UVeronika Janyrova
"Sibona emazweni amaningi lapho kungaholela khona imithetho yobushokobe be-spongy. Abagxeki basatshiswa, baxutshwa noma baboshwe."
Annemarie Schlack, I-Amnesty Int.
I-2018 ibivuliwe ubuhlakani obukhona ngentando yeningi kuze kube manje kugcwele kakhulu. Ekuqaleni konyaka, uhulumeni wamangala - nangaphezulu noma ngaphansi - ngohlobo olusha lwe- "security package" olwaholele ekugxekeni kakhulu ngonyaka owedlule. Sekukonke, imibono ye-9.000 yathunyelwa yizakhamizi, ama-NGO kanye neziphathimandla zikahulumeni - kunanini ngaphambili ngomthetho. Umnyombo walokhu kuchitshiyelwa kokuthi "isenzo esisebenzayo ekulweni nobugebengu obukhulu kanye nobushokobezi", njengoba amaqembu kahulumeni egcizelele, ukusetshenziswa kwesoftware yezwe (Bundestrojaner).
Umbuso manje unethuba lokufinyelela yonke idatha nemisebenzi yezingcingo namakhompiyutha - ngokwesibonelo nge-WhatsApp, Skype, noma "ifu" lomuntu. Uyazi, lokhu kudinga umyalo ngumshushisi womphakathi kanye nokwamukelwa kwenkantolo. Ngeshwa, ngalo mcimbi, ukugcinwa kwemfihlo okufanayo kwalungiswa, kwethulwa ukugcinwa kwedatha (okuhlobene nomcimbi) futhi kwaqinisa ukubhekwa kwevidiyo endaweni yomphakathi. Amaqembu aphikisayo nama-NGO amaningi akubonile lokhu njengokuphazanyiswa okungahambisani namalungelo ayisisekelo nenkululeko, axwayisa ngokuhlukumezeka futhi akhuluma "ngesimo sokubhekwa".
Akumangalisi futhi ukuguqulwa komthethosisekelo okukhona manje, ngokuthi izifunda zokwahlulela esikhathini esizayo zinganqunywa nguhulumeni wobumbano kuphela ngesimiso. Kuze kube manje, ukuvunyelwa kwamazwe ombuso kanye nokwamukelwa komthetho wenhlangano kwakudingeka ekuthathweni kwamacala ezinkantolo. Inhlangano yamajaji yase-Austrian ibona ngemuva kwalolu shintsho "ukuphazamiseka okukhulu kwinkululeko yezobulungiswa (nokungavikeleki) futhi kanjalo nasekubuseni komthetho wase-Austria".
Inkululeko yabezindaba ayisiyimbangela yokunganaki. Ngaphandle kwenqwaba yemicimbi engakaze ibonwe ngabezindaba nabathintekayo kwezimali abahleli, i-ORF ibilokhu ihlaselwa kaningi ngezepolitiki selokhu kuqale unyaka. Yize kunjalo, lokhu kugqugquzele abantu be45.000 ukuthi basayine isikhalazo esisuka kusoseshini "ukuze basukume!" Ukuze babhikishe ngokumelene nenhlangano yezepolitiki ye-ORF.
Inqubomgomo yokufuduka ilufanele ngokweqile Isahluko sayo. Yize kunjalo, kufanele kushiwo lapha ukuthi uMkhandlu Kazwelonke uthathe isinqumo ngoJulayi ukuthi uqhubeke nokuqinisa umthetho ngabafokazi, manje osevumela amaphoyisa ukuthi afinyelele kumakhalekhukhwini nakwezimali kubaleki. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zancishiswa izikhathi zokudlulisa amacala, izinsiza zokuhlanganisa izifundo zaseJalimane zashitshiswa nezeluleko zomthetho zalabo abafuna indawo yokukhosela zenziwa zafakwa ezweni. Yi-2005 kusukela ku-17. Ukuchitshiyelwa komthetho kwabokufika.
Umphakathi owakhiwa ngamaphekula
Ukususwa okuhleliwe kwesigaba 278c Abs.3 StGB kudale ukuguguleka kwenhlangano. Yisigaba soMthetho Wobulelesi wemisebenzi yobushokobezi ehlukaniswe ngokusobala ekuzibandakanyeni kwezomphakathi kobudlelwano ngentando yeningi nomthethosisekelo, kanye namalungelo abantu. Ukususwa bekuzosho ukuthi, ngokwesibonelo, intando yeningi nemisebenzi yamalungelo abantu ingahlukaniswa ngokusemthethweni njengamaphekula futhi ijeziswe. Okujabulisa ngaleli cala ukuthi ekugcineni uhulumeni akazange akushaye indiva ukususwa ngenxa yokuphikiswa yizinhlangano zomphakathi, izifundiswa kanye nabaphikisayo. I-Amnesty International Austria ibalwa - ngaphezu kweningi yentando yeningi!, I-Alliance for Non-Profit, Inhlangano Yezomnotho Yezenhlalo i-Austria ne-Eco-Office - kulawo ma-NGO, alandela ukuguqulwa komthetho wobulelesi obuhleliwe ngamehlo okhozi. Umqondisi ophethe u-Annemarie Schlack ukhumbula ukuthambekela kokuzibusa kwamanye amazwe: "Sibona emazweni amaningi lapho kungaholela khona imithetho yobushokobezi be-spongy: abagxeki bayasatshiswa, baxhashazwe noma baboshwe. Ukuvikelwa kwabavikeli bamalungelo abantu e-Austria bekungaba buthaka kakhulu ”.
Ukubheka empumalanga
I-Visegrad ithi isikhombisa ngokucacile lapho inqubomgomo yokuzimela kanye ne-centralist ingagcina iholele khona. UNdunankulu waseHungary, u-Viktor Orban, ngokwesibonelo, wenza umkhankaso oqondile wokulwa nama-NGOs azibophezele kumalungelo abantu nentando yeningi futhi osekelwa emazweni aphesheya. Ngonyaka owedlule, ngemuva kokuthi ama-NGOs aseHungary afunwa ngumthetho ukuthi adalule iminikelo yawo angaphandle, umthetho omusha we-NGO waphasiswa ngoJuni, odinga ukuthi akhokhe amaphesenti ama-25 aleli nani ezweni laseHungary. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kumele bazikhombe ezincwadini zabo njengenhlangano ethola usizo lwangaphandle. Lezi okuthiwa "zindlela zokuvikela inani labantu" zichazwa ngokusemthethweni ukuthi la ma-NGO "ahlela abokufika" ngaleyo ndlela "afuna ukukuguqula ngokuphelele ukwakhiwa kwabantu baseHungary".
EPoland futhi, uhulumeni uvame ukungazinaki izimiso zoMthethosisekelo namalungelo abantu futhi uvame ukufaka umthetho wokuphikisana nenkululeko yokukhuluma neyokuhlangana. Ababhikishi abanokuthula bayashushiswa futhi izinhlangano ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni ziyahlukunyezwa. Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kweminyaka eyisishiyagalolunye kahulumeni kanye neningi eliphelele kulawo womabili amagumbi, iqembu elibusayo "Umthetho Nobulungiswa" (PiS) ngokusobala ligembele ukuthandwa kwalo ngokhetho. Ukukhungatheka ngenxa yokuzikhukhumeza kwamandla kuholele ekutheni kube nesiphithiphithi ngaphakathi kwesibalo somoya nomoya wokuzimisela wethemba phakathi komphakathi ngonyaka owedlule. Imibhikisho emikhulu yagcina iholele ekutheni uMengameli aqale ukusebenza emithethweni emibili yemithetho yokulwa nentando yeningi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngesikhathi semibhikisho, izinhlangano ezintsha kanye nezinhlelo zentando yeningi zenziwa ezazixhumanisa nensizakalo yenhlangano efanayo.
Umphakathi waseSlovak uphinde wavuka ngemuva kwe2018 intatheli ngoFebhuwari Jan Kuciak wabulawa. Ubesanda kuthola inethiwekhi eyonakele lapho abamele abaholi bezomnotho baseSlovak, ezepolitiki kanye nezobulungiswa besebenzelana. Akekho umuntu ongabazayo ukuthi uKuciak wabulawa ngenxa yezambulo zakhe. Ephendula kulokhu kubulawa, izwe lashayiswa yigagasi elingakaze libonwe ngaphambili. Yize kunjalo, lokhu kuholele ekususweni kwesikhulu esiphezulu samaphoyisa, undunankulu, ungqongqoshe wezangaphakathi futhi, ekugcineni, kube ngumlandeli wakhe.
Ngenxa yalezi zinkinga, akumangazi ukuthi ukungeneliseki kwabantu baseVisegrad ngokuthuthuka kwentando yeningi yabo nesimo sabo sezepolitiki asikaze sibe khona e-EU. Ucwaningo lwakwamanye amazwe luphinde lwathola amazwe “enesifo sokungakwazi ukusiza” esisabaleka emphakathini wonke. Ngakho-ke, amaphesenti ama-74 wabantu abakholelwa ukuthi amandla ezweni lawo asezandleni zosopolitiki ngokuphelele, nokuthi umuntu ophakathi kwalolo hlelo akanamandla ngokuphelele. Abangaphezulu kwesigamu bavumelana ngisho nesitatimende sokuthi bekungasho lutho ukuthi bangenelele enqubweni yezepolitiki futhi abambalwa bayasaba nokuveza imibono yabo esidlangalaleni. Umbono oqhubekayo wokuthi umbuso wentando yeningi wawo uthambile noma ulahlekile futhi uyayehlisa ukwesekwa kwentando yeningi futhi uvulele abantu indlela nepolitiki yokulwa nentando yeningi, kusho ababhali.
Ngenkathi besePoland naseHungary, inani labantu lihlangana nokusekelwa okuqinile kwentando yeningi, eCzech Republic naseSlovakia kutholakala isifiso esinamandla so "indoda enamandla". Lokhu kunjalo nase-Austria. Ngenkathi kuleli lizwe, ngokusho kweSORA Institute, amaphesenti ama-43 wabantu manje abheka "indoda enamandla" njengefiselekayo, eVisegrad ithi angamaphesenti ama-33 kuphela.
Ababhali besifundo se-SORA sokwazisa ngentando yeningi abantu base-Austrian baphinde bathola ukuthi ngenkathi ukwesekwa kwentando yeningi e-Austria kwehle kakhulu kule minyaka eyishumi eyedlule, ukuvunywa "komholi oqinile" kanye "nomthetho nokuhleleka" kukhule kakhulu. Kukhona nokungaqiniseki okuvamile nomqondo wokuthi abanalo izwi kubantu base-Austrian. Isiphetho sabalobi sithi: "Ukuphakama kokungaqiniseki, kuvame kakhulu ukufisa" indoda enamandla "yase-Austria."
Amaphekula, yini manje?
Ukusuka kulokhu kwaziwa kanye neminyaka yocwaningo ngobudlelwano base-Austria nentando yeningi, umqondisi wesayensi weSikhungo SORA uGünther Ogris wethule imibono eyisithupha yokuqinisa intando yeningi e-Austria. Ezemfundo, ukuqwashisa ngomlando, ikhwalithi yezikhungo zezepolitiki kanye nabezindaba, ubulungiswa bezenhlalo, kodwa futhi nenhlonipho nokwazisa ngaphakathi kwesakhamuzi kudlala indima enkulu kulokhu.
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I-INFO: Lezi zingqondo eziyisithupha ezilandelayo zokuqinisa intando yeningi ukuze kuxoxwe,
ngu-Günther Ogris, www.sora.at
inqubomgomo imfundo: Ezemfundo zidlala indima enkulu kwintando yeningi. Isikole singakwazi ukuqinisa amakhono ezepolitiki, okusho amakhono okwazisa, ukuxoxa nokubamba iqhaza. Lo msebenzi uhlukaniswe izingxenye zezifundo ezahlukahlukene futhi kufanele uqiniswe njengomgomo kuziguquko zemfundo eziqhubekayo.
umqondo umlando: Ukushayisana nokukhonjwa komlando wakhe kuqinisa ngokwamasiko wentando yeningi, amandla okubhekana ngendlela eyakhayo nezingxabano nokungezwani. Lokhu kungasizakala ngokuqinisa ukufundiswa komlando wanamuhla kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezikole.
Izikhungo zezepolitiki: Izikhungo zezepolitiki nezepolitiki kufanele zibheke njalo futhi kaninginingi ubudlelwano bazo nezakhamizi: Kungenzeka kuphi futhi kube nenjongo ukwenza lula noma ukuqinisa ukubamba iqhaza, lapho kunesidingo sokwenza ngcono isithombe somuntu, lapho kungathenjwa khona (emuva) ?
abezindaba: Abezindaba, kanye nohlelo lwezepolitiki, basenkingeni yokuzethemba. Ngasikhathi sinye, indlela abezindaba ababika ngayo ngakwezepolitiki, inkulumo kanye nokuyekethisa, kanye nokuhlangana kwezikhungo, kunomthelela obonakalayo esikweni lezepolitiki. Kubalulekile ukubukeza nokuthola izindlela ezintsha zemidiya zokusebenzisa indima yazo yokulawula futhi zivuselele izisekelo zokuthembela emsebenzini wazo, osebenza kuphela ngentando yeningi.
Izakhamizi: Ngokungafani nokuzijabulisa, ezombusazwe zivame ukuba yinkimbinkimbi futhi zikhuluphele. Kodwa-ke, ekugcineni, kuncike kwizakhamizi kanye nezingxoxo zazo ngokuthi kusebenza kanjani intando yeningi yethu: ukusebenzisana kukahulumeni nokuphikisana, amasheke nokulinganisa, ubudlelwano phakathi kwezinkantolo nabaphetheyo, abezindaba nabezepolitiki, amandla kanye nokuyekethisa.
Ubulungiswa bezenhlalo, ukwazisa nenhlonipho: Izinhlamba, ikakhulukazi ngokwandisa ukungabi nabulungisa komphakathi kepha nangokungabongi nokuhlonipha, imibukiso yocwaningo inomthelela omubi kakhulu esikweni lezepolitiki. Lezozakhamizi ezifuna ukuxhasa nokuqinisa intando yeningi-ke namhlanje nazo zibhekene nombuzo wokuthi ubulungiswa bezenhlalo, ukuhlonishwa nokuhlonishwa kungaqiniswa kanjani emphakathini.
Photo / Video: Ugogo.
