Helmut Melzer
Zovuta zandale, zoyipa zamilandu, atolankhani osasamala, kunyalanyaza kukhazikika - mndandanda wazodandaula ndizotalika. Ndipo zidapangitsa kuti chidaliro m'mabungwe othandizira boma chikupitilira kuchepa.
Kodi mukudziwa mfundo yakukhulupilira mumsewu? Ndendende, imanena kuti mutha kudalira machitidwe oyenera a ena ogwiritsa ntchito misewu. Koma bwanji ngati amodzi mwa mabungwe ofunikira kwambiri kampani kodi sangakhulupiriridwenso?
Vuto lachidaliro ngakhale Corona asanafike
Chikhulupiliro chimalongosola kukhudzika kotsimikizika kwa kulondola, kuwona kwa zochita, kuzindikira ndi zonena kapena kuwona mtima kwa anthu. Nthawi ina palibe chomwe chimagwira popanda kudalira.
Mliri wa mlengalenga umawonetsa: Sikuti anthu aku Australia agawanika kokha pa nkhani yokhudza katemera wa korona kwanthawi yayitali, ngakhale izi zisanachitike panali kugawanika kwakukulu pamafunso andale. Zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi zapitazo, 16% yokha ya nzika za EU (Austria: 26, kafukufuku wa EU Commission) adakhulupirirabe zipani zandale. Chikhulupiriro cha APA ndi OGM chodzidalira mu 2021 tsopano chili pachiwopsezo chazovuta: Pakati pa andale odalirika, Purezidenti wa Federal Alexander Van der Bellen ali pamwamba ndi 43% yofooka, lotsatiridwa ndi Kurz (20%) ndi Alma Zadic (16%). Kafukufuku wosayimilira owerenga Option m'mabungwe apakhomo adawonetsanso kukayikira kwakukulu kwa andale (86%), boma (71%), atolankhani (77%) ndi bizinesi (79%). Koma kafukufuku ayenera kusamalidwa, makamaka munthawi ya Corona.
Chimwemwe komanso kupita patsogolo
Komabe, zinthu ndizosiyana m'maiko ena, monga Denmark: Oposa mmodzi mwa awiri (55,7%) amakhulupirira boma lawo. Kwa zaka zambiri a Dani akhala nawonso ali pamwamba pa Lipoti la UN Happiness Report ndi Zolemba Zachitukuko cha Anthu. Chifukwa chiyani a Christian Bjornskov ochokera ku Aarhus University akufotokoza kuti: "Denmark ndi Norway ndi mayiko omwe anthu amakhulupirira kwambiri anthu ena." Dziko lonse lapansi ndi 70% yokha.
Pakhoza kukhala zifukwa zikuluzikulu ziwiri izi: "Jante Code of Conduct" imathandizadi, yomwe imafuna kudzichepetsa komanso kudziletsa ngati mulingo. Kunena kuti mutha kuchita zochuluka kapena kukhala bwino kuposa wina aliyense kudandaula ku Denmark. Ndipo chachiwiri, akufotokoza Bjornskov kuti: "Kudalira ndichinthu chomwe umaphunzira kuyambira pakubadwa, chikhalidwe." Malamulo amapangidwa momveka bwino ndikutsatiridwa, oyang'anira amagwira ntchito bwino ndikuwonekera poyera, ziphuphu ndizosowa. Amaganiziridwa kuti aliyense akuchita molondola.
Malinga ndi malingaliro aku Austria paradiso, zikuwoneka. Komabe, ngati mukukhulupirira kuti ma index omwe atchulidwa kale, ndiye kuti Austria sizichita zoyipa kwenikweni - ngakhale zomwe zidalipo kale zaka zingapo zapitazo. Kodi ndife anthu akumapiri omwe sitikhulupirira konse?
Udindo wamagulu aboma
“Tikukhala mu nthawi yomwe kudalirana ndi chinthu chamtengo wapatali kuposa ndalama zonse. Mabungwe achitetezo amakhala odalirika kuposa maboma, oimira mabizinesi komanso atolankhani, "atero a Ingrid Srinath, Secretary Secretary wakale wa Alliance for Civic Participation yapadziko lonse CIVICUS. Mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi akuganizira kwambiri izi. Mwachitsanzo, World Economic Forum inalemba mu lipoti lake lonena za tsogolo la mabungwe a anthu kuti: “Kufunika kwa anthu ndi mphamvu zawo zikuchulukirachulukira ndipo ziyenera kulimbikitsidwa kuti akhazikitsenso chidaliro. […] Mabungwe achitetezo sayenera kuwonedwa ngati "gawo lachitatu", koma monga guluu wolumikiza mabungwe azaboma komanso aboma ".
Movomereza, Komiti ya Atumiki a Council of Europe yazindikiranso kuti "thandizo lofunikira la mabungwe omwe si aboma pakukweza ndikukhazikitsa demokalase ndi ufulu wa anthu, makamaka polimbikitsa kuzindikira kwa anthu, kutenga nawo mbali m'miyoyo ya anthu ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zinthu zikuyenda bwino ndi kuyankha pakati pa olamulira ". Gulu lapamwamba laupangiri ku Europe la BEPA limanenanso kuti gawo lofunikira pakuchita nawo mabungwe azachitukuko mtsogolo mwa Europe: "Sichikukambilananso zokambirana kapena kukambirana ndi nzika komanso mabungwe wamba. Lero likufuna kupatsa nzika ufulu wopanga zisankho ku EU, kuwapatsa mwayi woti azichita nawo ndale komanso boma, ”watero lipoti lonena za udindo wa mabungwe aboma.
Transparency factor
Njira zina zowonekera poyera zatengedwa mzaka zaposachedwa. Takhala tikukhala m'dziko lapansi momwe simunabisike kalikonse. Funso lomwe latsalira, komabe, ndilakuti ngati kuwonekera poyera kumapangitsanso kudalirana. Pali zisonyezo zina kuti izi zimadzetsa kukayikira koyambirira. A Toby Mendel, Managing Director of the Center for Law and Democracy akufotokoza izi motere: "Kumbali imodzi, kuwonekera poyera kumawululira zambiri zazodandaula zapagulu, zomwe poyamba zimadzutsa kukayikira pakati pa anthu. Kumbali inayi, malamulo abwino (owonekera poyera) samangotanthauza chikhalidwe chandale ndi machitidwe owonekera ".
Andale adachitapo kanthu kale: Luso loti palibe chomwe chikulimbikitsidwa, zisankho zandale zimapangidwa kunja kwa mabungwe andale.
M'malo mwake, mawu ambiri tsopano akuperekedwa kuti achenjeze za zosafunikira zoyipa zowonekera. Wasayansi wazandale Ivan Krastev, Permanent Fellow ku Institute for the Science of Humanity (IMF) ku Vienna amathanso kunena za "kuwonekeranso mania" ndipo akuti: "Kuchulukitsa anthu ndi chidziwitso ndi njira yotsimikizika yowasungira osazindikira". Amaonanso zoopsa zoti "kulowetsa zambiri pazokambirana pagulu kungangowapangitsa kuti atenge nawo mbali ndikusiya chidwi kuchokera kuzolondola kwa nzika kupita kuukadaulo wawo pamalo amodzi kapena ena."
Kuchokera pamalingaliro a pulofesa wa filosofi Byung-Chul Han, kuwonekera komanso kukhulupilira sizingagwirizanenso, chifukwa "kudalirika ndikungotheka kokha pakati pa chidziwitso ndi kusazindikira. Kukhulupirira kumatanthawuza kumanga ubale wabwino ndi wina ndi mnzake ngakhale osadziwana. [...] Pomwe kuwonekera kumakhalapo, palibe malo odalirika. M'malo mwa 'kuwonekera poyera kumapangitsa kukhulupirirana', ziyenera kutanthauza kuti: 'Kuonekera kuyambitsa kukhulupirika' ".
Kusakhulupirirana monga maziko a demokalase
Kwa Vladimir Gligorov, wafilosofi komanso katswiri wazachuma ku Vienna Institute for International Economic Study (wiiw), ma demokalase amakhazikitsidwa pakukayikira: "Autocracies kapena aristocracies maziko ake amakhala pakudalira - pakudzipereka kwa mfumu, kapena machitidwe abwino a aristocrat. Komabe, chitsimikizo cha mbiriyakale ndichakuti chidalirochi chinagwiritsidwa ntchito molakwika. Ndipo umu ndi momwe dongosolo laakanthawi, maboma osankhidwa adatulukira, omwe timati demokalase. "
Mwina potengera izi munthu ayenera kukumbukira mfundo yayikulu mu demokalase yathu: ya "macheke ndi masikelo". Kulamulirana kwa mabungwe oyendetsera dziko lino mbali imodzi, komanso nzika zikuyendera maboma awo mbali ina - mwachitsanzo kuthekera kovota. Popanda lamulo la demokalase, lomwe lidayambira kalekale kupita ku Chidziwitso m'malamulo akumadzulo, kulekanitsidwa kwa mphamvu sikungagwire ntchito. Kusakhulupirika komwe kumakhalako sikachilendo kwa demokalase, koma chisindikizo chabwinobwino. Koma demokarase ikufunanso kuti ipangidwe patsogolo. Ndipo kusakhulupirika kumayenera kukhala ndi zotsatirapo.
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