Direct Democracy: Nthawi yayikulu yakumasulidwa kwa demokalase

Nanga bwanji za chitukuko cha demokalase ku Austria? Kodi ndi njira ziti zomwe mwamuna kapena mkazi ayenera kumveredwa? Kodi imachitika popereka voti zaka zingapo zilizonse? Ndizo zonse zomwe demokalase imayenera kupereka? Kodi ndiyofunika demokalase - ndiye kuti, "ulamuliro wa anthu"?

Ngakhale zaka zapitazo kuchokera pa 2011 mpaka 2013 - mukukumbukira nthawi zisanachitike zisankho - akatswiri, atolankhani, zoyambitsa nzika ndi andale adatsogolera zokambirana komanso zoyambira pa demokalase mwachindunji, kutsutsana pa demokalase mdziko muno kwakhala bata pompano. Chifukwa chake, mu pulogalamu yamaboma yomwe ilipo, kalata yokha yofunafuna kumayambiriro kwa 2014 imayitanitsa enquete ku National Council. Zoti zilibe pano, siziyenera kutidabwitsa pakadali pano.

"Boma litapanga lingaliro, ovota amauzidwa kuti kunyengerera komwe adapeza ndi kufuna kwawo, chifukwa apereka mavoti awo zipani zina."
Erwin Mayer, mneneri wa "mehr demokratie".

Kodi pali vuto lotani pankhani yokhudza demokalase ku Austria? Tikukhala mu demokalase yogwira ntchito - sichoncho? Mosiyana ndi ndale, malamulo aku Austria ali ndi mawu omveka bwino. Article 1 ya Federal Constitution imati: "Austria ndi boma lademokalase. Ufulu wawo umachokera kwa anthu. "Poyang'aniridwa pafupi, komabe, pamakhala kukayikira kovomerezeka. Kwa ndale zambiri moyo umawoneka wosiyana. Amapangidwa ndi ndale zaphwando, momwe phwando limayang'ana patsogolo kuposa zabwino wamba. Tsiku lililonse timawona momwe kukakamizidwa kwamabungwe, munthu aliyense payekhapayekha komanso zapadera, ndale za makasitomala ndi okakamiza opambana amapambana pazofunikira. Asanachitike zisankho munthu amasankhidwa ndi mitundu yonse yamapulogalamu, mawu andale osalimbikitsa. Mapulojekiti andale akhoza kunenedweratu. Nthawi zochepa munthu amaphunzira mozama, zomwe zipani zimatenga pambuyo pa zisankho. Dongosolo lomaliza la boma limasungidwa kumbuyo kwa zitseko zotsekedwa. "Pambuyo pa malingaliro a pulogalamu ya boma, ovota auzidwa kuti kuvomerezedwa komwe apeza ndi kufuna kwawo, chifukwa apereka mavoti awo m'maphwando ena," atero a Erwin Mayer, omwe amayankhula m'malo mwa "demokalase yochulukirapo".
Ndi machitidwe olowerera komanso osagwirizana ndi demokalase omwe amabweretsa kukhumudwitsidwa kwandale ku Austria. Kapena m'malo mwake ndi ndale?

Demokalase yeniyeni: chikhumbo chotenga nawo mbali

Ngakhale kuti oponya voti nthawi zina amagwa ndipo zipani zandale sizikwanitsa kugwira ntchito yolembanso mamembala atsopanowo, mayiko ambiri akuchita bwino. Kaya ndizandale, zamasewera, zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe kapena chikhalidwe - anthu ambiri amatenga nawo mbali pagulu komanso kwaulere. Kafukufuku waposachedwa kwambiri wodzipereka mdziko lonse ku 2008 awonetsa kuti 44 imapereka kuchuluka kwa antchito odzipereka a 15. Kuzungulira 1,9 miliyoni aku Austral ali m'makalabu kapena m'mabungwe - pambuyo pa zonse, ndizo zoposa gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu azaka za 15.
Initiatives Citizens 'Initiatives - yomwe imalola magulu a nzika kukhala ngati anthu a 500 kuti afotokozere National National malamulo a federal kapena kukhazikitsa malamulo omwe adalipo - yawonjezeka ndi 2000 peresenti kuyambira chaka cha 250. Kuchulukitsa kwakukulu kuyambira zaka za 1980er komanso kuchuluka kwa ma referendum komanso ma referendum pamayiko ndi pagulu. Asayansi azandale aku Austria a Sieglinde Rosenberger ndi a Gilg Seeber ati: "Ku Austria, kulumikizana kwakanthawi pakati pamagulu achipani, kukana ntchito komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zida za demokalase zitha kunenedwa." M'zaka khumi zokha, zoyambira khumi zakubwera zafika pamutu wokhudza chitukuko cha demokalase. omwe adalemba malingaliro ambiri okonzanso kuti apititse patsogolo demokalase ya Austria.

Ndi ndale?

Poganizira ziwerengerozi, munthu sangakane kuti anthu ali ndi chidwi andale. M'malo mwake, kudalira andale kuli kovuta kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, kafukufuku yemwe anachitika ndi Social Science Study Society adawonetsa kuti kudalira kwa anthu m'mabungwe monga abungwe, oweruza, apolisi kapena mabungwe a 2012 akwera pang'ono. Kumbali inayi, 46 peresenti ya okwanira 1.100 omwe adafunsa adanena kuti andale alephera kulumikizana ndi nzika ndipo 38 peresenti adatsimikiza kuti adangopindulira okha. Kafukufuku wofananayu adachitidwa ndi Austrian Society for Marketing (OGM) mchaka cha 2013. 78 peresenti ya omwe adayankhidwa a 500 adanena kuti sakhulupirira pang'ono kapena samakhulupirira ndale.

Direct demokalase ku Austria?

Mwakutanthauzira, demokalase yachindunji ndi njira kapena njira yandale momwe anthu akuvota akuvota mwachindunji pazandale. Gertraud Diendorfer, Woyang'anira wamkulu wa Democracy Center Vienna, imamvetsetsa Direct Democracy ngati "chowonjezerapo, kukonza kapena chida chowongolera cha demokalase yoyimira:" Zipangizo zandale zokhazikika, zomwe zakhazikitsidwa mu Constitution, zimapereka mwayi kwa nzika komanso kutenga nawo mbali pazisankho, ngakhale pazinthu zina zimayendetsa ndalamayo mwachindunji. kutenga ".

Choyimira chokha: Zotsatira za zida zapamwamba za demokalase mwachindunji - monga ma referendum kapena referendum - sizimangokhala chifukwa chake kapena mokomera ochita zisankho mu National Council. Referendum yokhayo imatsogolera ku chisankho chovomerezeka mwa anthu. Komabe, ndi National Council okha omwe angasankhe kuti achite referendum kapena ayi. Njira zoyendetsera nzika kapena zopempha, monga zimaperekedwa mu Malamulo a Procedure of the National Council, zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha popereka zopempha zenizeni ku National Council.

Tikayang'anitsitsa, zida zathu za demokalase yolunjika sizikhala zopanda mano kwathunthu. Kwa a Gerhard Schuster, mneneri wa "Stop sham democracy!" Initiative, pakadali pano palibe njira yoti ma referendum azichitika ngati malingaliro omwe aperekedwa ku National Council kudzera pa referendum sanayendetsedwe kunyumba yamalamulo.

Poganizira za mwayi woperewera komanso wosanyalanyazidwa woti anthu azitha kutenga nawo mbali, zomwe zimatilola kufotokozera chifuniro chathu kwa omwe amapanga zisankho zandale, sizosadabwitsa kuti ndi 55% yokha aku Austrian omwe akukhutira ndi momwe demokalase imagwirira ntchito. Awiri mwa atatu aliwonse akufuna kuthandizira kukulitsa demokalase, monga "Lipoti la Demokalase la 2013" la OGM likuwonetsera.

Direct Democracy: Zipangizo ku Austria

pempho Lolani nzika kuti ithe kukhazikitsa malamulo kunyumba yamalamulo, koma mwatsoka siikukakamiza. Chifukwa chake, sizosadabwitsa kuti zisanu zokha mwa ziwonetsero za 37 zomwe zidachitika mpaka pano ku Austria ndizopambana chifukwa zimatsogolera kukhoti.

referendums ndi chida chachilengedwe chathanzi kwambiri ku Austria. Amatumikiranso kukhonsolo yayikulu kuti athe kupeza malingaliro a anthuwo. Palibenso, chifukwa ngakhale zotsatira za referendum sizinaphule kanthu. Ngakhale ziyenera kudziwika kuti National Council sinapitirirepo zotsatira za referendum.

Pomaliza koma osachepera referendums zotchulidwa kuchokera kumwamba. Amaloleza anthu kuti avote mwachindunji pamalamulo oyendetsera dziko komanso a federal, ndipo izi ndiye kuti lingaliro lawo ndilofunika. Komabe, referendum ikhoza kuchitidwa pachilolezo chomwe chalembedwa kale. Koma ngati ngongole yosavuta yapeza kale ambiri mu National Council, malinga ndi Vienna Democracy Center ndizokayikitsa kuti mavoti okwanira adzapezeka omwe angafunike kuyambitsa chisankho.

Kuphatikiza apo, Malamulo a Procedure of the National Council amawonetserabe Zopempha komanso zoyeserera nzika pa. Mothandizidwa ndi zidazi, aphungu anyumba (opempha) ndi nzika (zoyeserera nzika) atha kupereka zofunsira chithandizo.

Demokalase yachindunji kwambiri, koma motani?

Funso ndiloti, demokalase yachindunji ingagwire bwino ntchito bwanji? Kodi Austria ingakwaniritse bwanji mfundo zake zalamulo kuti lamulolo lichokerane ndi anthu?
Zoyesetsa nzika zambiri zidadzipereka kale pafunsoli, ndikusintha malingaliro awo ndikusintha malingaliro andale. Kwenikweni, malingaliro opititsa patsogolo demokalase amayang'ana kwambiri mfundo zazikulu ziwiri: Choyamba, ma referendum ayenera kukhala limodzi ndi referendum yomanga. Ndipo chachiwiri, nzika ziyenera kuthandiza kuti pakhale malamulo komanso kukhazikitsa malamulo.

Njira imodzi yomwe Demokalase ya Demokalase imawoneka ngati ikuchita "Malamulo a anthu tsopano!". Pafupifupi njira zitatu, zopangidwa ndi anthu ambiri, referendum ndi referendum.
Mosiyana ndi dongosolo lamalamulo lomwe lilipo, nzika zili ndi mwayi wokhala ndi lamulo kapena langizo lazandale.
Pomwe chidwi cha ntchito yotchuka ndiyomwe ikupereka lingaliro, anthu ali mgulu lanyumba ya referendum yotsatira pakukhudzidwa kwa maphunzirowa.
Zovuta zomwe zimaperekedwa munjira imeneyi zimakwaniritsa ntchito yofunikira mu zosefera: Njira zosapatsidwa mphamvu zambiri - ndiko kungotsatira zofuna za munthu payekha kapena zapadera kapena zovuta kwambiri, zovuta za ma siginecha a 300.000 sizipanga motero "zimasefedwa" ,

Atolankhani amatenganso mbali pachikondwererochi, chifukwa amayenera kuwonetsetsa kudzera pa khonsolo ya atolankhani kuti miyezi itatu isanachitike kuti chisankho chichitike pazokambirana zaulere komanso zofanana pazabwino ndi zovuta zimachitika.

Schuster akuwona mwayi wopambana wa dongosolo lothandizirali pamagawo awiri amalamulo, omwe, ngakhale amagwira ntchito limodzi, samadziyimiranso. Chifuniro cha anthu sichikupikisana ndi nyumba yamalamulo, koma amachiwonjezera icho ndi gawo lomwe linyalanyazidwa pano: anthu.

Cholinga chamalamulo atatu ku Austria kuchokera ku "Malamulo a Anthu tsopano!" Initiative

kanthu otchuka (1 Level) Citizens XXUMX (motsutsana ndi 30.000, zomwe pakufunikira referendum) ipereka chikalata kapena ndondomeko ku National Council. National Council imalangiza za ntchitoyi ndipo ayenera kulemba anthu atatu omwe avomerezedwa ndi omwe amathandizira pa ntchitoyi. Akakanidwa ndi National Council, referendum ikhoza kukhazikitsidwa.

pempho (Gawo la 2) Sabata isanathe kulembetsa, aliyense adzadziwitsidwa ndi mawu apemphelo. Kuchokera ku 300.000 kumathandizira referendum ndiyabwino ndipo imatsogolera ku referendum. Pafupifupi miyezi itatu chisanachitike referendum, zidziwitso zofanana komanso zambiri komanso zokambirana pazabwino ndi zoopsa zimachitika pazowonera.

referendum (Mulingo wa 3) Ambiri asankha.

Direct Democracy - Mapeto

Demokalase yachindunji si nkhani yotentha ku Austria kokha. Mwachitsanzo, mu bungwe lomwe limadziwika kuti Venice Commission of the Council of Europe, likuti nawonso mitengo yayikulu yotenga nawo mbali yomwe imangotulutsa zotsatira zoyenera iyenera kupewa. Zofanana ndi njira zoyendetsa zisankho, oponya voti amayeneranso kuwona, m'mavoti owona, kulumikizana momveka bwino pakati pa kutenga nawo gawo ndi zomwe zatsatiridwa.

Mwanjira imeneyi, ziyenera kukhala zotheka kuti anthu athe kunena zambiri komanso kuti azitha kukonza tsogolo lawo. Demokalase yachindunji motero imabweretsa kutsimikizika kwakukulu kwa zotsatira za njira zandale ndikuwonjezera kapena kupanga kufunitsitsa kuthandizira zigamulo zandale.

Photo / Video: Woyimba Gernot, nun, Makina azosankha.