Elisabeth Oberzaucher
"Kukula kopanda malire kumachitika chifukwa choti zinthu zakale zimawonongedwa, kuti nyanja zathu zidasakazidwa ndipo nthawi yomweyo zimataya zinyalala zazikulu."
Zamoyo zimasiyana ndi zinthu zopanda moyo posakaniza zinthu izi: Zimatha kupangika, kubereka ndipo zimatha kukula. Chifukwa chake kukula ndi chofunikira pakati pa zinthu zonse zamoyo, koma nthawi yomweyo ndiye maziko a zovuta zazikulu za nthawi yathu ino. Kukula kopanda malire kumachitika chifukwa choti zinthu zakale zimawonongedwa, kuti nyanja zathu zimasefukira ndipo nthawi yomweyo zimakhala zotaya zinyalala zazikulu. Koma kodi kukula kopanda malire ndikofunikira kwachilengedwe, kapena kuyimitsidwa?
Njira ziwiri izi
Pa kubereka, kusiyana kumapangika pakati pa magulu awiri akuluakulu azamoyo, otchedwa r ndi K Strategists. Strategists ndi mitundu yomwe ili ndi ana ambiri. R imayimira kubereka, makamaka chifukwa cha ana ambiri. Kusamalidwa kwa makolo kwa akatswiriwa kumakhala kochepa, zomwe zimatanthawuza kuti gawo lalikulu la ana silikhala ndi moyo. Komabe, njira yakulera iyi imadzetsa kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa anthu. Izi zimagwira ntchito bwino bola ngati zinthuzo zili zokwanira. Ngati kuchuluka kwa anthu kudutsa mphamvu zachilengedwe, kugwa kowopsa kumachitika. Kuchulukidwa kwa zinthu zochulukitsa kumapangitsa kuti chiwerengero cha anthu chichepe kwambiri pansi. Kugwa kwake kumatsatiridwa ndikukula kwakukulu kwa akatswiri a r. Izi zimapanga dongosolo losakhazikika: Kukula kopanda malire, kutsatizana ndi kugwa kowopsa - zomalizazo sizimangochepetsa kuchuluka kwa anthu, komanso zimatha kufikitsa mtunduwo kutha. Njira yakulera imeneyi imatsatiridwa ndi zolengedwa zazing'ono, zazifupi.
Chuma chambiri komanso chokhala ndi moyo wautali, ndizotheka kugwiritsa ntchito luso la K. K Strategists ali ndi ana ochepa omwe amasamalidwa bwino komanso omwe amapulumuka. Akatswiri a K amachepetsa kubereka kwawo kuchuluka kwa anthu kukafika pa zomwe anthu amati ndizokhalitsa, mwachitsanzo kuchuluka kwa omwe angakhalemo popanda kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zomwe zilipo ndikuwononga kosatha. K imayimira kunyamula.
Sayansi siyinayankhe momveka bwino komwe anthu angathe kugawidwa pankhaniyi. Kuchokera pamawonekedwe obadwira komanso kubereka-chilengedwe, titha kuwonedwa ngati akatswiri a K, koma izi sizingachitike chifukwa cha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zinthu zomwe zingafanane ndi akatswiri olingalira.
Chitukuko chaukadaulo
Kukula kochulukirachulukira kwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwathu kwa zinthu sikubwera chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa anthu, monga zilili ndi nyama zina, koma pakusintha kwaukadaulo, komwe mbali imodzi kumatitsegulira mwayi wina koma mbali inayo akutanthauzanso kuti tikuyandikira msanga kuchuluka kwa dziko lapansi. Monga ma R-Strategists, timawombera liwiro lopumula osati pachiwopsezo chathu chokha, komanso kupitirira apo. Ngati tilephera kuchepetsa izi, zotsatira zoyipa zitha kuwoneka ngati zosatheka.
Komabe, chifukwa choti ndife akatswiri pa K pazinthu zowoneka bwino zitha kutipatsa chiyembekezo. Kuzindikira kusintha kwachilengedwe kwamakhalidwe kumafuna kuyesetsa kwapadera, popeza kumakhala kozikika kwambiri mwanjira imeneyi chifukwa chake kusintha kwamakhalidwe kumatha kuchitika pokhapokha pakuwunika. Komabe, popeza malingaliro athu a r-Strategist atha kupezeka pamitundu yomwe anthu atengera zachikhalidwe, kusintha kwa machitidwe athu kuyenera kukhala kosavuta kukwaniritsa.
Kachitidwe: kuyambiranso
Koma izi zimafunikira choyambirira Kukonzanso dongosolo lathu, Chuma chonse chapadziko lonse chimalinga kukukula. Pulogalamuyo imangoyendetsedwa ndikugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambiri, phindu lomwe likukula komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zomwe zikukula. Dongosololi limatha kuthyoledwa kokha ndi iye.
Gawo lofunikira lothawa msampha wokukula lingapezekenso paokha: Zimakhazikika pakusintha kofunikira mumadongosolo athu. Bobby Low, wazamisala waku America, amawona kuthekera kwakukulu pakuwunikanso katundu komanso machitidwe ake. Amayang'ana momwe timakhalira malinga ndi kusankha kwa anzathu ndi msika wothandizirana nawo, ndipo akuwona kuti ndi chifukwa chimodzi chogwiritsira ntchito chuma chathu padzikoli. Zizindikiro zikhalidwe zimagwira ntchito yayikulu pakusankha wokwatirana naye, chifukwa mu mbiri yathu ya chisinthiko anali zizindikilo zofunika kuti athe kupatsa banja zinthu zofunika. M'masiku ano aukadaulo, kufunika kwa zizindikilo zamakalata sikulinso kwodalirika, komanso kupitilira kwake pakukula kwa izi mwanjira ina kumayambitsa moyo wosakhazikika.
Apa ndipomwe poyambira kuchitapo kanthu poyambira pakhoza kupezeka: Ngati kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu mwachangu sikuwonanso ngati chinthu choyenera kuyesetsa, pali kuchepa kwakumwa kosagwiritsa ntchito nzeru. Ngati, kumbali ina, kugwiritsa ntchito bwino zinthu zomwe zili zofunika kukhala katundu wofunika, ndiye kuti china chake chitha kuchitika. Zotsika zotsika kuti tidzakhala otetezeka ngati atipangitsa kukhala ofunika pamsika wothandizana nawo. Zochita zina zomwe zimawoneka zachilendo motere: Mwachitsanzo, akuwonetsa kuti zakudya zomwe zimapangidwa bwino zimagulitsidwa pamtengo wokwera kwambiri kuti zipangike chizindikiro. Ngati china chake chakhazikitsidwa ngati chizindikirocho, chimakhala chofunikira.
Kukula koyenera kukuwoneka kale: Chisamaliro chomwe chimayikidwa pakuchokera komanso kuphika chakudya m'mabwalo ena lero chikuwonetsa momwe moyo ungakhalire wokwezeka. Nkhani yopambana ya magalimoto ena amagetsi amathanso kupatsidwa ntchito yawo yodalirika monga chizindikiro chaudindo. Zambiri mwa izi, ndizogwiritsa ntchito ogula, zomwe, ngakhale zikuwongolera kukula kwina, sizikuchepetsa mokwanira.
Ngati tikufuna kuchepetsa kukula, tifunika kuphatikiza kosadukiza kwadongosolo komanso kusintha kwamikhalidwe. Kuphatikiza kwa ziwirizi ndi komwe kungapangitse kukula kumachepetsedwa mpaka kufika pamlingo womwe sukuposa kuchuluka kwa dziko lathu lapansi.
kufa zionetsero Friday chifukwa dziko lapansili limapereka chiyembekezo kuti kuzindikira kufunika kosintha kumawonjezeka. Zochita zingathe posakhalitsa kukhazikitsa malire ofunikira kuti akule msanga momwe mungathere kusanachitike mwankhanza kugwa kwamphamvu kwambiri.
INFO: Tsoka la commons
Zida zokhala pagulu, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zopanda mavuto. Ngati palibe malamulo ogwiritsira ntchito zinthuzi, ndikuyang'ana ngati malamulowa akuphatikizidwanso akhoza kuthandizira kuti izi zitheke. Kunena zowona, chomwe chimatsogolera kuwononga nyanja zam'madzi ndikugwiritsanso ntchito molakwika zinthu zachilengedwe monga mafuta ndi gasi ndiko kusowa kwa malamulo ogwira ntchito.
Pa zachilengedwe, izi zimatchedwa Tragedy of the commons or the Tsoka la commons anatchula. Mawuwo poyambiranso amabwerera kwa William Forster Lloyd, yemwe adaganizira zachitukuko cha anthu. Mu Middle Ages, ma commons, monga malo odyetsedwako, ankawalemba ngati ma commons. Lingaliro linayambira mu chilengedwe Garret Hardin Kulowa mu 1968.
Malinga ndi Hardin, gwero likapezeka kwa aliyense, aliyense amayesetsa kuti apange phindu lochuluka momwe angathere. Izi zimagwira ntchito bola ndalama siziperewera. Komabe, kuchuluka kwa ogwiritsa ntchito kapena kugwiritsa ntchito gululi kukangowonjezereka pamlingo wina, vuto la commons limayamba kugwira ntchito: Anthu payekha akupitiliza kuyesa ndalama zomwe amapeza. Chifukwa chake, zinthuzo sizikwanira aliyense. Mtengo wogwiritsa ntchito mopitirira muyeso umagwera anthu onse. Mapindu ake ndiwokwera kwambiri kwa aliyense, koma ndalama zomwe zimatengedwa nthawi yayitali ziyenera kunyamulidwa ndi aliyense. Kupititsa patsogolo phindu pang'ono, aliyense amathandizira pazawo komanso kuwononga dera. "Ufulu pama commons umawononga onse," akutero Hardin, mwachitsanzo, kuti mutenge malo odyetsa anthu onse. Alimi amalima ng'ombe zochuluka momwe zingathere, zomwe zichititsa kuti msipu udyezedwe kwambiri, mwachitsanzo, kuwonongeka kwawo kudzawonongeka, ndipo kulima kosatha mu msipu kungavutike. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala malamulo ndi malangizo pazinthu zomwe amagawana zomwe zimatsimikizira kuti saziphwanya. Komabe, makina omwe amagawana ntchito ndi zinthu zambiri, njira zomwe amayang'anira zimakhala zovuta. Zovuta zapadziko lonse lapansi zimafunikira mayankho osiyanasiyana kuposa omwe amagwira ntchito m'makina akale. Zatsopano pamakina komanso pamunthu aliyense zikufunika pano.
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