Sonja
Cewa mafi yawan mutane a Tsakiyar Turai a yau zasu iya narke madara, muna bin wani maye gurbi. Saboda ikon ɗan adam ya raba sukari madara (lactose), asali shine kawai don jarirai kawai. Lactase enzyme, wanda ya wajaba akan sa, ya ci gaba da komawa zuwa lokaci.
Kodayake dabbobi irin su shanu, tumaki da awaki an mallaki su a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Anatolia a kusan shekarun 11.000 don narke kayan kiwancin su, kawai ya zama dole ne a sanya su jituwa ta hanyoyin musamman kamar cuku ko samar da yoghurt. Lokacin da waɗannan manoma na farko suka isa Turai, sun haɗu da mafarauta da masu tattarawa. Kimanin shekaru 8.000 da suka gabata, jim kaɗan kafin maharai na farko suka tashi tsaye, maye gurbi ya faru. Ya tabbatar da samar da sinadarin (lazyme lactase) na dogon lokaci, wanda a tsawon lokaci ya ba da dama ga manya da yawa suyi kiwo da kayan kiwo. Masana kimiyya daga Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz da Jami'ar Kwalejin London sun ɗauka cewa jituwa tsakanin madara a cikin yankin yau na Hungary, Austria ko Slovakia.
Milk
Milk emulsion ne na sunadarai, madarar sukari da mai madara a ruwa; a wasu kalmomin, carbohydrates, sunadarai, bitamin da abubuwan alamomin suna narkewa a cikin ruwa. Gwargwadon abubuwan da ke cikin mutum ya bambanta daga nau'ikan dabbobi zuwa nau'in dabba. Amfani da madara yana tsaye a Turai, tare da China da Indiya sune kasuwannin haɓaka. A shekarar 2012, an samar da madara tan miliyan 754 (Ostiriya: tan miliyan 3,5, 2014) a duk duniya, kashi 83 daga ciki madarar shanu ce.
Madara & CO2
Abubuwan da ba a iya tunanin biliyoyin 65 na dabbobi ana "samarwa" kowace shekara a duk duniya. Suna taunawa da narkewa kuma suna samar da methane methane, iskar gas mai lalata yanayi. Idan aka haɗu gabaɗaya, duk waɗannan abubuwan suna nufin cewa nauyin da ke tattare da yanayin duniyar nama da ƙifar kifi ya fi wanda ke zirga-zirgar hanya a duniya. Gaskiya ne cewa lissafin sun bambanta da abin da kashi na iskar gas na gas wanda ke da alhakin samar da nama da madara na duniya. Ga wasu shine 12,8, wasu sun zo akan 18 ko ma fiye da kashi 40.
Don haka zamu iya amfana a yau daga madarar samfurin na yau da kullun. "Saniya tana amfani da abinci mai gina jiki (ciyawa) a garemu kuma yana sa ta zama mai amfani. Wannan ya sa madara ta zama muhimmin furotin da kuma mai samar da alli, "in ji Michaela Knieli, masanin abinci mai gina jiki don" mutu umweltberatung "a Vienna. Fresh Austrian fresh madara ba ta da GM-kawai kuma ana haɗa ta da atamfa. "Da gaske, shine abin da ya fito daga saniya. Ba ku bayar da komai. ”Daga matsayin ci gaba mai dorewa, yana da mahimmanci kada a shigo da abincin. Misali, menene game da samfuran kwayoyin, inda abincin yakamata ya fito daga gona sabili da tattalin arziƙi? An ba da shawarar musamman idan shanu suna kan wuraren kiwo.
Hay madara: daga wurare dabam dabam na jini
Andarin yawan manoma suna juyawa zuwa madarar hay, inda ciyar da sosai ke bi ainihin asalin halitta. Don haka, a lokacin bazara, an ƙyale shanun hay ƙarancin su ciyar da ciyawa da ganyaye daga ciyawa, makiyaya da kuma wuraren kiwo da ƙari kuma ana ciyar da su da abincin hatsi a cikin hunturu. Babu abincin da za a iya ciyarwa. Tsarin furanni na fure na fure na “Ja! Halitta. " A cewar kamfanin, ranakun 365 na shekara kyauta ga shanu a kan shirin, wanda aƙalla kwanaki 120 akan makiyaya da ragowar shekara a cikin wasan buɗewa tare da mafita zuwa waje, an hana tethering. Manomabird manoma daga '' Back to the Origin '' suna baiwa masu shayarwa ranakun 180 kwanaki su kasance a cikin sararin sama, gami da kwanakin 120 na kiwo.
A gefe guda, ban da la'akari da ɗabi'a mai kyau, shanu masu ƙiba da aka ajiye a cikin sito suma matsala ce ta muhalli, a cewar Knieli. Ba batun matsalar taki bane kawai (Infobox). "Shanu masu haɓaka mai yawa suna ƙoshin abinci tare da abincin furotin. Hakan na iya zama abincin waken soya daga gandun daji. Ba zato ba tsammani, ya ƙare da yawa a cikin dabbobin dabbobi fiye da yadda yake cikin ɗan ofyan itaciya. "
Madadin
Idan ya zo ga madarar soya, da yawa kuma sune farkon waɗanda zasu fara tunanin al'amurran da suka shafi yanayin damina da injiniyan kwayoyin. Gaskiyar cewa wannan ba doka ba ce don abin sha na waken soya da ake samu a Austria an nuna shi ta hanyar bita da mujallar mai amfani: “A cikin bakwai daga cikin shaye shayen waken soya da aka gwada, waken soya ya fito ne daga Ostiryia. A gaskiya ba zan yi tunanin hakan ba, "in ji Nina Siegenthaler, masanin abincin abinci a Verein für Konsumenteninformation (VKI). An kuma gano nau'ikan kwayoyin halittar da aka inganta (GMOs) a cikin babu daya daga cikin abubuwan sha na soya.
Baya ga masu siyar da waken soya na Italiya, sauran masu samar da hudun sun yi shiru game da tushen samar da kayan aikinsu na abubuwan soya. Ruwan shinkafa da almond shaye-shayen da ake kira "Konsument" basu da bayani game da ƙasashen da aka samo asalin kayan. Zai yi mahimmanci a sami damar yin hukunci da yadda samfuran maye madara suke da gaske. Masu keɓaɓɓen kayayyaki kamar Joya, waɗanda ba a yi nazarin madararsu ba, suna matsayin asalin Oat Austria. "Idan soya, yayyafa ko hatsi daga Austria, to madarar tsirrai ta yanke da kyau idan aka kwatanta da madara mai sabo. Ba lallai ne in ciyar da kiyaye kowace dabba ba, wanda ke haifar da iska mai yawa ga CO2, kuma da kyar ba wata hanyar sufuri, "in ji Knieli na" mutu umweltberatung ".
Milk Milk: hasara da yawa
Idan abin sha ne na shinkafa ko madara mai madara wanda aka shigo da shi, sannan matsanancin hanyoyin zirga-zirga kuma, don shinkafa, ana ƙara haɓakar narkar da abinci na CO2. Knownarancin da aka sani: shinkafa rigar tana samar da methane mai yawa, wanda koyaushe yana faruwa lokacin da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta suka lalata kayan tsire-tsire - ba kawai a cikin garken dabbobi ba.
Bugu da kari, ana samun matakan arsenic akai-akai a cikin shinkafa, wanda a cikin yanayin rashin lafiyar sa mai guba ga mutane da carcinogenic. Kodayake huɗun daga cikin shayen shinkafa biyar da aka bincika suna ƙasa da matsakaicin darajar da Hukumar Kula da Abinci ta Turai ta ƙaddara, mujallar Magajin ta ba da shawara da taka tsantsan kuma tana ɗaukar abin sha shinkafar da ba ta dace ba ga jarirai da ƙananan yara. Tsarin fermentation yana sanya abubuwan shinkafa musamman mai daɗi. Wannan ya samu karbuwa sosai daga masu gwaji. "Amma rashin dacewar shine: Sakamakon samarwa, abubuwan sha shinkafa sun ƙunshi karin sukari fiye da wasu abubuwan soya, wanda aka haɗa sukari!", In ji Siegenthaler. "Daga mahangar muhalli da abinci mai kyau, madara shinkafa ƙaya ce a gefe. Lokacin da noman shinkafa rigar tana samar da methane mai lalata yanayi, Bugu da kari, ana jigilar shinkafa a kusan rabin duniya, "in ji Knieli. Wannan madarar shinkafa za ta sami fa'idodi da yawa ga masu matsalar rashin lafiyan. Domin sabanin abin sha da aka yi daga danshi, hatsi ko wasu hatsi, abin sha shinkafa bashi da matsala a zahiri.
Almond madara: ba haka ba ne na halitta
Me game da madarar almond? Ba zato ba tsammani, sun kasance a kusa tun lokacin Tsararru. Shin tana da abubuwa da yawa da za ta iya sha da tukunyar almond ta yau? Jerin kayan masarufi suna daɗewa, masu amfani da wuta sun samo lokacin farin ciki, emulsifiers da masu kwantar da hankali a cikin rabin abubuwan sha da aka gwada. Bugu da kari, dukkan su sun dandana (kodayake ana samun madarar almond madara). "Shin har yanzu zamu iya magana game da samfurin na halitta? Milk ya fi sauran halitta halitta, "in ji Siegenthaler. Madarar almond shima matsala ce daga mahangar muhalli: "Almonds zasu yi kyau sosai kan batun CO2. Amma mafi yawan sun fito ne daga Amurka kuma ana samar dasu azaman monocultures tare da maganin kashe kwari da amfani da ruwa. Hakanan a kula da shan ruwan almond da kyau! "In ji Knieli.
A hanyar, ruwan sha na almond ya gwada ta hanyar masu cin abinci sun ƙunshi almonin kashi biyu zuwa bakwai. "Wadannan abubuwan sha suna dauke da ruwa da yawa. Yakamata ku sani cewa hakika ana jigilar ruwa a nan duniya, "in ji masanin" mutu umweltberatung ".
Don haka menene mafi kyau, madara ko madara kayan lambu? Abu daya ne tabbatacce: cikakken samfurin baya wanzu. Duk suna da fa'ida da rashin amfani. Knieli: “Idan kuka yi madara daga mai da aka yi amfani da shi ko kuma aka yi waƙa, to, zai iya zama mafi kyau fiye da madara. Koyaya, madara shuka yana da rashin ƙarfi a cikin abubuwan gina jiki. Hakanan ana bada shawarar yin madara da innabi. Amma hakan ba zai cutar da ku ba idan ba za ku iya tsayar da shi ba. "
rashin ha} uri
Rashin haɗarin Lactose yana yaɗu cikin al'adun mu. A tsakiyar Turai, kusan kashi 60 bisa dari na yawan jama'a a yau na iya narke sukari na madara, yayin da a Arewacin Turai, kamar Scandinavia da Ireland, kashi 90. A Kudancin Turai, kusan kashi 20 ne kawai, kuma har ma a cikin Asiya, mutane kalilan ne ke yarda da samfuran kiwo. Idan enctme lactase ya ɓace, ƙwayar madara ba zata iya rarrabewa ba kuma ya kasance cikin ƙwayar. Akwai aiki ta hanyar ƙwayoyin cuta zuwa irin su lactic acid da carbon dioxide, wanda zai iya haifar da mutane masu rashin haƙuri na lactose zuwa zafin ciki, cramps, flatulence ko zawo.
Photo / Video: Shutterstock.
