Malonjezo a nyengo omwe makampani akuluakulu ambiri amalonjeza sangaunikenso

ndi Martin Auer

2019 chipewa Amazon pamodzi ndi mabungwe ena akuluakulu Lonjezo Lanyengo anakhazikitsidwa, mmodzi wa kuphatikiza angapo ndi makampani omwe adzipereka kuti asakhale osalowerera ndale pofika 2040. Koma mpaka pano, Amazon sinafotokoze mwatsatanetsatane momwe ikufuna kukwaniritsa cholinga chimenecho. Sizikudziwika ngati lonjezoli likungotulutsa mpweya wa CO2 okha kapena mpweya wonse wotenthetsa dziko lapansi, ndipo sizikudziwika kuti mpweya wotulutsa mpweyawo udzachepetsedwa mpaka pati kapena kungochepetsedwa ndi mpweya wa carbon.

Ikea akufuna kukhala "zanyengo" pofika 2030. Zomwe zikutanthauza sizikudziwikabe, koma zikuwonetsa kuti Ikea ikufuna kuchita zambiri kuposa kusalowerera ndale panthawiyo. Makamaka, kampaniyo ikukonzekera kuchepetsa mpweya wake ndi 2030 peresenti pofika 15. Kwa ena onse, Ikea ikufuna kuwerengera mpweya "wopewedwa", mwa zina, mwachitsanzo, mpweya womwe makasitomala ake amapewa akagula ma solar ku Ikea. Ikea imawerengeranso mpweya womangidwa muzinthu zake. Kampaniyo ikudziwa kuti kaboni iyi imatulutsidwanso pambuyo pa zaka 20 pafupipafupi (mwachitsanzo, mitengo yamitengo ikatayidwa ndikuwotchedwa). Inde, izi zimatsutsa zotsatira za nyengo kachiwiri.

apulo amatsatsa patsamba lake: "Sitilowerera ndale CO2. Ndipo pofika 2030, zinthu zonse zomwe mumakonda zidzakhalanso. " Komabe, "Ife ndife osalowerera ndale" izi zimangotanthauza ntchito zachindunji za ogwira ntchito, maulendo apabizinesi ndi maulendo. Komabe, amangowerengera 2 peresenti ya kuchuluka kwa mpweya wa Gulu. 1,5 peresenti yotsala imapezeka mumayendedwe ogulitsa. Apa, Apple yadzipangira kuti ichepetse 98,5 peresenti pofika 2030 kutengera 62. Izi ndi zolakalaka, komabe zili kutali kwambiri ndi kusalowerera ndale kwa CO2019. Zolinga zapakati zatsatanetsatane zikusowa. Palibenso zolinga za momwe mungachepetsere mphamvu zamagetsi pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala. 

Makhalidwe abwino ndi oipa

Zofananazi zitha kuwoneka m'makampani ena akuluakulu. Tanki yoganiza New Climate Institute adawunikanso bwino mapulani amakampani akuluakulu 25 ndikusanthula mwatsatanetsatane mapulani amakampaniwo. Kumbali imodzi, kuwonekera kwa mapulaniwo kunayesedwa ndipo kumbali ina, ngati njira zomwe zakonzedwazo ndi zotheka komanso zokwanira kukwaniritsa zolinga zomwe makampani adzipangira okha. Zolinga zazikulu zamakampani, mwachitsanzo, ngati zinthu zomwe zili mu fomu iyi mpaka pano zikukwaniritsa zosowa za anthu, sizinaphatikizidwe pakuwunikaku. 

Zotsatirazi zidasindikizidwa mu lipoti la Corporate Climate Responsibility Monitor 2022[1] pamodzi ndi NGO Msika wa Carbon Market zosavuta. 

Lipotilo limatchula njira zingapo zabwino zomwe zingayesedwe kutsata malonjezo anyengo:

  • Makampani ayenera kutsata zomwe atulutsa ndikupereka malipoti pachaka. Ndiwo omwe amachokera pakupanga kwawo ("Scope 1"), kuchokera pakupanga mphamvu zomwe amawononga ("Scope 2") komanso kuchokera kuzinthu zogulitsira ndi njira zakutsika monga zoyendera, zowononga ndi kutaya ("Scope 3"). 
  • Makampani anene malinga ndi zolinga zawo zanyengo kuti zolingazi zikuphatikiza utsi womwe uli mu sing'anga 1, 2 ndi 3 komanso zowongolera nyengo zina (monga kusintha kwa kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka nthaka). Ayenera kukhazikitsa zolinga zomwe sizikuphatikizapo zochotseramo ndipo zimagwirizana ndi 1,5 ° C chandamale chamakampaniwa. Ndipo akhazikitse zochitika zazikulu zosapitirira zaka zisanu.
  • Makampani akuyenera kutsatira njira zozama za decarbonization ndikuwulula kuti ena azitha kutengera. Muyenera kupatsa mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa zapamwamba kwambiri ndikuwulula tsatanetsatane wa gwero.
  • Ayenera kupereka chithandizo chandalama chothandizira kuthana ndi kusintha kwanyengo kunja kwa mtengo wawo, osadzinamiza kuti akuchepetsa mpweya wawo. Pankhani ya carbon offsets, ayenera kupewa malonjezo osokeretsa. Zowonongeka za CO2 zokhazo ziyenera kuwerengedwa zomwe zimachotsa mpweya wosalephereka. Makampani akuyenera kusankha njira zomwe zingawononge mpweya kwa zaka mazana ambiri kapena zaka masauzande (osachepera zaka 2) zomwe zitha kuwerengedwa molondola. Izi zitha kukumana ndi njira zamakono zomwe mineralize CO100, mwachitsanzo, zimasintha kukhala magnesium carbonate (magnesite) kapena calcium carbonate (laimu), mwachitsanzo, zomwe zidzangopezeka m'tsogolomu zomwe sizingadziwike mwatsatanetsatane.

Lipotilo limatchula machitidwe oipa awa:

  • Kuwulula kosasankhika kwa mpweya, makamaka kuchokera ku Scope 3. Makampani ena amagwiritsa ntchito izi kubisa mpaka 98 peresenti ya zonse zomwe amayendera.
  • Kutulutsa kochulukira komwe kumachitika m'mbuyomu kuti kuchepetsa kuwonekere kwakukulu.
  • Kutulutsa mpweya kwa ma subcontractors.
  • Bisani kusachita kumbuyo kwa zolinga zazikulu.
  • Musaphatikizepo mpweya wotuluka kuchokera m'makontrakitala ndi njira zakutsika.
  • Zolinga zolakwika: makampani osachepera anayi mwa 25 omwe adafunsidwa adasindikiza zomwe sizikufuna kuchepetsedwa kulikonse pakati pa 2020 ndi 2030.
  • Zambiri kapena zosamveka bwino za magwero a magetsi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito.
  • Kuwerengera kawiri kwa kuchepetsa.
  • Sankhani mtundu wawo ndikuwakweza ngati CO2-ndale.

Palibe malo oyamba pakuvotera

Pakuwunika kotengera machitidwe abwino ndi oyipawa, palibe makampani omwe adafunsidwa adapeza malo oyamba. 

Maersk adabwera kachiwiri ("chovomerezeka"). Kampani yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi yotumizira zombo zapamadzi padziko lonse lapansi idalengeza mu Januware 2022 kuti ikufuna kukwaniritsa zotulutsa zonse kukampani yonse, kuphatikiza magawo onse atatu, pofika 2040. Uku ndikuwongolera kuposa mapulani am'mbuyomu. Pofika mchaka cha 2030, mpweya wotuluka m'mabowo uyenera kutsika ndi 70 peresenti ndipo kuchuluka kwa zotumiza (ie emissions pa toni yonyamulidwa) ndi 50 peresenti. Zoonadi, ngati ma voliyumu a katundu achuluka panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, zimenezo zimakhala zosakwana 50 peresenti ya mpweya wokwanira. Maersk ndiye amayenera kukwaniritsa kuchuluka kwa kuchepetsedwa pakati pa 2030 ndi 2040. Maersk yakhazikitsanso zolinga zosinthira mwachindunji kumafuta osalowerera ndale CO2, mwachitsanzo, mafuta opangira ndi biofuel. LPG ngati yankho kwakanthawi silimaganiziridwa. Popeza mafuta atsopanowa amabweretsa zovuta komanso chitetezo, Maersk yaperekanso kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi izi. Magalimoto asanu ndi atatu akuyembekezeka kuyamba kugwira ntchito mu 2024, yomwe imatha kuyendetsedwa ndi mafuta oyambira pansi komanso ndi bio-methanol kapena e-methanol. Ndi izi, Maersk akufuna kupewa kutseka. Kampaniyo yapemphanso bungwe la World Maritime Organisation kuti lipereke msonkho wa kaboni pazamasamba. Lipotilo likutsutsa mfundo yakuti, mosiyana ndi ndondomeko zatsatanetsatane zamafuta ena, Maersk akuwonetsa zochepa zomveka bwino za kuchuluka kwa 2 ndi 3 mpweya. Koposa zonse, magwero amphamvu omwe magetsi opangira mafuta opangira mafuta ena adzabwera adzakhala ovuta.

Apple, Sony ndi Vodafone adakhala achitatu ("moderate").

Makampani otsatirawa amangokwaniritsa pang'ono: Amazon, Deutsche Telekom, Enel, GlaxoSmithkline, Google, Hitachi, Ikea, Volkswagen, Walmart ndi Vale. 

Ndipo lipotilo limapeza makalata ochepa kwambiri ndi Accenture, BMW Group, Carrefour, CVS Health, Deutsche Post DHL, E.On SE, JBS, Nestlé, Novartis, Saint-Gbain ndi Unilever.

Atatu okha mwa makampaniwa adapanga mapulani ochepetsera omwe amakhudza unyolo wonse wamtengo wapatali: chimphona chonyamula katundu ku Danish Maersk, kampani yolumikizirana yaku Britain Vodafone ndi Deutsche Telekom. Makampani 13 apereka ndondomeko zatsatanetsatane. Pa avareji, mapulani amenewa ndi okwanira kuchepetsa utsi ndi 40 peresenti m’malo mwa 100 peresenti yolonjezedwayo. Makampani osachepera asanu amangochepetsako 15 peresenti ndi miyeso yawo. Mwachitsanzo, samaphatikizapo mpweya umene umapezeka kwa ogulitsa kapena njira zapansi monga zoyendera, kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kutaya. Makampani khumi ndi awiriwa sanafotokoze bwino za mapulani awo ochepetsera mpweya wowonjezera kutentha. Ngati mutenga makampani onse omwe adawunikidwa palimodzi, amangopeza 20 peresenti ya kuchepetsedwa kwamafuta omwe adalonjeza. Kuti tikwaniritsebe cholinga cha 1,5°C, mpweya wonse uyenera kuchepetsedwa ndi 2030 mpaka 40 peresenti pofika chaka cha 50 poyerekeza ndi 2010.

Malipiro a CO2 ndi ovuta

Chodetsa nkhaŵa kwambiri ndi chakuti makampani ambiri amaphatikizapo kuchotseratu mpweya m'mapulani awo, makamaka kudzera mu mapulogalamu okonzanso nkhalango ndi njira zina zokhudzana ndi chilengedwe, monga Amazon ikuchita pamlingo waukulu. Izi ndizovuta chifukwa mpweya womangidwa motere ukhoza kutulutsidwanso mumlengalenga, mwachitsanzo kudzera mumoto wa nkhalango kapena kudula mitengo ndi kutentha. Ntchito zotere zimafunanso madera omwe sapezeka kwanthawizonse komanso omwe angakhale opanda chakudya. Chifukwa china ndi chakuti carbon sequestration (otchedwa negative emissions) zusätzlich zofunika kuchepetsa mpweya. Chifukwa chake makampani ayenera kuthandizira mapulogalamu otere a kukonzanso nkhalango kapena kukonzanso kwa peatland ndi zina zotero, koma sayenera kugwiritsa ntchito chithandizochi ngati chowiringula kuti asachepetse mpweya wawo, mwachitsanzo, osawaphatikiza monga zinthu zoipa mu bajeti yawo yotulutsa mpweya. 

Ngakhale matekinoloje omwe amachotsa CO2 m'mlengalenga ndikumangirira kosatha (mineralize) amatha kuonedwa ngati chipukuta misozi chodalirika ngati akufuna kuthetseratu mpweya wosalephereka m'tsogolomu. Pochita izi, makampani ayenera kuganizira kuti ngakhale matekinolojewa, ngati akugwiritsidwa ntchito, adzakhalapo pang'onopang'ono komanso kuti pali kusatsimikizika kwakukulu komwe kumakhudzana nawo. Ayenera kutsatira mosamalitsa zomwe zikuchitika ndikusintha mapulani awo anyengo moyenera.

Miyezo yofananira iyenera kupangidwa

Ponseponse, lipotilo lapeza kuti pali kusowa kwa miyezo yofananira pamlingo wadziko lonse komanso wapadziko lonse lapansi pakuwunika malonjezo anyengo amakampani. Miyezo yoteroyo ingafunike mwachangu kuti tisiyanitse udindo weniweni wanyengo ndi kutsuka kobiriwira.

Kuti akhazikitse miyezo yotere ya mapulani a net-zero a mabungwe omwe si aboma monga makampani, osunga ndalama, mizinda ndi zigawo, bungwe la United Nations lidasindikiza imodzi mu Marichi chaka chino. gulu la akatswiri apamwamba kuukitsidwa. Malingaliro akuyembekezeka kusindikizidwa chaka chisanathe.

Mawonekedwe: Renate Khristu

Chithunzi chachikuto: Canva/postprocessed by Simon Probst

[1]    Tsiku, Tomasi; Mooldijke, Silke; Smit, Sybrig; Posada, Eduardo; Hans, Frederic; Fearnehough, Harry et al. (2022): Corporate Climate Responsibility Monitor 2022. Cologne: New Climate Institute. Pa intaneti: https://newclimate.org/2022/02/07/corporate-climate-responsibility-monitor-2022/, yofikira pa 02.05.2022/XNUMX/XNUMX.

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