Veronika Janyrova
"Tikukumana ndi chisankho cholimba kwambiri cha demokalase kuyambira zaka za 1930 ndipo tiyenera kuthana ndi izi."
Christoph Hofinger, SORA
Njira yina yovutira - komanso kwa onse omwe ali nawo pazokambirana komanso owonera - nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta komanso zokhumudwitsa za kukhudzika ndikudzilamulira, ulamuliro wankhanza wokhala wopanda malingaliro (andale ndi chikhalidwe) malingaliro osiyanasiyana komanso (pagulu ndi anthu) kuchitapo kanthu. Zomwe zachitika posachedwa pa ndale zikuwonetsa kuti anthu ku Europe akuwoneka kuti akulakalaka atsogoleri amphamvu, andale omwe anganene kuti zomwe amakhulupirira ndizosagwirizana ngakhale pang'ono. Mulimonsemo, kukwera kwa mapiko opezekera kumanja ndi maphwando okondera kumalankhulira momveka bwino. Akatswiri amavomerezana kuti mapiko omwe ali ndi mapiko olondola ndi mikondo yazandale kwambiri imakonda kudalira maboma awo komanso mtsogoleri wawo.
tradeoffs Policy
Kuyeserera ndi njira yothetsera kusamvana polumikizana malo omwe akutsutsana poyamba. Mbali iliyonse imasunthira mbali ya zonena zake m'malo mwa mawonekedwe atsopano omwe angaimire. Kunyengerera pa gawo lililonse sikwabwino kapena koyipa. Zotsatira zake zitha kukhala kuvuta komwe chipani chimodzi chimataya, komanso kupambana-kupambana pomwe mbali zonse ziwirizi zimakumana ndi zovuta pamalonda awo oyambira. Chotsirizachi mwina ndi mbali yaukadaulo wapamwamba wandale. Mulimonse momwe zingakhalire, olemerayo amakhala moyo wolemekeza omwe akutsutsana nawo ndipo ali gawo la demokalase.
Izi zikuwoneka ngati zikutsimikiziridwa ndi kafukufuku wa SORA Institute for Social Research and Consulting, omwe adachitika mu Seputembala pa 2016. Zinaulula kuti 48 peresenti ya anthu aku Austria sakhulupiriranso demokalase ngati boma labwino koposa. Kuphatikiza apo, 36 peresenti yokha ya omwe adafunsidwa sagwirizana ndi zomwe ananena, "Tifunikira mtsogoleri wamphamvu yemwe sayenera kuda nkhawa ndi nyumba yamalamulo ndi zisankho." Kupatula apo, mu 2007, 71 peresenti idachita izi. Wofalitsa ndi wasayansi wotsogola, Christoph Hofinger, mufunso wa Falter: "Tikukumana ndi njira yolimba kwambiri yokomera demokalase kuyambira zaka 1930 ndipo tiyenera kuthana ndi izi."
Chaka chakusangalatsidwa
Koma kodi njira yokhayo yodziyimira pandale zadongosolo ndiyomwe ikuyimira konse, monga momwe tikuchitikira m'dziko lino? Kusasunthika komwe kumayenderana ndi malingaliro omwe amafika pachaka chatsopano chaka chilichonse? Apanso, manambalawa amalankhula chilankhulo chomveka: Mwachitsanzo, pakuganiza kwa OGM chaka chino, 82 peresenti ya omwe adafunsidwa adanena kuti sakhulupirira pang'ono kapena alibe chidaliro pazandale komanso kuti 89 peresenti imangokhala kusowa kwandale.
Chifukwa chakuchepa kwa chidaliro ichi ndi kupanga chisankho chachilendo, kuchitapo kanthu ndikusintha kusintha kwadongosolo lathu. Kuphatikiza pa madera ena ambiri andale, palibe chomwe chasintha pano pankhani ya demokalase chaka chatha. Mwa mapulojekiti omveka bwino a Boma la Federal - "Limbikitsani Direct Democracy", "Sinthani Mokwanira", "Ufulu wazidziwitso m'malo mobisa chinsinsi" - mpaka pano palibe omwe adakwaniritsidwa. Sitikufuna kuyankhula za kusintha kwa federal komwe kwakhala kukuchitika kwa zaka zambiri. Pokana izi, njira yayikulu yovota ndi demokalase (IMWD) yalengeza kuti chaka cha 2016 ndi chaka chosokoneza.
Chosankha: Boma laling'ono
Monga zonena zikupita, simungathe kuzichita bwino. Koma mwina ena mwa ovota akhoza kukhutitsidwa? Sifunikiranso kusintha kwakukulu kumalamulo, ndipo izi nzotheka kale. Chipani chopanda anthu ambiri zisankho zikadzakhazikitsidwa ndi boma - popanda wogwirizana. Ubwino wake: Ntchito za boma zitha kukhala zowongoka ndipo zingakope anthu pafupifupi. Zovuta zake: Ambiri mu nyumba yamalamulo sakanakhalako, chifukwa polojekiti iliyonse imayenera kupeza anzawo odalirika omwe amafunidwa. Izi zimapangitsa boma laling'ono kusakhazikika. Ndipo gawoli limafunikira "mazira", omwe mwachidziwikire amafunidwa pazinthu zandale. Koma pambuyo pake, zotsatira zomveka bwino za zisankho zingapangenso.
Chosankha: Opambana pa chisankho champhamvu
IMWD imapita mbali yomweyo. Kwa zaka, akhala akuchita kampeni yotsitsimutsanso demokalase ya ku Austria komanso kulimbikitsa chidaliro cha ndale. Pachifukwa ichi, ntchitoyi ikufuna, mwa zina, kusintha kwakukulu pamilandu yayikulu yaku Austria: "Tikugwirizana ndi malamulo azisankho ambiri, omwe amapereka chipani champhamvu kwambiri maphwando angapo," atero Prof Herwig Hösele, Secretary-General wa mwambowu. Pankhaniyi, chipani chotsogola kwambiri - chomwe chimayesedwa ndi zisankho - chikhoza kukhala ndi nthumwi zapamwamba zambiri mu nyumba yamalamulo ndipo chikadakondweretsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa boma la fedulo lotha kugwira ntchito ndi kusankha. Mwayi wawukulu mu kovotera kochulukirapo ndikuti umalimbikitsa malo apamwamba - ndipo nawonso maudindo - komanso umabweretsa patsogolo kwambiri pandale.
Kumasulidwa ku chipani
Kufunafuna kwachiwiri kwapakati pa IMWD ndi kakhalidwe kwamphamvu kuposa mawonekedwe. Izi ndikuti "akwaniritse chikhumbo cha anthu kuti asankhe anthu osati mndandanda wamaphwando," adatero Hoesele. Cholinga cha chisankhochi ndichakuchepetsa kudalira kwa akazembe ku chipani chawo ndikuwamasula ku ukapolo wa zipani zawo. Izi zitha kuloleza MEPs kuvotera gulu lawolawo chifukwa limadzipereka makamaka ku zigawo zawo. Choipa pamakonzedwe awa, ndikuti mawonekedwe ambiri mu Nyumba Yamalamulo ndiowonjezereka.
Ochepa ndi ambiri
Pakufuna kwake kwa demokalase, izi zidalimbikitsidwa ndi wasayansi wazandale ku Graz, Klaus Poier, yemwe adapanga njira ya "ochepera ochepera ovomerezeka". Izi zikuwonetsa kuti chipani chokwezeka kwambiri chimalandira mipando yambiri kunyumba yamalamulo. Izi zipangitsa ubale wamphamvu wama ndale ku Nyumba yamalamulo uku akuwonetsetsa kuti ndale zizachulukana. Mtunduwu wafotokozedwa ku Austria kuyambira zaka za 1990.
Yabwino vs. Osanyengelera
Zaka zingapo zapitazo, wafilosofi wa ku Israeli Avishai Margalit adapanga zandale pamdima wakuda, wamawonekedwe owoneka bwino pazandale ndikukweza maluso apamwamba okondweretsa komanso kubweretsa magulu otsutsana. M'buku lake "About zokhumudwitsa - ndi ulesi kunyengerera" (suhrkamp, 2011) akufotokoza za kusinthaku ngati chida chofunikira kwambiri andale komanso ngati chinthu chokongola komanso chosangalatsa, makamaka pankhani ya nkhondo ndi mtendere.
Malinga ndi iye, tiyenera kuweruzidwa kwambiri potengera zofuna zathu kuposa malingaliro athu ndi malingaliro athu: "Malingaliro angatiuze china chake chofunikira pazomwe tikufuna kukhala. Achibale amatiuza kuti ndife ndani, "akutero Avishai Margalit.
Malingaliro okhudzana ndi ukadaulo
"Ngakhale zipani zambiri zakumapeto zoyambirira zimatsatira malamulo a demokalase (zisankho), zimayesa - malinga ndi malingaliro awo - kutsitsa maboma a demokalase ndikumatanthauzira mosavomerezeka" anthu "," enieni "aku Austrian, aku Hungary, mwa kusasamala kwawo kapena aku America, etc. Popeza iwo amayimira - mwa lingaliro lawo - "anthu" ndipo motero lingaliro lokhalo lolondola, ayenera - kotero malingaliro awo - nawonso apambane. Ndipo ngati sichoncho, ndiye kuti chiwembu chayamba. Europe ikuwonetsa zomwe zimachitika maphwando atakhala kuti ali ndi ulamuliro, monga ku Hungary kapena ku Poland. Ufulu wazofalitsa komanso oweruza milandu umakhazikitsidwa nthawi yomweyo ndipo otsutsa amachotsedwa pang'onopang'ono. "
o. Dr. med. Ruth Wodak, dipatimenti ya Zilankhulidwe, University of Vienna"Authoritarianism, kuphatikiza mtsogoleri wothandiza, ndichinthu chofunikira kwambiri cha mapiko apamwamba. Kuchokera pamalingaliro awa, ndizomveka kuti mayendedwe opita kumanja a opita kumanja nthawi zonse amakhala ndi mayankho ovomerezeka komanso osavuta pamavuto ovuta. Demokalase imakhazikitsidwa pakukambirana, kunyengerera, kubwezera. Izi, monga tikudziwa, zoyipa komanso zosasangalatsa - ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakhumudwitsa zotsatira zake. M'magulu azidziwitso, izi zikuwoneka ngati "zosavuta ..."
Dr. Werner T. Bauer, Austrian Association for Policy Advice and Policy Development (ÖGPP)"Maganizo aulamulira ndi gawo lalikulu la mapiko ochita phokoso kumanja ndi zipani zotsutsa - komanso ovota. Chifukwa chake, maphwandowa amakonda machitidwe azandale. Kuzindikira kwawo kwandale kumakhala ndi anthu osawadziwa, kukana kusamukira kudziko lina, komanso kugawa anthu m'magulu ndi m'magulu akunja, omaliza azindikiridwa ngati owopsa. Maganizo aulamuliro amakhalanso ndi mtima wofunitsitsa kugonjera olamulira odziwika, omwe amayembekezeredwa kusunga kapena kubwezeretsa bata lomwe likufunidwa, kuphatikiza pa kupereka chilango chotsutsana ndi malingaliro kapena anthu. "
Mag. Martina Zandonella, Institute for Social Research and Consulting (SORA)
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