Sonja Bettel
Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti kuzindikira kwachilengedwe ndizofunikira kwambiri pakusintha kwanyengo khumi zokha.
M'chilimwe chino, aliyense akhala akulira chifukwa cha kutentha ndipo ena avutika kwambiri. Pofika pano, anthu ambiri azindikira kuti kutentha komwe kukukwera kukugwirizana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo. Komabe, amayendetsa kukagwira ntchito tsiku lililonse ndikuwuluka pandege holide, Kodi ndichifukwa chakusazindikira, kusowa ndalama kapena malamulo apamwamba? Kodi munthu akhoza kusintha kuzindikira kwachilengedwe?
Gawo la psychology psychology lakhala ndi malingaliro osiyanasiyana pazomwe zimafunika kuti anthu asinthe machitidwe awo ndikuwongolera magwiridwe anthawi zachilengedwe pazaka zapitazi za 45, atero Sebastian Bamberg, Psychologist ku Fachhochschule Bielefeld ku Germany. Amakhala akufufuza ndi kuphunzitsa pankhaniyi kuyambira zaka za 1990 ndipo adakumana kale ndi magawo awiri a psychology yazachilengedwe.
Gawo loyamba, amasanthula, limayamba kale m'zaka za 1970. Panthawiyo, zovuta zakuwonongeka kwachilengedwe ndi kuwonongeka kwa nkhalango, kukambirana kwa mvula yamkuntho, kuphulika kwa coral ndi kayendedwe kazinthu zamagetsi pakudziwitsa anthu.
Sinthani kuzindikira kwa chilengedwe: Zambiri zamakhalidwe
Panthawiyo, zinkakhulupirira kuti zovuta zachilengedwe zidachitika chifukwa chosadziwa komanso kusazindikira zachilengedwe. Sebastian Bamberg: "Lingaliro linali loti ngati anthu adziwa vuto, ndiye kuti amakhalanso ndi moyo wina." Ntchito zopititsa patsogolo maphunziro zikadali zotchuka kwambiri m'mautumiki aku Germany, akutero katswiri wazamisala. Kafukufuku wambiri m'zaka za 1980 ndi 1990 adawonetsa, komabe, kuti kuzindikira kwachilengedwe ndizofunikira ku 10% ya kusintha kwamakhalidwe.
"Kwa ife akatswiri azamisala, izi sizodabwitsa kwenikweni," akutero Sebastian Bamberg, chifukwa khalidwe limatsimikiziridwa makamaka ndi zotsatira zachindunji zomwe zimakhala nazo. Chovuta ndi zovuta zowononga nyengo ndizakuti simukuwona zotsatira za zochita zanu nthawi yomweyo osati mwachindunji. Ngati bingu lidawomba pafupi ndi ine, ndikangoyang'ana pagalimoto yanga, chimenecho ndichinthu china.
Sebastian Bamberg adanena mu kafukufuku wake, komabe, kuti kuzindikira kwakutali kwachilengedwe kumatha kukhala "magalasi abwino", kudzera m'momwe munthu amamuwona dziko lapansi: Kwa munthu yemwe amadziwa kwambiri zachilengedwe makilomita asanu akwera njinga kupita kuntchito sautali, kwa wina kuzindikira pang'ono kwachilengedwe.
Kusintha kuzindikira kwachilengedwe - mitengo ndi zabwino zake
Koma ngati chidziwitso sichikwanira pakusintha kwamakhalidwe, ndiye chiyani? Mu zaka za 1990, zidatsimikizika kuti anthu amafunikira zolimbikitsidwa kuti asinthe machitidwe awo. Mitundu ya zakumwa idalowa pakatikati pa zokambirana za chilengedwe. Chifukwa chake, funso loti kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwachilengedwe kumadalira phindu la phindu la munthu kapena zolinga zake. Sebastian Bamberg adaphunzira izi limodzi ndi ogwira nawo ntchito kuti ayambitse tikiti ya semester yaulere (mwachitsanzo, yamtengo wapatali) yonyamula anthu ambiri ku Giessen.
Zotsatira zake, gawo la ophunzira omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zoyendera pagulu linakwera kuchokera pa 15 mpaka 36 peresenti, pomwe kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa magalimoto okwera kunagwa kuchokera ku 46 mpaka 31 peresenti. Pakufufuza, ophunzirawo adatinso asinthira mayendedwe a anthu chifukwa ndi otsika mtengo. Izi zitha kupereka lingaliro la phindu. M'malo mwake, chikhalidwe chomwe ndimagwiranso ntchito, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ophunzira anzanga amayembekeza kuti ndiziyenda pa basi m'malo mwa galimoto.
Makhalidwe a gulu
Ndizosangalatsa, akutero katswiri wama zamaganizo Bamberg, kuti ophunzira adafunsidwa asadakhazikitsidwe tikiti ya semester ndi AStA, komiti ya ophunzira, ngati tikiti iyenera kuyambitsidwa. Panali mkangano uliwonse pa izi kwa milungu ingapo, ndipo kumapeto pafupifupi ophunzira awiri mwa awiriwo adavotera. "Lingaliro langa ndikuti kutsutsanaku kudapangitsa kuti tikitiyo idathandizidwe kapena kukana kukhala chizindikiro cha chizindikiritso cha ophunzira," akumaliza katswiri wazamaphunziro azachilengedwe. Kumanzere, magulu ozindikira zachilengedwe anali okonda, okhazikika, ogulitsa pamsika motsutsana nawo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti kwa ife monga anthu wamba sizofunika kwambiri zomwe timapindula ndi machitidwe, komanso zochuluka zomwe ena anena ndi kuchita.
Gawo lamakhalidwe
Kusintha lingaliro lina lokhudza kuzindikira kwachilengedwe kumati chikhalidwe ndi chisankho chabwino. Ndimakhala ndi chikumbumtima choyipa ndikamayendetsa galimoto, ndipo ndimakhala bwino ndikamayendetsa, poyenda kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mayendedwe a anthu onse.
Chofunika kwambiri ndi chiyani, kudzikonda kapena kukhala ndi khalidwe labwino? Kafukufuku wosiyanasiyana akuwonetsa kuti onse ali ndi ntchito yosiyana: chikhalidwe chimapangitsa kuti zisinthe, kudzikonda kumalepheretsa izi kuti zisachitike. Cholinga chenicheni cha mayanjidwe achilengedwe sichomwecho kapena china, koma chizolowezi chaumwini, kotero ndikufuna kukhala munthu wamtundu wanji, akufotokozera Bamberg.
M'zaka zaposachedwa, psychology yazachilengedwe yatsimikiza, kutengera maphunziro onsewa, kuti kusakanikirana kwa zolinga ndikofunikira pakukonda kwachilengedwe:
Anthu amafuna kupindulitsa kwakukulu ndi mtengo wotsika kwambiri, koma ifenso sitikufuna kukhala nkhumba.
Komabe, zitsanzo zam'mbuyomu zimanyalanyaza chinthu china chofunikira: ndizovuta kwambiri kuti tisinthe chizolowezi. Ndikalowa mgalimoto tsiku lililonse m'mawa ndikupita kuntchito, sindiganiza ngakhale pang'ono. Ngati palibe vuto, mwachitsanzo, ngati sindimayima mumsewu wamagalimoto tsiku lililonse kapena mtengo wamafuta umakwera kwambiri, ndiye kuti palibe chifukwa chosinthira zochita zanga. Ndiye kuti, poyamba, kuti ndisinthe machitidwe anga, ndikufuna chifukwa, chachiwiri, ndikufunika ndimalingaliro osintha momwe ndimakhalira, chachitatu, ndiyenera kuyamba kuchita, ndipo chachinayi, ndikhale ndi chizolowezi chatsopanocho.
Kukambirana pamaso chidziwitso
Tonsefe mwina tikudziwa kuti, ngati tikufuna kusiya kusuta, kuchepetsa thupi kapena kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi ambiri. Alangizi nthawi zambiri amalimbikitsa kuti abweretse ena paulendo, kotero kuti mukhale pachibwenzi ndi bwenzi kapena mnzake masewera. Zambiri, monga kusintha kwa nyengo kapena kupewa pulasitiki, chifukwa chake zimakhudza kwambiri chilengedwe, motero Bamberg. Kukambiranaku ndikothandiza kwambiri.
Mutu wina womwe umachitika nthawi zonse ndi zomwe munthu angachite komanso momwe mbali zimafunikira kusinthidwa. Psychology pazachilengedwe tsopano ikukhudzidwa ndi momwe kuchitira zinthu mogwirizana kungapangitse kuti pakhale dongosolo labwino pakupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira. Izi zikutanthauza:
Tiyenera kusintha zomangamanga m'malo modikirira ndale - koma osati zokhazokha.
Chitsanzo chabwino cha izi ndi matauni osinthika, momwe okhalamo onse amasintha machitidwe awo aumwini ndi magwiridwe anthawi zambiri motero amachita zandale.
Kusintha kubwerera kuzindikiritso zachilengedwe ndi udindo wa mayendedwe pochita. Ndiye mungalimbikitse bwanji anthu kuti asinthe kuchoka pagalimoto kupita pa njinga paulendo wamasiku onse kupita kuntchito? Alec Hager ndi "radvokaten" wake akuwonetsa. Kuyambira chaka 2011 amatsogolera kampeni "Austria ikuyenda bwino ntchito", pomwe pano makampani a 3.241 omwe ali ndi magulu a 6.258 ndi anthu a 18.237 akutenga nawo mbali. Makilomita opitilira 4,6 miliyoni adakutidwa kale chaka chino, kupulumutsa makilogalamu a 734.143 a CO2.
Alec Hager adabwera ndi lingaliro la kampeni Denmark, Germany ndi Switzerland ndikusinthira ku Austria. Mwachitsanzo, Radel Lotto adayambitsidwa, komwe mungapambane kenakake tsiku lililonse logwira ntchito mu Meyi, mukakhala mumsewu. Kodi chinsinsi cha bwino cha "Radelt zum Arbeit" ndi chiani? Alec Hager: "Pali zinthu zitatu: mkombero, kenako kusewera, yemwe amabweretsa pamodzi makilomita ambiri ndi masiku, komanso ochulukitsa m'makampani omwe amakopa anzawo kuti nawonso alowe nawo."
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