UVeronika Janyrova
Ngaphansi komqondo wenkululeko yangemva kwentando yeningi, usosayensi wezenhlalo waseBrithani nososayensi wezepolitiki uColin Crouch waveza umsebenzi wakhe omangalelwe kakhulu wegama elifanayo kusukela ngonyaka u-2005 imodeli yentando yeningi eyeqisayo yabangela ososayensi bezepolitiki eYurophu naseMelika selokhu kwaphela unyaka we1990er. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ithonya elikhulayo lezepolitiki labasebenza kwezomnotho nezinhlangano ezinkulu, ukwehla kwamandla ezwe lakuleli, kanye nokuzimisela okuncipha kwezakhamuzi ukubamba iqhaza. UCrouch wafingqa lezi zigameko zibe ngumqondo - ukubusa ngentando yeningi.
Umqondo wakhe oyisisekelo ukuthi ukuthatha izinqumo kwezepolitiki ngokwentando yeningi yaseNtshonalanga kuya ngokuya kunqunywa futhi kuvunyelwe ngezintshisekelo zezomnotho nabalingisi. Ngasikhathi sinye, izinsika zentando yeningi, njengezinzuzo ezivamile, izintshisekelo kanye nokulingana kwezenhlalo kanye nokuzinqumela kwezakhamizi, kukhunjulwa ngokulandelana.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwephabolic of Democracies zanamuhla ngemuva Crouch. UColin Crouch, owazalwa nge-1944 eLondon, usosayensi wezepolitiki waseBrithani nososayensi wezenhlalo. Ngomsebenzi wakhe wokuxilonga isikhathi sangemuva kwentando yeningi kanye nencwadi engaziwa, waziwa emhlabeni jikelele.
Uhlelo lwezepolitiki lwangemva kwentando yeningi oluchazwe yiCrounch lubonakala ngezici ezilandelayo:
Intando yeningi ehlekisayo
Ngokwedlule, izikhungo zenqubo yentando yeningi nezinqubo zigcinwa kumbuso wentando yeningi, ukuze kuthi lapho kuqala uhlelo lwezepolitiki lubhekwe njengolusebenzayo. I-De facto, nokho, izimiso nentando yeningi yentando yeningi iya ngokuya ilahleka ngokubaluleka, futhi uhlelo seluba "yintando yeningi ehlekisayo ohlakeni lwezikhungo lwentando yeningi egcwele."
Amaqembu nomkhankaso wokhetho
Ipolitiki yamaqembu nemikhankaso yokhetho iya ngokuya ikhululwa kokuqukethwe okuzobe kudala izinqubomgomo zangempela zikahulumeni. Esikhundleni sengxoxo mpikiswano ngokuqukethwe kwezombusazwe nangezinye izindlela, kunamasu omkhankaso owenzelwe wena uqobo. Umkhankaso wokhetho uba ngowokuziqinisa kwezepolitiki, kanti ezepolitiki zangempela zenzeka ngemuva kweminyango evaliwe.
Izinhlaka zigcwalisa kakhulu umsebenzi wokuvota okhethweni futhi ziya ngokuya zingasho lutho, njengoba iqhaza labo njengabalamuli phakathi kwezakhamizi nabezepolitiki liya ngokuya linikezwa ngokwengeziwe izikhungo zokucwaninga imibono. Esikhundleni salokho, izinto zeqembu zigxile ekunikezeni amalungu alo izinzuzo noma amahhovisi.
Okuhle okuvamile
Okuqukethwe kwezombusazwe kuya ngokuya kuvela ekuxhumaneni phakathi kwabadlali bezepolitiki nabezomnotho ababandakanyeka ngqo ezinqumweni zezepolitiki. Lezi azihambisani nenhlalo-kahle, kepha zisebenzela inzuzo ephezulu kanye nokwandiswa kwezwi. Ubuhle obujwayelekile buqondwa kangcono njengomnotho ochumayo.
abezindaba
Abezindaba abaningi futhi basebenza ngaphandle komqondo ongokomnotho futhi ngeke besakwazi ukwenza umsebenzi wabo wentando yeningi njengamandla wesine embusweni. Ukulawulwa kwabezindaba kusezandleni zeqembu elincane labantu abasiza osopolitiki ukuxazulula le "nkinga yokuxhumana ngobuningi".
Isakhamuzi esingenandaba
Isakhamuzi siguqulwe imodeli yeCrounchs '. Yize ekhetha abamele bakhe kwezepolitiki, abasenalo ithuba lokuvikela izintshisekelo zabo kulolu hlelo lwezepolitiki. Ngokuyisisekelo, isakhamuzi sidlala indima ethule, noma engenamusa. Yize ekwazi ukuya ezinhlakeni zezombusazwe eziqondiswe kwabezindaba, yena uqobo akanalo nhlobo ithonya lezepolitiki.
Umnotho womphakathi
Amandla okuqhubela phambili ezepolitiki, ngokusho kukaCrouch, ayizintshisekelo zezomnotho ikakhulu ezimelwe yibo abacebile kwezenhlalo. Emashumini ambalwa eminyaka edlule, ikwazile ukufaka umbono wezwe onobuhle ezingxenyeni ezibanzi zabantu, okwenza kube lula ukuthi baqinisekise izintshisekelo zabo. Izakhamizi sezikujwayele ukukhuluma ngezinto ezi-neoliberal, noma ngabe kungqubuzana nezinhloso zazo zepolitiki nezidingo zazo.
Kwi-Crounch, i-neoliberalism iyimbangela kanye nethuluzi lokwandisa ukwanda kwentando yeningi.
Kodwa-ke, uCrouch ngokusobala akaboni le nqubo ingemukeleki, njengoba umthetho nomthetho wokuhlonipha amalungelo abantu kanye nowomphakathi uhlala uneme kakhulu. Uyavuma nje ukuthi abasasewona amandla okuqhuba ezepolitiki namuhla.
Kodwa-ke, uCrouch ngokusobala akaboni le nqubo ingemukeleki, njengoba umthetho nomthetho wokuhlonipha amalungelo abantu kanye nowomphakathi uhlala uneme kakhulu. Uyavuma nje ukuthi abasasewona amandla okuqhuba ezepolitiki namuhla. Uchaza kakhulu ukulahleka okuthe xaxa kwekhwalithi, ulwazi lwentando yeningi yaseNtshonalanga ngokubuka kwakhe, ngokugwema izimiso zentando yeningi zokubamba iqhaza kwezombusazwe nenqubomgomo egxile kokuzuze okuvamile, ibhalansi yezintshisekelo nenqubomgomo yokubandakanya umphakathi.
Ukuhlaziywa kweCrouch
Ukugxekwa kwemodeli yangemuva kwentando yeningi ngososayensi bezepolitiki kuhluke kakhulu futhi kuyabekezela. Kuqondiswe, ngokwesibonelo, ngokumelene "nesakhamuzi esingenandaba" esithunyelwe nguCouch, ophikisana nenhlangano yokubandakanya umphakathi. Kuphikiswa nokuthi intando yeningi "iyinto engathandeki nakancane" futhi bekulokhu kunjalo. Idemokhrasi eyisibonelo, lapho umthelela wabantu abahamba phambili kwezomnotho babeyoncipha futhi zonke izakhamizi zizohlanganyela iqhaza enkulumweni yezepolitiki, cishe ayikaze ibe khona. Kancane, ubuthakathaka obuphakathi bomqondo wakhe bubonakala ekuntuleni kwesisekelo samandla.
Idemokhrasi eyisibonelo, lapho umthelela wabantu abahamba phambili kwezomnotho babeyoncipha futhi zonke izakhamizi zizohlanganyela iqhaza enkulumweni yezepolitiki, cishe ayikaze ibe khona.
Noma kunjalo, uCrouch, kanye naye sonke isizukulwane sesayensi yezombusazwe eYurophu naseMelika, uchaza kahle okwenzeka nsuku zonke phambi kwamehlo ethu. Yini enye futhi engachazwa ukuthi inqubomgomo ye-neo-liberals - eqhubekele phambili umnotho womhlaba wonke odongeni, iveze ngokuzithandela imali yomphakathi ukumboza ukulahleka komkhakha ozimele, futhi futhi namanje ikhulisa ubuphofu, ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi kanye nokungalingani kwezenhlalo - akukaze kube nini ivotelwa?
Futhi i-Austria?
Umbuzo wokuthi ubukhulu bokubuswa kwentando yeningi kukaCrouch e-Austria usevele walandelwa kanjani nguWolfgang Plaimer, owayesebenza naye ocwaningweni eJohannes Kepler University Linz. Ngokusho kwakhe, uCrouch unamalungelo amaningi maqondana nentando yeningi yase-Austrian. Ikakhulu, ukushintshwa kwezinqumo zezepolitiki kusuka kuzwelonke kuya ezingeni eliphakeme kuqinisa ukuthambekela kwangemva kwentando yeningi kulelozwe. Ngokunjalo, ngokusho kwesimangalo, ukuguquka kwamandla kusuka kubantu kuye kwezomnotho nakwezimali ezinkulu, kanye nokusuka egatsheni lezomthetho kuya kugatsha oluphezulu, kubonakala kahle. Ukugxekwa kukaPrayer's imodeli kaCrouch kukhuluma ngokubona kwakhe isimo sezenhlalo njenge "heyday yenkululeko": "Ukukhangiswa kwentando yeningi esimweni sezenhlalahle kanye nokugqama ngokweqile kokuntengantenga kwamanje ngentando yeningi kuyadukisa," kusho uPrayer, echaza ngokwengxenye yentuthuko enkulu yentando yeningi. esivele ikhona ku-1960er kanye ne-1070er e-Austria.
USolwazi Reinhard Heinisch, inhloko yeqembu lezombusazwe elisebenzayo i-future of Democracy kanye noMnyango Wezesayensi Yezepolitiki eYunivesithi yaseSarban, uthola umbono ophusile emcabangweni wezinsuku ezingemuva kukaCrouch futhi akaphuthelwa ukubonakala okuhle kwalokhu okwenzeka kuye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubona i-Crouch'sche postdemocracy esikhundleni sokuba ngumhlali emhlabeni wama-Anglo-Saxon. Kodwa-ke, lokho akusho ukuthi amaphuzu wokugxekwa akhonjiwe awasebenzi e-Austria.
UHeinisch ubona intando yeningi le-cartel njengokushoda okukhethekile kwentando yeningi yase-Austrian. Leli yinqola yenkungu eyakhiwa ngokwepolitiki, enamaqembu alawulayo emashumini eminyaka athinta amasu ukwabiwa kwezikhundla kwiziphathimandla zomphakathi, abezindaba kanye namabhizinisi kahulumeni. "Lezi zinhlaka zamandla eziqinisekisiwe zivumela izinhlangothi zombili zizimele kakhulu ngokuzithandela kwamalungu abo kanye neningi labantu ukubusa," kusho uHeinisch.
UCrouch usikhumbuza ukuthi umbuso wentando yeningi oyinkinga akuyona into futhi uma usuhlolwa kungenzeka ukuthi awukaze ube njalo. Ngakho-ke, uma senqaba "isishoshovu sangemva kwentando yeningi" futhi siphila ngentando yeningi ehloselwe inzuzo eyodwa, ibhalansi yezintshisekelo kanye nokulingana kwezenhlalo, futhi lapho umthetho uvela khona kwesinye isakhamuzi, lapho-ke kunesibopho sokuwusebenzisa ngokufanele.
Isiphetho sentando yeningi yangemuva kukaCrouch
Ukuthi ngemuva kokubandlululwa kwentando yeningi kukaCrouch kuqinisekiswa ngokuphelele yini noma kuyasebenza e-Austria noma cha - ukusilela kwentando yeningi akusikho eJalimane. Noma ngabe kungukuzithoba kwePhalamende kuHulumeni Wobumbano noma lokho "abamele abantu" bethu emugqeni weqembu, ukungasebenzi kahle kwezingxoxo, noma ukungabi sobala kwezinqumo zezepolitiki namandla.
UCrouch usikhumbuza ukuthi umbuso wentando yeningi oyinkinga akuyona into futhi uma usuhlolwa kungenzeka ukuthi awukaze ube njalo. Ngakho-ke, uma senqaba "isishoshovu sangemva kwentando yeningi" futhi siphila ngentando yeningi ehloselwe inzuzo eyodwa, ibhalansi yezintshisekelo kanye nokulingana kwezenhlalo, futhi lapho umthetho uvela khona kwesinye isakhamuzi, lapho-ke kunesibopho sokuwusebenzisa ngokufanele.
Lokhu ukuqaphela kungenzeka futhi kungumphumela wezinqubo eziningi zentando yeningi ezisebenza e-Austria ngokwanda kwezomthetho kanye nokusetshenziswa okwengeziwe kwezinsimbi zentando yeningi. Njengesakhamuzi esibona ngentando yeningi, kufanele sikwazi ukucela ukusayina kwethu, sisekele lezi zinhlelo ngesikhathi sethu, amandla, noma umnikelo, noma okungenani sidlulise imicabango yabo nezimfuno zabo endaweni yethu.
