel, Oliver (2013): Kudontha nthawi zonse. Polimbana ndi zopinga zokwanira, Mu: Kukwanira monga chinsinsi cha chisangalalo chochuluka m'moyo ndi kuteteza chilengedwe, oO. oekom yosindikiza nyumba.

10Von Winterfeld, Uta (2007): Palibe kukhazikika popanda kukwanira. ndondomeko nkhani 3/2007, masamba 46-54

11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_carbon_dioxide_emissions_per_capita ndi https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_life_expectancy

12Greenpeace (2015): Zovala zotayidwa. https://www.greenpeace.de/publikationen/20151123_greenpeace_modekonsum_flyer.pdf

13https://www.bankaustria.at/files/analyse_arbeitszeit_19062023.pdf

14Chidziwitso chazachuma cha Social; https://static.uni-graz.at/fileadmin/_files/_event_sites/_se-conference/Social_Economy_Deklaration_20092023_web.pdf

15EU Commission (2022): Zolemba Zokhudza Zachuma Pazachuma, https://ec.europa.eu/social/BlobServlet?docId=24985&langId=en