Sonja Bettel
"Denmark da Norway sune ƙasashen da amintattu mafi girma ga sauran mutane ke kasancewa."
Christian Bjørnskov, Jami'ar Aarhus
Shin wata ƙasa za ta iya biyan bukatun jama'arta? Shin yana samar da yanayin ne ga daidaikun mutane da al'ummomi don haɓakawa da kuma kula da zaman lafiyarsu? Kuma shin duk citizensan ƙasa suna da damar yin cikakken amfani da damar da suke da ita? Waɗannan tambayoyin ne waɗanda Indungiyar Ci gaban Al'umma (SPI) ke nema ya amsa kowace shekara don yawancin jihohi a duniya ta yiwu tare da nazarin hadaddiyar meta. Ga Denmark za ku iya amsa duk waɗannan tambayoyin ta hanyar da ke tafe: Ee! Eh! Eh!
Saboda haka Denmark ta isa 2017 saman tabo na SPI. A zahiri, sakamakon ba abin mamaki bane, rubuta marubutan "Social Progress Index" a cikin rahoton su. Kasar Denmark ta dade tana samun tagomashi saboda tsarin zamantakewar sa mai nasara da kuma ingancin rayuwarta. A farkon 2017, tun ma kafin a buga SPI, salon "na yau da kullun Danish" har ma da kafofin watsa labarun da ke magana da harshen Jamusanci suka gabatar da sanarwar a matsayin sabon yanayin rayuwar yau da kullun: "Hygge" (ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaho) ya kira kansa da hakan kuma ana iya fassara shi a matsayin "Gemütlichkeit". Kuna zaune a gida ko cikin yanayi tare da dangi da abokai tare, kuna ci da sha da kyau, magana kuma yana murna kawai. A lokacin bazara, har ma mujallar suna iri ɗaya ta shigo kasuwa a cikin Jamus, inda zaku iya ganin mutane da yawa masu haske.
"Wani wanda ya san shi ya taɓa cewa mu Dankanawa muna matukar farin ciki saboda muna da wannan ƙaramar tsammanin," in ji Dane Klaus Pedersen tare da nishaɗi. Klaus yana da shekaru 42, yana zaune a Aarhus, birni mafi girma na biyu a Denmark, kuma yana yin kamfanin fina-finai tsawon shekaru goma. Ya ce, "Ina matukar farin ciki da rayuwata. Abin da ke damun ni a Denmark shine babban haraji da yanayi." Ba za ku iya canza yanayi ba, amma akwai kyandirori, barguna da kuma " Hygge ", duba sama. Kuma harajin?
"A cikin Denmark da Norway, kashi 70 na masu amsa sun ce yawancin mutane za a iya amincewa da su, tare da kashi 30 kawai a cikin sauran duniya."
Consideredasar Denmark ana ɗaukar babbar ƙasa mai nauyin haraji, amma a cikin sharuddan OECD ya ɗan ɗanɗana sama da matsakaicin nauyin 36. A saman OECD shine Belgium tare da nauyin haraji na kashi 54, Austria tana da kashi 47,1, Denmark 36,7 kashi. A yawancin ƙasashe wannan kashi ya ƙunshi haraji na samun kudin shiga da kuma gudummawar tsaro na zamantakewa kamar inshorar lafiya, inshorar rashin aikin yi, inshorar haɗari, da sauransu, yayin da a Denmark ne kawai ake biyan haraji da mai ba shi aiki da kuma ma'aikaci ƙaramar gudummawar ta tsaro. Yawancin fa'idodi na zamantakewar al'umma shine ta hanyar tallafin daga jihar daga harajin samun kudin shiga, wanda ke ba 'yan ƙasa damar cewa waɗannan fa'idodi kyauta ne.
Manajan aikin 38 shekara Nicoline Skraep Larsen, wanda yake da yara biyu masu shekaru hudu da shida. A Denmark, makaranta da karatu kyauta ne, don karatun ku ma kuna samun tallafin kuɗi. Yawancin ɗalibai zasu ci gaba da aiki a gefe, musamman idan suna zaune a cikin Copenhagen masu tsada, amma ana kula da mafi mahimmancin abubuwan. Nicoline ta ce: "Don haka kowa ya samu damar yin karatu, komai yawan kuɗin iyayenku." Saboda haka, arean arean kasar suna da horo sosai, wanda kuma yana nufin samun kudin shiga mai yawa. A Denmark, ba tare da faɗi cewa mata da maza suna aiki daidai. Mace na iya zama a gida tsawon shekara guda bayan haihuwar yaro, don lokacin nan za a sami isassun wuraren kula da yara waɗanda ba sa tsada sosai.
Yara da dangi suna da mahimmanci a Denmark. Sebastian Campion, wanda ke aiki a matsayin inginiya a wani kamfani na kasa da kasa a Copenhagen kuma ba shi da 'ya'ya da kansa. A bisa hukuma, awajen aiki na mako-mako a Denmark shine 37 hours, amma mutane da yawa zasu buɗe kwamfyutocin yamma da yamma lokacin da yaran suke gado. Nicoline baya tsammanin hakan mara kyau ne. Wataƙila tana aiki awanni na 42 a mako, amma ba ta tunanin yin aiki akan lokaci bayan lokaci, saboda tana godiya da sauƙin sauƙin sauƙin.
Har ila yau, kamfanin na SPI ya ba da damar samar da gidaje masu araha a Denmark. Waɗanda ba su sami isasshen kuɗi, tare da wani lokaci na jira, suna da damar yin hayar mahalli na zamantakewa, wanda farashin kusan rabin abin da yake a kasuwar bude. Ko da idan kun yi rashin lafiya, rasa aikinku, rashin aikin yi ko kuna son yin ritaya - kusan kusan duk yanayin rayuwar esan’uwa na wahala, akwai hanyar sadarwar zamantakewa. Hakanan ana kiyaye haƙƙin Citizensan ƙasa, dukda cewa Denmarkan shekarun nan basu sami damar barin Denmarkan ƙasar ta hanyar sauya sheka zuwa dama a Turai ba da zubewa game da refugeesan gudun hijirar da baƙi. Ga waɗansu, fa'idodin zamantakewa sun riga sun yi yawa kuma za su koka da cewa dole ne su biya haraji ga wasu waɗanda (saboda kowane irin dalili) ba su aiki ba, in ji Klaus Pedersen.
Abin farin ciki ta hanyar dogara & tawali'u
A ce ku fi ko kyau fiye da wani shine tabo a cikin Denmark. Marubucin Yaren Danish da Yaren mutanen Norway Aksel Sandemose ya bayyana 1933 a cikin wani sabon labari da ke taka rawa a cikin ƙauyen ɗan wasan Jante. Tun daga wannan lokacin, ana kiran wannan taboo da "Janteloven", a matsayin "dokar Jante".
Dokar Jante na Gudanarwa - da farin ciki?
Dokar Jante (Danish / norw. Janteloven, Yaren mutanen Sweden. Jantelagen) kalma ce ta tsaye wacce za ta koma zuwa littafin Aksel Sandemose (1899-1965) "Wani ɗan ugeean Gudun Hijira na Hayar Saukakinsa" (En flyktning krysser sitt spor, 1933) , A cikin shi, Sandemose ya bayyana milieu mai zurfin tunani na wani gari dan kasar Denmark da ake kira Jante da kuma matsin lamba don daidaita dangi da yanayin zamantakewa da saurayi Aspen Arnakke.
An fahimci dokar Jante a matsayin lambar aiki na dokokin zamantakewa na al'adar Scandinavia. Lambar da alama yana da tabbatuwarta ga jama'a baki daya saboda tsananin khalifancinsu: Wasu suna ganin hakan a matsayin - ga ainihin - yana iyakance ƙoƙarin son kai; wasu suna ganin dokar Jante a matsayin cin zarafin mutum da ci gaban mutum.
A cikin yanayin hangen nesa, Janteloven na iya nuna yiwuwar kamannin Scandinavia a cikin mu'amala tsakanin jama'a: tawali'u da aka nuna a ranar yana hana hassada kuma yana tabbatar da nasarar gama kai.
de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janteloven
Amma duk wannan ba ya bayyana dalilin da ya sa ba a la'akari da 'yan Dama kaɗai na ci gaban al'umma ba, har ma da mutanen Norway, waɗanda ke da farin ciki a duniya. Amsar wannan ita ce ta Christian Bjørnskov, wani mai bincike a Jami'ar Aarhus: "Denmark da Norway sune ƙasashen da suka fi dogaro ga wasu mutane." A cikin ƙasashen biyu, kashi 70 na masu amsa sun ce yawancin mutane a cikin sauran duniya, kashi 30 ne kawai. Dogara wani abu ne da mutum zai koya daga haihuwa, al'ada ce ta al'ada, amma a Denmark an kafa shi sosai, in ji Christian Bjørnskov. An tsara dokoki kuma a bayyane, gudanarwa yana aiki sosai kuma a bayyane, rashawa ba ta da yawa. Ana ɗauka cewa kowa yana aiki daidai. Klaus Pedersen ya tabbatar da wannan: "Ina kasuwanci ne ta hanyar musa hannu kawai."
Klaus ya rayu a Switzerland na 'yan shekaru, inda haraji ke ƙasa da sauƙi kuma fa'idodin zamantakewa sun ƙasa. Rahoton Farin Ciki ya sanya Switzerland a matsayi na huɗu da na biyar a cikin SPI 2017. Hanyoyi zuwa farin ciki a bayyane yake sun sha bamban.
Fitowa na Ci gaban Al'umma - mai farin ciki?
Lissafin Proididdigar Ci gaban Zamani (SPI) an ƙididdige shi tun 2014 ta ƙungiyar bincike wanda masanin tattalin arziki Michael Porter na Makarantar Kasuwancin Harvard na duk ƙasashe na duniya don samun isassun bayanai; a shekara ta 2017, kasashen 128 sun kasance. Ya samo asali ne daga ɗimbin karatu na ƙungiyoyi na duniya da cibiyoyi game da tsammanin rayuwa, kiwon lafiya, kula da lafiya, samar da ruwa da tsabtace gida, tsaro, ilimi, bayanai da sadarwa, muhalli, haƙƙin ɗan adam, 'yanci, haƙuri da haɗuwa. Manufar shine a sami abokin tarayya don samar da babban kayan cikin gida (GDP), wanda ke auna nasarar tattalin arzikin ƙasa, amma ba ci gaban al'umma ba. An buga wannan taken ta ƙungiyar mai zaman kanta ta Socialungiyar Ci gaban Al'umma mai zaman kanta, wanda ya danganta da aikin Amartya Sen, Douglass Arewa da Joseph Stiglitz, kuma da nufin ba da gudummawarsu don cimma burin cimma burin ci gaba mai dorewa.
Denmark tana da mafi girman ci gaban zamantakewa tare da maki 90,57, wanda ke biye da Finland (90,53), Iceland da Norway (kowane 90,27) da Switzerland (90,10). Scoasar Denmark tayi kyau sosai a duk fannoni, sai dai dangane da batun kiwon lafiya da tsammanin rayuwa, wanda shine matsakaicin shekarun 80,8; a maƙwabta Sweden, 82,2 ce. Bincike ya nuna cewa yawan sigari da shan barasa a Denmark ya zama abin zargi.Jamhuriyar Alpine ta rasa wani wuri idan aka kwatanta da shekarar da ta gabata, amma duk da haka tana da ƙima ga ƙaramar da'irar waɗancan ƙasashe masu ci gaba na zamantakewar al'umma. A cikin biyan bukatun bil'adama na asali, Austria har ma tana kulawa zuwa matsayi na 5. Baya ga samar da gidaje masu araha da amincin mutum, wannan rukuni ya hada har da samar da ruwan sha da kayan tsafta. A cikin sauran manyan fannoni guda biyu "Asali na kyautatawa" da "Dama da Dama" Austria tana cikin jerin 9 da 16. Duk da kyakkyawan sakamako na ƙayyadaddun sakamako, Austria ta ƙasa da darajar da ake tsammanin a wasu yankuna. Idan aka kwatanta GDP da matsayin ci gaban zamantakewar jama'a, akwai ingantaccen buƙatar cim ma, musamman game da daidaitattun dama da ilimi gami da haƙurin jama'a.
Tare da 64,85 na Ci gaban Ci gaban zamantakewar al'umma gaba ɗaya na maki 100, muna ganin ƙaramin ci gaba na shekara-shekara (maki 2016: 62,88). Kodayake ci gaban zamantakewa na duniya yana faruwa, ya bambanta sosai a cikin tsananin da sauri, ya danganta da yankin. Index na Ci gaban Zamantakewar Al'umma ya bincika ƙasashen 128 a duk duniya don dalilai na zamantakewa da muhalli na 50
www.socialprogressindex.com
Photo / Video: Shutterstock.
