Yenza isipele ukuze usinde

nguRobert B. Fishman

Amabhange embewu agcina ukuhlukahluka kofuzo ekudleni kwabantu

Cishe ziyi-1.700 izikhungo zofuzo kanye nezindawo zembewu emhlabeni jikelele ezivikela izitshalo nembewu ukuze kube nokudla kwabantu. "Isisefo sembewu" sisebenza njengesipele I-Svalbard Seed Vault eSvalbard. Imbewu yezinhlobo zezitshalo ezihlukene ezingu-18 igcinwa lapho ngamadigri angu-5.000, kuhlanganise namasampuli angaphezu kuka-170.000 ezinhlobonhlobo zerayisi. 

Ngo-2008 uhulumeni waseNorway wayenebhokisi lezinhlamvu zelayisi ezivela ePhilippines elaligcinwe emhubheni owawuyimayini eSvalbard. Kwaqala kanjalo-ke ukwakhiwa kwendawo yokugcina ukudla kwesintu. Njengoba isimo sezulu sishintsha izimo zezolimo ngokushesha okukhulu futhi izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zincipha ngokushesha, ingcebo yokwehlukahlukana kwezakhi zofuzo e-Svalbard Seed Vault isibaluleke nakakhulu esintwini. 

Ikhophi yasenqolobaneni yezolimo

"Sisebenzisa ingxenye encane kakhulu yezitshalo ezidliwayo ekudleni kwethu," kusho uLuis Salazar, umkhulumeli weCrop Trust eBonn. Isibonelo, eminyakeni eyi-120 edlule, abalimi e-USA babesatshala izinhlobo zamabhontshisi ezingama-578. Namuhla bangama-32 kuphela. 

Izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ziyancipha

Ngokuthuthuka kwezolimo, izinhlobo eziningi ziyanyamalala emasimini nasezimakethe emhlabeni wonke. Umphumela: Ukudla kwethu kuncike ezinhlotsheni ezimbalwa nezimbalwa zezitshalo, okwenza kube lula ukwehluleka: i-monocultures ikhipha inhlabathi ehlanganiswe imishini emikhulu kanye nezinambuzane ezidla izitshalo ngazinye zisakazeka ngokushesha. Abalimi bafaka ubuthi nomanyolo omningi. Izinsalela zama-agent zingcolisa umhlabathi namanzi. Izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ziyaqhubeka nokuncipha. Ukufa kwezinambuzane kuwumphumela owodwa kuphela kweziningi. Umbuthano ononya.

Izinhlobo zasendle ziqinisekisa ukusinda kwezitshalo eziwusizo

Ukuze kulondolozwe izinhlobo nezinhlobo zezitshalo futhi kutholwe ezintsha, i-Crop Trust ixhumanisa "Iphrojekthi Yesihlobo Esihlobene Nezitshalo“- uhlelo lokuzalanisa nokucwaninga ngokuvikeleka kokudla. Abazalanisi nososayensi bawela izinhlobonhlobo zasendle nezitshalo ezivamile ukuze bakhe izinhlobo ezintsha eziqinile ezingamelana nemiphumela yenkinga yesimo sezulu: ukushisa, amakhaza, isomiso kanye nezinye izimo zezulu ezimbi. 

Uhlelo luyisikhathi eside. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo kukodwa kuthatha iminyaka eyishumi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezinyanga noma iminyaka yezinqubo zokugunyazwa, ukumaketha nokusabalalisa.

 "Sinweba izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo futhi sisize ukuze kufinyeleleke kubalimi," kuthembisa uLuis Salazar weCrop Trust.

Igalelo ekusindeni kwabalimi abancane

Abalimi abancane ikakhulukazi eningizimu yomhlaba bangakwazi ukuthenga kuphela umhlabathi ompofu nothela kancane futhi ngokuvamile abanayo imali yokuthenga imbewu enelungelo lobunikazi yezinkampani zezolimo. Izinhlobo ezintsha nezinhlobo ezindala ezingenalungelo lobunikazi zingasindisa indlela yokuziphilisa. Ngale ndlela, izakhi zofuzo kanye namabhange embewu kanye ne-Crop Trust yenza umnikelo ezinhlobonhlobo zezolimo, ukuhlukahluka kwemvelo kanye nokondla inani labantu emhlabeni elikhulayo. 

Ku-Ajenda yayo yowezi-2030, iNhlangano Yezizwe 17 imigomo yentuthuko esimeme ibekwe emhlabeni. "Ukuqeda indlala, ukuthola ukutholakala kokudla nokudla okungcono, futhi kukhuthaze ukulima okusimeme," umgomo wesibili.

I-Crop Trust yasungulwa ngokwe- "International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture" (Isivumelwano Sezitshalo). Eminyakeni engamashumi amabili edlule, amazwe angu-20 kanye ne-European Union bavumelana ngezinyathelo ezihlukahlukene zokuvikela nokulondoloza izinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo kwezolimo.

Cishe 1700 amabhange ofuzo nembewu emhlabeni jikelele

Izikhungo zofuzo zikahulumeni nezizimele eziyi-1700 emhlabeni jikelele zigcina amasampula ezitshalo ezihlukene zofuzo ezingaba yizigidi eziyisikhombisa ukuze zilondolozelwe inzalo futhi zifinyelele abalimi, abalimi kanye nesayensi. Okubaluleke kakhulu kulokhu okusanhlamvu, amazambane kanye nerayisi: cishe izinhlobo ezihlukene zerayisi ezingaba ngu-200.000 zigcinwa ikakhulukazi kumabhange ase-Asia ofuzo kanye nembewu.  

Lapho imbewu ingenakukwazi ukugcinwa khona, ikhulisa izitshalo futhi izinakekele ukuze izithombo ezintsha zazo zonke izinhlobo zihlale zikhona.

I-Crop Trust ixhumanisa lezi zikhungo. Umkhulumeli weTrust uLuis Salazar ubiza ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo nezinhlobonhlobo "njengesisekelo sokudla kwethu".

Enye yamabhange amakhulu futhi ahluke kakhulu kulawa mabhange ofuzo asebenzisa lokhu I-Leibniz Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research IPK eSaxony-Anhalt. Ucwaningo lwakhe lusiza, phakathi kwezinye izinto, "ukuzivumelanisa nezimo okuthuthukisiwe kwezitshalo ezibalulekile ezitshalwayo ezishintshashintshayo izimo zezulu nezemvelo."

Inkinga yesimo sezulu ishintsha imvelo ngokushesha kunokuba izilwane nezitshalo zingakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo. Ngakho-ke amabhange embewu nezakhi zofuzo aya ngokuya ebaluleka ekondleni umhlaba.

Isimo sezulu sishintsha ngokushesha kunalokho izitshalo ezingakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo

Ngisho nezingodo zembewu azikwazi ukusivikela emiphumeleni yezinguquko esizibangela thina bantu emhlabeni. Akekho owaziyo ukuthi imbewu zisazochuma yini ngemva kweminyaka noma amashumi eminyaka yokugcinwa ngaphansi kwezimo zezulu ezihluke kakhulu zekusasa.

Izinhlangano eziningi ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni zigxeka ukuzibandakanya kwamaqembu ezolimo afana neSyngenta kanye nePioneer in Izitshalo Trust. Bathola imali yabo ngembewu eguqulwe ngofuzo kanye namalungelo obunikazi embewu, abalimi abangase bayisebenzisele izimali zamalayisensi eziphezulu kuphela. 

Umkhulumeli weMisereor uMarkus Wolter usancoma isinyathelo sikahulumeni waseNorway. Lo mbukiso we-Svalbard Seed Vault ukuthi iyiphi ingcebo isintu esinayo ngezimbewu ezivela kuwo wonke umhlaba. 

Isifuba somcebo wawo wonke umuntu 

Ku-Seed Vault, akuzona izinkampani kuphela, kodwa noma iyiphi nayo yonke imbewu ingagcinwa mahhala. Njengesibonelo, ucaphuna amaCherokee, abantu beFirst Nations e-USA. Kodwa kubaluleke nakakhulu ukuthi imbewu yesintu igcinwe esito, okungukuthi emasimini. Ngoba akekho owaziyo ukuthi izimbewu ezigciniwe zisazochuma yini ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka ngaphansi kwezimo zezulu ezihluke ngokuphelele. Abalimi badinga imbewu etholakala ngokukhululekile evumelana nezimo zabo zasendaweni futhi abangaqhubeka nokukhula emasimini abo ngaphandle. Nokho, ngenxa yemithetho eqinile yokugunyazwa kwembewu, lokhu kuya kuba nzima nakakhulu, kuxwayisa uStig Tanzmann, uchwepheshe wezembewu enhlanganweni “Isinkwa Somhlaba”. Kukhona futhi izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe ezifana ne-UPOV, ezikhawulela ukuhwebelana nohwebo lwembewu engenalo ilungelo lobunikazi.

Ubugqila besikweletu sembewu enelungelo lobunikazi

Ukwengeza, ngokombiko we-Misereor, abalimi abaningi kufanele bangene ezikweletini ukuze bathenge imbewu enelungelo lobunikazi - ngokuvamile ephaketheni elinomanyolo ofanele kanye nesibulala-zinambuzane. Uma ngabe isivuno siba sincane kunalokho ebesihleliwe, abalimi bebengeke besakwazi ukukhokha imali ebolekiwe. Indlela yesimanje yobugqila bezikweletu. 

U-Stig Tanzmann uphinde abone ukuthi izinkampani ezinkulu zembewu ziya ngokuya zihlanganisa ukulandelana kwezakhi zofuzo ezivela kwezinye izitshalo noma ekuthuthukisweni kwazo zibe imbewu ekhona. Lokhu kubenza babe naleli lungelo lobunikazi futhi baqoqe izimali zelayisensi zokusetshenziswa ngakunye.

KuJudith Düesberg ovela enhlanganweni engekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni i-Gen-Ethischen Netzwerk, kuya ngokuthi ubani okwazi ukufinyelela ezindaweni zokugcina imbewu uma kunesidingo. Namuhla lawa ikakhulukazi ngamamnyuziyamu “enza okuncane ekuvikeleni ukudla.” Unikeza izibonelo ezivela eNdiya. Lapho, abalimi bazama ukuzalanisa izinhlobo zikakotini zendabuko, ezingashintshiwe ngofuzo, kodwa abakwazanga ukuthola imbewu edingekayo noma kuphi. Kuyafana nabalimi berayisi abasebenza ngezinhlobo ezimelana nezikhukhula. Lokhu kufakazela futhi ukuthi imbewu kufanele igcinwe, ikakhulukazi emasimini kanye nokuphila kwansuku zonke kwabalimi. Kuphela uma isetshenziswa emasimini lapho imbewu ingakwazi ukujwayelana nesimo sezulu esishintsha ngokushesha kanye nezimo zenhlabathi. Futhi abalimi bendawo bazi kangcono ukuthi yini echumayo emasimini abo.

Info:

Inethiwekhi ye-Gene ethical: Okubalulekile kubunjiniyela bezofuzo kanye nezinkampani zembewu zamazwe ngamazwe

MASIPAG: Inethiwekhi yabalimi abangaphezu kuka-50.000 ePhilippines abazilimela ngokwabo ilayisi futhi bashintshane ngembewu. Ngale ndlela bazenza abazimele ezinkampanini ezinkulu zembewu