Kuwonekera: Mothandizidwa ndi chinsinsi

Austria imakonda kudziwona ngati demokalase yamakono. Koma momwe anthu angadziwire, ndikumayamba. Pamodzi ndi Luxembourg, ndi dziko lokhalo mu EU wakale lomwe lilibe ufulu wamalamulo azachidziwitso ndipo ndilokhawo ku EU komwe chinsinsi sichiri mu Constitution.

Kodi mudayamba mwadabwapo kuti pazisankho zandale zimapangidwa ku Austria? Ndi makampani ati ku Austria omwe amalandira ndalama zothandizira kapena omwe ma kampani aku Austria amatumiza zida ziti? Chifukwa chiyani khonsolo yamderali yangoganiza zokulitsa kart track? Kodi maulamuliro amamaliza ndi ndani mapangano m'malo mwathu ndipo amapangidwa bwanji? Ndi maphunziro ati omwe mabungwe a boma adayambitsa ndi zomwe apeza? Tsoka ilo, awa onse ndi mafunso omwe mmodzi - osachepera m'dziko lino - sapeza yankho.

Komabe, monga anthu omwe ali omvera kapena osalabadira dziko lapansi, tili okondwa kukhala m'dziko lomwe mumalipira malipiro anu panthawi, madzi abwino amachokera pamzerewu ndipo mumapeza malo oimikapo magalimoto mobwerezabwereza. Ndi zabwino zonse zomwe moyo umabweretsa pano - osachepera ambiri - sitikuzindikira kuti tikukhala pakati pa kufufuza. Chifukwa timangopeza mayankho ngati ali ofunikira andale kapena osazindikira kwenikweni.

Onani Mwachidule - Malamulo aulera sizinthu zatsopano, musayiwale. Sweden inali dziko loyamba kukhala litadutsa kale 1766 ndi Ufulu wa Zidziwitso, koma idalimbikitsidwa ndi Nyumba yamalamulo yolamula kuti mfumu ichite kuwonekera poyera. Izi zidatsatiridwa ndi Finland mchaka cha 1951, 1966 United States ndi 1970 Norway. Kugwa kwa Iron Curtain komanso gulu lotsogola lakumidzi lotetezedwa, izi zidayamba kuyenda bwino. Nzika zidayesetsa kuti maboma awo aziwonekera pang'onopang'ono chifukwa cha ziphuphu zosaneneka komanso kufunika kothana ndi zovuta zachikomyunizimu. Pakati pa 1990er yomalizira komanso zaka zoyambirira za 2000er, maiko ena a 25 Central ndi Eastern Europe adatsata malamulo owonekera, omwe lero ali ndi zitsanzo padziko lonse lapansi kuchokera pamalamulo aboma. Izi zomwe zikuchitika padziko lonse lapansi pakuwongolera kwambiri maboma ndizinthu zomwe ziyenera kunyadira: Chiwerengero cha malamulo owonekera poyera chikuwonjezeka kuposa 2002 ndipo pano chiwerengero cha anthu padziko lonse lapansi.

Zaulere zachinsinsi

Ngakhale dziko la Austria lili ndi lamulo lokhudza chidziwitso, malinga ndi momwe mabungwe onse aboma ali ndi "zidziwitso zokhudzana ndi magawo awo", izi nthawi yomweyo zimasinthidwa kukhala kupusa ndi gawo lapadera lazinsinsi.

Malinga ndi iwo, ogwira ntchito zaboma "ayenera kusungidwa chinsinsi pazinthu zonse zodziwidwa zokha kuchokera kuntchito zawo", ngati chinsinsi chawo ndichokomera boma, chitetezo chamtundu, ubale wakunja, kuchititsa chidwi kwa bungwe laboma, pokonzekera chisankho kapena ntchito Chidwi cha phwando. Pokhapokha pokhapokha ngati pali lamulo, zimachitika popanda kunena. Kubisa chinsinsi kumakhazikitsidwa ngati chitsogozo cha mabungwe am'deralo ndipo kumakhazikitsa kukhoma kwa nzika zokonda komanso chinsinsi cha osachita nawo zandale. Zotsatira zake, ndizothekanso ku Austria "kubisa chinsinsi" chokhudza malonda osagwirizana, kulephera kwa mabanki ndi zovuta pagulu pazaka zambiri, komabe kupatsa nzika mabiliyoni mabiliyoni. Malinga ndi a Josef Barth, woyambitsa bungwe la Austrian Forum for Freedom of Information (FOI), "ziphuphu zomwe zakhala pagulu m'zaka zaposachedwa zikuwonetsa kuti zidatheka kokha kwakukulu chifukwa zomwe olamulira sachita kuonekeratu ndipo adalephera kuwongolera anthu anali ".

"Zabodza zomwe zakhala pagulu m'zaka zaposachedwa zikuwonetsa kuti zidali zothekera pamlingo waukulu chifukwa zomwe adayang'anira sizinali zowonekera ndipo motero sizingachitike m'manja mwa anthu."
Josef Barth, Gulu la Ufulu Wazachidziwitso ku Austrian (FOI)

Ulesi: Ufulu wazidziwitso!

Chifukwa cha ziphuphu zapadziko lonse lapansi, kuwononga msonkho komanso kukayikira paliponse pazandale komanso ku boma, boma likufunanso kuti maboma ambiri azikhala omvera. Pofika pano, mbiri iyi yayankhidwa ndi pafupifupi theka la mayiko onse padziko lonse lapansi komanso ufulu wa malamulo achidziwitso udayendetsedwa, zomwe zimaloleza nzika zawo kuwona zikalata ndi mafayilo aboma la boma.
Bungwe loona za ufulu wachibadwidwe losagwirizana ndi boma la Reporters Bila Border, lomwe limakondwera kuwonerera ku Council of Europe ndi UNESCO, likulemba kuti: "Zidziwitso ndiye gawo loyamba lopita kusintha, kotero si maboma okhwima omwe amaopa kupereka ripoti kwaulere komanso popanda ufulu. Pomwe atolankhani sangathe kufotokozera za chisalungamo, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu molakwika kapena ziphuphu, sipadzakhala kuwunika kwa anthu, sipangakhale malingaliro aufulu kapena kusasiyanitsa zinthu mwamtendere. "
Ufulu wazidziwitso ndi ufulu wa nzika kuyang'ana zikalata ndi mafayilo aboma. Zimabweretsa zandale komanso zapamwamba kuchokera kuzinsinsi zomwe zimabisidwa ndipo zimalepheretsa ndale ndi utsogoleri kuwayankha nzika zawo. Ufulu wazidziwitso tsopano walembedwanso mu European Convention on Human Rights ndipo umavomerezedwa ndi Khothi Lachilungamo ku Europe ndi komiti ya UN ya Ufulu wa Anthu. Osachepera chifukwa chimalola kusungidwa kwa ufulu wina wofunikira, monga ufulu wa malingaliro ndi ufulu wa atolankhani kapena kutenga nawo mbali pandale.

Pamodzi ndi bungwe lozimira ufulu wachibadwidwe ku Spain la Access Info Europe (AIE), Canada Center for Law and Democracy nthawi zonse imalemba dziko lonse lapansi (Kumanja Kokulira Chidziwitso). Imasanthula ndikuwunika momwe malamulo azoyenera kuchitira ndi chidziwitso cha anthu. Pamalo awa, Austria ili pamndandanda wa mayiko a 95 omwe amaphunziridwa padziko lonse lapansi.

Transparency: Austria ndiyosiyana

Ku Austria, zinthu sizili bwino pokha pokha ndi ku Estonia, Luxembourg ndi Kupro, ndife dziko lokhalo ku EU lomwe silinapatse lamulo la Ufulu Wazachidziwitso masiku ano ndipo ndi lokhalo pomwe chinsinsi chake sichikuphatikizidwa mu Constitution. Pamodzi ndi bungwe la Spain la Ufulu wa Anthu ku Spain Info Info Europe (AIE), Canada Center for Law and Democracy nthawi zonse imakhala ndi mayiko apadziko lonse lapansi (Kumanja Komwe Kuli Chidziwitso). Imasanthula ndikuwunika momwe malamulo azoyenera kuchitira ndi chidziwitso cha anthu. Pamalo awa, Austria ili pamndandanda wa mayiko a 95 omwe amaphunziridwa padziko lonse lapansi.
A Toby Mendel, director of the Center for Law and Democracy, wolemba maphunziro angapo komanso ofalitsa maudindo, akuti nthawi yomweyo: "Pali mayiko omwe ali ndi malamulo owonekera poyera, koma osawatsatira, ndi ena omwe ali ndi malamulo apakati, kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kawo komabe ndikugwira ntchito yabwino. Mwachitsanzo, US ili ndi lamulo loletsa kuwonekera pakati, koma limakhala ndi ufulu wodziwa zambiri. Etiopia, kumbali inayo, ili ndi lamulo loyendetsera zinthu bwino, koma silikukwaniritsidwa. Austria ndimlandu wamalire. Zikuwoneka kuti mwanjira inayake zikusokonekera ndi lamulo lazidziwitso zake. "

"Pali mayiko omwe ali ndi malamulo owoneka bwino koma osayitsatira, ndi ena omwe ali ndi malamulo apakati koma amagwirabe ntchito yawo bwino. Austria ndimlandu wamalire. Zikuwoneka kuti mwanjira inayake zikusokonekera ndi lamulo lazidziwitso zake. "
Toby Mendel, Center for Law and Democracy

Kuwonongeka koyipa kwa Council of Europe Convention on Access to Official Documents lotengeredwa ndi 2008 sikunathetse izi. Mmenemo, Nduna Zakunja Zaku Europe ndi nthumwi za Nyumba Yamalamulo ku Europe zagwirizana kuti "zilimbikitse umphumphu, kukonzekera bwino, kugwirira ntchito, kudziwunika ndi kuvomerezeka kwa mabungwe aboma" popatsa nzika zawo ufulu wopeza zikalata zalamulo.

Kulira kwa anthu achidwi

Mwakusanyalanyaza bwino zizindikiro za nthawi, boma la Austria lidapanga ngakhale mwezi wa June chaka chino polengeza kuti liletse kugwiritsa ntchito zolembedwa monga zikalata za anthu wamba. Iyenera kupereka chilango kwa olemba media pobisalira chinsinsi, ngakhale atakhala kuti sanawadulire. Ziwonetsero zotsutsana ndi ntchitoyi sizinali kutali kwambiri ndipo zinali zodabwitsa. Mabungwe onse atolankhani ku Austra adayankha ndi kutulutsa komwe komanso mawu ambiri ndipo amafuna kuti kuthetsedwe kwa chinsinsi cha boma la Austrian komanso malamulo azidziwitso amakono pankhaniyi "chidziwitso chikhale ulamuliro komanso chinsinsi kupatula". Kutsutsanso kunasangalatsa mbali ya wakale Purezidenti wa Khothi Franz Fiedler ("kusintha kwakukulu komwe kukuyimira kumbuyo mu zaka za 19"), ndi loya wanyumba yamilandu Heinz Mayer " ") Osati osachepera otsutsa.
Mutuwo udalimbikitsidwa kwambiri ndi Forum Freedom of Information (FOI), yomwe idapangidwa mozungulira wolemba wakale wa Josef Barth. FOI imadziona ngati "wowonera wa ufulu wa chidziwitso" ku Austria ndipo imagwira ntchito yodziwitsa anthu zambiri komanso yodziwitsa anthu zidziwitso zowonekera pazazithunzithunzi za audinzgesetz.at ndi mafunsodenstaat.at. Wakale adapatsidwa ngakhale 2013 Mphotho ya Concordia for Press Freedom. Kuchokera pakuwona kwa FOI, ufulu wamakono wa chidziwitso ndiwofunikira pazifukwa zisanu makamaka: zimapangitsa kuti ziphuphu zikhale zovuta, zimapewera kuwononga msonkho, zimalimbitsa chidaliro mu ndale, zimachepetsa ndikufulumizitsa njira zoyendetsera ndikuwongolera kutenga nawo mbali.
Misonkhanoyi idawonetsa zotsatira zabwino. Pambuyo pa sabata, chiletso chobwezeretsanso chinali patebulo. Bwana wa Club Andreas Schieder (SPÖ) adalengeza kuleka ntchito yawo ndipo mneneri wa club Reinhold Lopatka (ÖVP) adati zomwe zidachitika ndi "kusamvetsetsa".

Ufulu wokhazikika kwa chidziwitso

Kumayambiriro kwa chaka, atolankhani komanso kukakamizidwa kwa anthu zomwe zidamangidwa chaka chatha zidalimbikitsa boma kuti lipereke lamulo lokhetsa chinsinsi. Izi ziyeneranso kuyang'anira zomwe zaperekedwa ndi aboma. Imaperekanso mwayi wofalitsa chidziwitso cha chidwi chonse komanso ufulu wapadziko lonse lapansi wopezeka chidziwitso cha anthu. Zambiri pazomwe zimakhudzidwa ndizomwe zimaphatikizapo, makamaka, malangizo, ziwerengero, malingaliro ndi maphunziro omwe anakonzedwa ndi boma, zantchito, kusanja mabizinesi, malamulo a kayendetsedwe, zolembetsa, ndi zina zambiri. - popanda kufunsa mwachindunji - kusindikizidwa. Kuchokera ku "Holschuld" a nzika zikuyenera kukhala "gawo" la oyang'anira. Pomaliza, zosunga izi sizokhudza maboma aboma okha, komanso makampani omwe akuyang'aniridwa ndi bwalo la Auditor.
Komabe, pali zina zambiri zakunyumba iyi: zambiri, chinsinsi chake pa mfundo zakunja ndi kuphatikiza, pofuna kuteteza dziko, dongosolo la anthu, kukonzekera chigamulo, pakukonda zachuma kwa oyang'anira boma, pazifukwa zoteteza deta, komanso chidziwitso "chofuna kuteteza ena Zofunira zokomera anthu zomwe zimakonzedwa momveka bwino ndi boma kapena boma lachigawo ", siziyenera kupereka chidziwitso. Zomwe zikutanthauza.

"Kwa ife, tili ndi nkhawa yayikulu kuti, m'malo mwa kuwonekera kwa cholinga, pali kuwonjezeredwa kwa chinsinsi. Lamuloli silimaperewera ... sizikudziwika ngati pamapeto pake kuwonekera kwambiri kapena kuwonekera kwambiri. "
Gerald Grünberger, Association of Austrian Newspaper VÖZ, pa bilu

Ndemanga zonse za 61 kuchokera kumaboma osiyanasiyana, maofesala, mabungwe aboma ndi mabungwe, magulu achidwi ndi akuluakulu aboma akuwonetsa kuti lamuloli silingalandiridwe posachedwa. Ngakhale panali chidwi chofunikira chakufikira chidziwitso, kutsutsa kosiyanasiyana ndi madera ovuta zinawunikidwa.
Ngakhale Khothi Loyang'anira likuwona kutetezedwa kwa milandu yomwe ikupitilira, anthu omwe akukhudzidwa ndi milanduyi akuwopseza, bungwe la okonzanso la ORF limawona pamwamba pazachinsinsi zonse zomwe zili pachiwopsezo komanso wolamulira chitetezo amateteza chitetezo. ÖBB Holding ikufanana ndi lamulo loletsa "Kuthetsa chitetezo cha makampani makampani omwe akuwululidwa", pomwe Bungwe Lophatikiza Bungwe la Federal limadzudzula kuti palibe kuwunikira kwakukulu kwa chidziwitso komwe komwe kungathe kuzindikirika. Mwambiri, makampani aboma amaopa kusokonezeka kwakukulu poyerekeza ndi mabungwe omwe si aboma komanso akuluakulu aboma, owonjezera ogwira ntchito komanso ndalama.
Kutsutsa koopsa kunachokera ku Association of Austrian Newspaper (VÖZ): "Kwa ife, tili ndi nkhawa yayikulu kuti m'malo mowonetsedwa kuti cholinga chathu chikuwonekera mwachinsinsi chimabwera. Kupatula apo, lamuloli lilibe mwayi woperewera ... sizikudziwikabe kuti kuwonekera konse kapena kuwonekera kwambiri kungayembekezeredwe kumapeto, "atero Director wa VÖZ Gerald Grünberger.

"Yakwana nthawi yoti Austria ipange dziko lonse la Europe!"
Helen Darbishire, Ganizirani Tanks Access Info Europe

Mayiko ndi kwina

Tili ku Germany, Transparency Act ikuwoneka kuti iyenera kubwezeretsedwanso, miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi yakhazikitsidwa kale pokhudzana ndi kapangidwe kake ndikukwaniritsa. Izi ndi zachitsanzo, pa Council of Europe Convention on Access to Official Documents, UN Human Rights Committee, zigamulo za European Court of Human Rights (EUCI), malingaliro a Organisation for Security and Co-Work in Europe (OSCE) komaliza komaliza koma osangokumana ndi zokumana nazo zomwe mayiko zana omwe amakonzedwa mwadongosolo ndi akasinja oganiza zapadziko lonse lapansi. Ukadaulo wokhazikika uku sikuwoneka ngati wogwirizana ndi nyumba yamalamulo yaku Austria. A Helen Darbishire, CEO wa Madrid-based Access Info Europe akuganiza tank, amawona zinthu zofunika kwambiri kuti pakhale malamulo azidziwitso kuti mabungwe onse azoyang'anira anthu ndianthu, ndipo nthawi yomweyo boma limapanga zosankha zabwinobwino. Kuphatikiza apo, wogwira ntchito mwamphamvu komanso wodziwa zambiri ayenera kuwunika momwe lamuloli likugwirira ntchito ndikusamalira madandaulo aboma mwachangu komanso kwaulere. "Yakwana nthawi kwambiri kuti dziko la Austria lithane ndi Europe yonse!" Atero Darbishire.

"Anthu ena m'bomalo adawona kuti nkhaniyi ndiyovuta kwambiri ndipo adawopa kuti Hamburg sangathenso kuwongoleredwa. Koma chodabwitsa, ambiri anali okondwa kuti pomaliza pake ali ndi chida chotsimikizika, kuti asabisenso, kuti zokambirana momasuka zitha kuchitika ndipo zinaonekeratu zomwe akuchita. "
Daniel Lentfer, Initiative "More Democracy Hamburg" pa Model Act Hamburg

Model Hamburg

Hamburg Transparency Act, yomwe nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chitsanzo ku Austria, imaphatikizaponso zinthu zitatu izi: ntchito yosindikiza olamulira pazomanga zotsekedwa, malingaliro a akatswiri atagulidwa ndi zina zotero; kukhazikitsidwa kwa renti yapakatikati yodziwitsa, yomwe imafalitsa malipoti ndi zikalata zoyendetsera anthu, ndipo, chachitatu, kupangidwa kwa kazitape wachidziwitso yemwe amayang'anira ufulu wazidziwitso ndikutetezedwa kwa deta komanso yemwe ali malo okhudzana ndi zidziwitso za nzika. Hamburg Transparency Act imaphatikizapo zikalata zambiri za anthu zomwe zimayikidwa mdziko muno. A Daniel Lentfer ndiwogwirizanitsa oyambitsa bungwe la nzika "Mehr Demokratie Hamburg", omwe adayambitsa ndikuthandizira kupanga Hamburg Transparency Act. Mwakuwona kwake, ndikofunikira "chidziwitso kuti chitha kufalitsidwa mosasamala kanthu kuti ndizofunikira ndale kapena ayi. Umu ndi njira yokhayo yomwe maboma angapangire kukhulupiliranso. "Atafunsidwa momwe bungwe la Hamburg linayang'anira pakusungidwa kwa mabungwe, Lentfer akuti:" Anthu omwe akuwayang'anira adawona zinthu kukhala zovuta kwambiri ndipo amawopa kuti Hamburg sangathenso kuyang'aniridwa. Koma chodabwitsa, ambiri anali okondwa kuti pomaliza pake ali ndi chida chotsimikizika, kuti asabisenso, kuti zokambirana zatseguka zitha kuchitika ndikuwoneka, zomwe akuchita. "Omaliza koma osachepera akuluakulu adatsatira cholinga," chidaliro cha nzika ndikuti anthu akumvetsetsa momwe kasamalidwe amagwirira ntchito. "

Utsogoleri ukakhala m'manja

Zingakhudze bwanji ngati anthu atetezedwa munjira zotsutsana ndi ndale komanso mabungwe okhwima akuwonetsedwa pano pazokambirana zotsutsana za European Commission ndi Canada ndi US pa Transatlantic Free Trade Agreements CETA ndi TTIP. Mukuchita izi, tikuwonetsedwa momwe demokalase yakhomo, chilengedwe ndi ufulu waumunthu zimaperekedwera zolinga zamakampani ndi momwe ndale zitha kuperekedwera ndi mabungwe oteteza abungwe, mabungwe oweruza milandu ndi makhonsolo olamulira. Ndipo izi ngakhale adatsutsa mwamphamvu mgwirizano wosadziwika bwino wa mabungwe ena osakhala aboma a 250 (Stop-ttip.org), zipani zambiri zotsutsa komanso magawo ambiri a anthu.
Zonsezi ndizotheka kokha chifukwa anthu alibe mwayi wolemba zomwe akukambirana. Ngati zidziwitso zokhudzana ndi "ndalama, ndalama kapena ndondomeko za chuma za Community kapena a State State" sizinapatsidwe ufulu wa chidziwitso, titha kutsata zokambirana zomwe tili nazo ndikuwayankha munthawi yake. Osati pokhapokha mayiko mamembala a EU atasayina kale mgwirizano wapadziko lonse ndi mayiko atatu ku 1200 ndipo Germany ili kale kuti mlandu wawo ukhale wofunikira. Malinga ndi Alexandra Strickner, wamkulu wa Attac Austria, TTIP ikuwopseza demokalase. Imayembekezera kuchuluka kwa madandaulo kuchokera ku mabungwe aku US ndi ku Europe, komwe kuyenera kuthana ndi makhothi ndi chuma chamayiko. "Zivomerezedwezi ngati zingagwiritsidwe ntchito m'bwalo lamilandu yamalamulo, ndalama za anthu ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga phindu la kampani." Strickner akuwona ngozi inanso mu "Council for Regulatory Cooperation". Malamulo amtsogolo akuyenera kufunsidwa mu bungwe losinthirali, malinga ndi zolembedwa zomwe zadukitsidwa, asanafike pamisonkhano yapadziko lonse. "Chifukwa chake mabungwe amapeza mwayi wokhala nawo pamalamulo ndipo nthawi zina amatha kuletsa malamulo. Izi zimapangitsa kuti demokalase ichitike kuti ikhale yopanda nzeru. "Momwe ntchito za nzika za EU zomwe zakhazikitsidwira zimakhudza zigwirizano zomwe zikuyenera kuonekerabe.